OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to investigate the effects of polymeric coatings on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of resin composites (RCs). METHODS:A total of n = 10 RC discs were fabricated for each experimental group and coated with polydopamine (PDA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), or polyetheretherketone (PEEK) using a spin-coating technique. Three surface preparation protocols were applied: prior to polymerization, after polymerization with an oxygen-inhibition layer (OIL), and after polymerization without OIL. Surface characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Oral fibroblast viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 24 h and 48 h. Scratch resistance, surface roughness, water contact angle, water sorption, solubility, and microhardness were also measured. Data normality was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. For normally distributed data, one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test was applied. For non-normally distributed data, the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test or a two-way robust ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was performed. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:At 24 h, the post-polymerized PEEK group showed the highest cell viability, while PDA without OIL showed the lowest (p < 0.001). At 48 h, PDA without OIL exhibited the highest viability, whereas post-polymerized PDA showed the lowest (p < 0.001). PEEK coatings demonstrated the highest scratch resistance (p = 0.035) and significantly improved microhardness (p = 0.019). All coatings significantly reduced water contact angles, enhancing hydrophilicity (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in water sorption and solubility. Surface roughness was influenced by the substrate, not the coating type. CONCLUSIONS:Within the limitations of this short-term in vitro study, spin-coated PEEK, PDA, and PEG coatings improved the mechanical, biological, and hydrolytic performance of RCs. Among these, PEEK conferred the greatest mechanical reinforcement, significantly enhancing scratch resistance and microhardness. PDA exhibited a distinct time-dependent biological effect, with reduced fibroblast adhesion at 24 h but markedly increased proliferation at 48 h, highlighting its dynamic bioactivity. PEG, although consistently associated with lower fibroblast adhesion due to its antifouling properties, contributed to enhanced surface hydrophilicity. Collectively, these findings indicate that polymeric surface coatings can beneficially modulate RC behavior; however, without standardized aging protocols (e.g., thermocycling, long-term water storage, simulated mechanical loading) and in vivo validation, the results should be regarded as preliminary and not yet clinically conclusive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Based on short-term in vitro data, this study suggests that PEEK and PDA coatings may have the potential to reinforce the biological seal at the soft tissue-restoration interface. Such an effect could, in the long term, support gingival adaptation, papillary fill, and embrasure contouring, thereby contributing to both aesthetic and functional outcomes. Nevertheless, these inferences should be regarded as preliminary; without standardized aging protocols and in vivo validation, immediate clinical applicability cannot be asserted. Future studies are required to determine whether these coatings can indeed improve soft tissue integration and biological seal stability at the clinical level.

This study aimed to evaluate the polymerization, contact angle, surface tension, antibacterial activity, and bonding properties of experimental adhesives modified with the addition of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). A conventional universal adhesive resin was modified by incorporating CPP-ACP at different concentrations by weight (1

Diş çürüklerinin kompozit rezinle restorasyonunda kullanılan adeziv rezin, düşük viskozitesi sayesinde diş dokularıyla hibritleşir ve açıkta kalan kollajen fibril iskeletine yayılarak hibrit tabaka oluşumunu sağlar. Son yıllarda, beşinci nesil self-etch sistemlerden, kullanıcı dostu ve kimyasal bağlanmayı artıran fonksiyonel monomerler içeren universal adeziv rezin sistemlerine geçiş yapılmıştır. Adeziv rezinlerin en büyük sorunlarından biri, ağız ortamındaki nemin etkisiyle meydana gelen hidrolitik bozulmadır. Bu durum, hibrit tabakanın yapısal bütünlüğünü zayıflatarak, rezin-dentin arayüzünde bağlanma kuvvetinin azalmasına yol açar. Sonuçta, adeziv rezinlerin dayanıklılığı azalır ve bozunma ürünleri diş/adeziv/kompozit arayüzünde birikerek karyojenik bakterilerin virülansını artırır. Bu süreçler, restorasyonun uzun vadeli başarısını olumsuz etkilerken, adeziv sistemlerin dayanıklılığını da tehdit etmektedir. Son yıllarda, adeziv sistemlerin bağ dayanıklılığını artırmak ve antibakteriyel özelliklerini geliştirmek amacıyla çeşitli yenilikçi yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Nano-biyocam katkıları, grafen kuantum noktaları, stronsiyum hidroksiapatit gibi materyallerin yanı sıra, süperparamanyetik demir oksit nanoparçacıkları, sodyum florür nanopartikülleri, N,N- dodesilvinilimidazol ve polimer-antibiyotik konjugatları gibi bileşiklerle biyolojik etkiler de iyileştirilmektedir. Bu kitap bölümünün amacı, adeziv rezinlerle ilgili mevcut literatürü ve son gelişmeleri özetlemektir.

This study evaluated the antibacterial effect, dentin bond strength, monomer conversion degree, and chemical structure of an adhesive resin containing nisin, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from Lactococcus lactis. Antimicrobial activity against S. mutans was tested using a disk diffusion method with various nisin concentrations (1:1 to 1:80). The optimum concentration, 1:40, was selected for further testing. The adhesive was characterized using XRD, EDX, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. For bond strength testing, 80 caries-free molars with enamel removed were divided into control and AMP groups, each further subdivided into etch-and-rinse or self-etch application subgroups (n = 20). FT-IR was used to measure monomer conversion degrees, and data were statistically analyzed. Antimicrobial testing showed inhibition zones of 27 mm for nisin alone, 9 mm for resin, and 12 mm for resin with 1:40 nisin. SEM and EDX analyses confirmed homogeneous nisin distribution, while XRD indicated no structural changes to the adhesive. In the etch-and-rinse mode, the AMP group exhibited higher bond strength compared to the Control group though the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.5). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the groups in the self-etch mode (p > 0.5). When comparing the bond strengths of adhesive resins according to the application protocol, no significant differences were found between the etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes for either adhesive (p > 0.5). The experimental adhesive exhibited a lower monomer conversion degree than the control group (p < 0.05). The nisin-containing experimental adhesive showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, preserved bond strength in etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode, and maintained its structural integrity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymerization properties of bulk-fill and conventional resin composites in terms of the degree of conversion (DC) and microhardness (MH) at different polymerization times. Materials and Methods: In this study three different polymerization times (20 s, 60 s, and 100 s) were applied to disc shaped samples (6 mm wide; and 2 mm high) prepared from two bulk-fill resin composites (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, X-tra Fil) and two traditional resin composites (Filtek Z550, Charisma Smart). The DC of the polymerized samples was measured with a FT-IR/ATR device, and the MH values were measured with a Vickers hardness device. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The results of the FT-IR analysis and Vickers microhardness test demonstrated that the DC and MH values of the groups exposed to 100 s of light curing were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p

OBJECTIVES:This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties of a resin-based pulp capping material incorporating calcium fructoborate-loaded mesoporous silica (SBA-15). METHODS:In the study, calcium fructoborate was loaded into mesoporous silica and then incorporated into the resin-based pulp capping material at concentrations of 3 % and 5 % by weight. The study groups were defined as follows: the group without calcium fructoborate-loaded SBA-15 (Control), the group containing 3 % calcium fructoborate-loaded SBA-15 (%3 CF@SBA-15), and the group containing 5 % calcium fructoborate-loaded SBA-15 (%5 CF@SBA-15). The resulting experimental capping materials were then tested for water absorption, solubility, monomer conversion, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, and stem cell differentiation. RESULTS:The addition of CF@SBA-15 significantly reduced the material's water absorption (p < 0.05), while no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of solubility and monomer conversion (p > 0.05). As the CF@SBA-15 concentration in the material increased, the antibacterial activity against both S. mutans and L. casei significantly improved (p < 0.05). The addition of 3 % and 5 % CF@SBA-15 significantly increased the biocompatibility (p < 0.05). The 5 % CF@SBA-15 group exhibited statistically significantly the highest stem cell differentiation potential, followed by the 3 % CF@SBA-15 group and the control group (p < 0.05). When compared to the control medium, the differentiation level in the CF@SBA-15-containing groups was higher (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE:The incorporation of CF@SBA-15 significantly enhanced the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of the resin-based pulp capping materials. Furthermore, the influence of CF@SBA-15 on stem cell differentiation and its potential to support hard tissue formation in these materials shows promising results.

OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate the effects of three polymeric coatings-polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polydopamine (PDA)-applied onto the external surfaces of hybrid CAD/CAM dental composites, on their biological and mechanical performance. METHODS:Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from three CAD/CAM hybrid materials: Cerasmart (CS), Vita Enamic (EN), and Lava Ultimate (LU). Prior to coating, all discs were exposed to pressurized nitrogen gas to eliminate potential surface contaminants. Each specimen surface was then treated with GC G-Multi Primer according to the manufacturer's instructions and gently air-dried for 30 s without subsequent light-curing. A layer of Optiglaze Color Clear was subsequently applied and photo-polymerized for 40 s using a high-intensity LED curing unit (Valo Cordless, 1000 mW/cm², Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA). No acid etching was performed before primer application in order to preserve the structural integrity of the substrates. To standardize the surface condition, this Optiglaze pretreatment was identically applied to all specimens-including the uncoated control groups-ensuring that any observed differences in performance could be attributed exclusively to the polymer coatings. Each disc was then surface-coated with one of the selected polymers using a spin-coating technique. Surface characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (Hitachi SU3500, Japan), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Rigaku MiniFlex 600, Japan). Fibroblast adhesion and viability were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 24 and 48 h. Mechanical properties-including scratch resistance (via Revetest scratch test), nanohardness (Vickers), and elastic modulus-were quantitatively evaluated. Scratch testing was performed exclusively on polymer-coated CAD/CAM discs (PDA, PEG, PEEK), not on uncoated substrates, to assess the near-surface mechanical response of the coatings and their adhesion to the underlying substrates. Film thickness was quantified by profilometry on polymer coatings deposited under identical spin-coating conditions onto smooth silicon witness wafers, whereas surface roughness was directly measured on the coated CAD/CAM substrates using AFM. This approach ensured that thickness assessment was not confounded by the heterogeneous microstructure of the restorative substrates. Hydrophilic behavior was evaluated by static water contact angle measurements, and hydrolytic stability was determined through water sorption and solubility tests. RESULTS:All coatings significantly enhanced fibroblast adhesion (p < 0.05), with PDA demonstrating the strongest effect at 48 h. Cell viability was significantly influenced by both coating type and substrate composition (p < 0.001). Among mechanical properties, PEEK-coated EN specimens showed the highest scratch resistance, whereas PEG-coated LU specimens exhibited the lowest. All coatings reduced water contact angles relative to controls, indicating improved surface wettability. PEEK-coated specimens displayed the lowest water solubility and the highest nanohardness, while PEG coatings produced the highest elastic modulus. Surface roughness was primarily dictated by substrate composition, with no significant effect of coating type. SIGNIFICANCE:Although CAD/CAM composites possess favorable intrinsic mechanical properties, their surfaces lack optimal bioactivity. The application of ultrathin polymer coatings-particularly PEEK and PDA-demonstrated considerable potential to enhance both soft-tissue compatibility and structural durability. These findings underscore the translational relevance of polymer-based coatings in restorative dentistry, with implications for extending restoration longevity, improving soft-tissue sealing, and reinforcing functional performance.

OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to compare the effects of nano-silver fluoride (SDF), casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), and boron nitride (BN) on the remineralization of artificial initial enamel lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 32 sound permanent maxillary incisor teeth were used in this study. Three 2 × 2 mm sections were obtained from each tooth. One section from each tooth remained untreated and was used as a control; the second section was demineralized and served as a demineralization control, while the third section was subjected to remineralization treatment following demineralization. The samples were randomly assigned to four groups, each containing eight teeth (n = 8). The study groups were as follows: Group 1 (Control): Stored in artificial saliva for 2 weeks; Group 2: SDF-treated group; Group 3: CPP-ACPF-treated group; Group 4: BN-treated group. Following demineralization and remineralization treatments, the samples were evaluated using surface microhardness, surface roughness, SEM, SEM-EDX, and QLF tests. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS:When the surface hardness of the samples was compared after demineralization and remineralization treatments, a statistically significant increase in surface hardness was observed in the SDF, CPP-ACPF, and BN groups after remineralization applications (p < 0.05). When the Ca and Ca/P ratios before and after remineralization treatments were compared, a statistically significant increase was observed in the CPP-ACPF and BN groups, while a statistically significant decrease was observed in the SDF group (p < 0.05). When surface roughness values were compared before and after remineralization treatments, a statistically significant increase was observed after demineralization (p < 0.05); however, a statistically significant decrease in surface roughness was observed after the application of SDF, CPP-ACPF, and BN to the demineralized samples (p < 0.05). When the ΔF, ΔFmax, and ΔQ values were compared before and after remineralization, a statistically significant decrease was observed in all three groups (SDF, CPP-ACPF, and BN) after remineralization treatments (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:BN application appears to be promising in the remineralization of initial caries lesions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Given their bioactivity, chemical stability, and potential antimicrobial properties, BN nanoparticles may offer a novel approach for enhancing enamel repair in non-invasive caries management strategies.

ÖZ Ağız içinde remineralizasyon ve demineralizasyon süreçleri bir denge halindedir. Bu dengenin bozulması durumunda çürük lezyonları gelişecektir. Başlangıç çürük lezyonları, remineralizasyon yoluyla kavitasyon oluşmadan önlenebilir. Böylece çürüğün ilerlediği aşamalarda meydana gelebilecek zorlu tedavilere gerek kalmadan diş yapısının korunması sağlanmış olur. Diş çürüğünün önlenmesi kapsamında, florun uzun yıllara ve çok sayıda araştırmaya dayanan etkili rolüne karşılık, son zamanlarda bu konuda biyolojik uyumlulukları, remineralizasyon kapasiteleri ve doğal süreçleri taklit edebilme kabiliyetleri açısından mikro ve nano hidroksiapatit, trikalsiyum fosfat, biyoaktif cam gibi biyoaktif formülasyonların kullanımı önerilmektedir. Remineralizasyon üzerine yapılan son araştırmalar, tamamen demineralize kollajen lifler içinde apatit kristalleri oluşturma yeteneğine sahip biyomimetik remineralizasyon materyallerine dayanmaktadır. Nano yapılı malzemeler, daha yüksek yüzey/hacim oranlarına sahip oldukları için mikro yapılı malzemelere göre üstün özelliklere sahiptirler. Nano yapılı malzemelere örnek olarak, kalsiyum florür nanopartikülleri, kalsiyum fosfat içerikli nanomateryaller, nanobioaktif cam materyalleri, nanohidroksilapatit partikülleri verilebilir. Bu nanopartikül içerikli biyomimetik materyaller, diş hekimliğinde minimal invaziv tedavilerin ve doğal diş dokusunun korunmasının önemli bir parçası haline gelmektedir. Bu materyaller, doğal diş dokusuna en yakın sonuçları sağlamak için tasarlanmıştır ve diş restorasyonlarının uzun ömürlü olmasını sağlar. Biyomimetik diş hekimliği, dişlerin doğal yapısını, işlevini ve estetiğini taklit etmeyi amaçlayan bir restoratif diş hekimliği disiplinidir. Biyomimetik diş hekimliğinin temel prensibi, estetik sonuçların korunmasıyla birlikte tam fonksiyonu geri kazandırmak ve tüm fonksiyonel stresleri taşımak için kaybolan diş dokularını uygun mekanik dayanıma sahip materyallerle değiştirmektir. Doğal diş yapısını taklit etmeyi amaçlayan bu yaklaşım sayesinde, adeziv restoratif materyaller üzerine yapılan çalışmalar yoğunlaştırılmıştır. Sırasıyla diş dokusunda meydana gelen madde kaybına bağlı olarak teşhis konulan endikasyona göre biyomimetik özellik gösteren restoratif materyaller ve tedavi seçenekleri incelenecektir.

OBJECTIVES:While compomers are widely used in pediatric dentistry, their antibacterial potential and fluoride release remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and mechanical properties of compomers modified with different concentrations of calcium fructoborate-loaded mesoporous silica (CF@SBA-15) nanoparticles. METHODS:CF was synthesized via the Miljković method and loaded into SBA-15. The resulting CF@SBA-15 nanomaterial was incorporated into a compomer at 0.5 % (Group 1) and 1.0 % (Group 2) by weight. Surface roughness, microhardness, and degree of conversion (DC) were evaluated. Characterization was performed using FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TGA analyses. Boron release was quantified at 1, 24, 72, and 96 h using ICP-MS. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei was assessed by the direct contact test (DCT). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS:Surface roughness and microhardness values increased significantly with higher CF@SBA-15 concentrations (p < 0.001), with Group 2 exhibiting the highest mean values. DC was significantly higher in both experimental groups than in the control (p = 0.009). Boron release demonstrated a progressive, concentration-dependent pattern, with Group 2 showing greater cumulative release (p = 0.009). Both nanoparticle-modified groups exhibited significantly stronger antibacterial effects compared with the control (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Incorporating CF@SBA-15 nanoparticles into compomers enhanced antibacterial efficacy while preserving the essential physicochemical integrity of the material. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:CF@SBA-15-modified compomers offer a promising strategy for developing durable, antibacterial, and caries-resistant restorative materials, particularly suitable for pediatric dental applications.

Amalgama alternatif olarak üretilen ve uzun yıllardan beri dolgu materyali olarak kullanılan kompozit rezinler, formülasyonlarındaki değişiklikler ile geliştirilen fiziksel özellikleri, diş sert dokularına adezyonları ve geniş renk skalasına sahip estetik görünümleri ile tartışılmaz bir üstünlüğe sahiptirler. Klinisyenler tarafından sıklıkla tercih edilen restoratif materyallerden biri olan kompozit rezinler diş renginde olmaları, civa içermemeleri, ısı iletkenliklerinin düşük olması, diş dokularına bağlanabilme yetenekleri, adezyon sayesinde nispeten azalmış kenar sızıntıları, konservatif kavite preperasyonuna izin vermeleri, çürük temizlendikten sonra geriye kalan diş dokularını desteklemeleri, restorasyonun tek seansta bitirilebilmesi, porselen ve altın restorasyonlara oranla daha ekonomik olmaları gibi avantajlara sahiptirler. Tüm bu avantajlarının yanı sıra bu materyallerin uygulamalarının teknik hassasiyet gerektirmesi, ısısal genleşme katsayılarının yüksek olması, elastisite modüllerinin düşük olması, polimerizasyon büzülmesi göstermeleri, streslerin yoğun olduğu bölgelerde aşınmaya karşı dirençlerinin düşük olması ve artık monomer kalma ihtimali gibi bazı olumsuz özellikleri de mevcuttur. Son yıllarda üretici firmalar kompozit rezinlerin bu olumsuz özelliklerinin üstesinden gelebilmek amacıyla materyal içeriğinde çeşitli modifikasyonlar yapmıştır. Kompozit rezin materyallerdeki organik matriks içeriğinin değiştirilmesi, nanopartikül ve biyoaktif materyallerin eklenmesi, adezyon özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi, polimerizasyon sistemlerinin değiştirilmesi, biyomimetik diş hekimliği ve doku mühendisliğindeki gelişmeler neticesinde “akıllı materyaller” üretilmesi bu amaçla yapılan bazı modifikasyonlardır. Bu derlemenin amacı kompozit materyaller ile ilgili mevcut literatürü pekiştirmek ve son gelişmeleri özetlemektir.

This study aimed to develop and characterize an experimental pulp-capping material incorporating collagen-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite (cHAP) derived from fish scales and chlorhexidine (CHX) as an antimicrobial agent. The synthesized cHAP was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, and BET analyses. The nanocomposite and/or CHX were loaded onto a commercially available resin-based pulp-capping material (TheraCal LC). Experimental groups were defined as Control group, 1% cHAP (cHAP1), 5% cHAP (cHAP5), 5% chlorhexidine (CHX), and 2.5% CHX + 2.5% cHAP (cHAP-CHX). Standardized samples (6 mm diameter, 1 mm height) were prepared from experimental pulp-capping materials using a Teflon mold for subsequent analyses. Microhardness, monomer conversion, and antibacterial activity of the materials were investigated following SEM-EDX, XRD, and FT-IR analyses. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The cHAP and experimental pulp-capping materials were successfully characterized. CHX incorporation decreased microhardness significantly (p < 0.05), whereas cHAP-containing groups showed no significant differences compared to the control (p > 0.05). The degree of monomer conversion was unaffected by the addition of cHAP or CHX individually (p > 0.05), but a significant increase was observed when both CHX and cHAP were added (p < 0.05). Antibacterial testing revealed that E. faecalis was the most sensitive strain against the tested pulp-capping materials, with the cHAP-CHX group exhibiting the highest antimicrobial activity. The CHX and cHAP-CHX groups demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both E. faecalis and S. mutans, while the cHAP5 group was effective only against E. faecalis. The control group showed no antimicrobial activity against either strain. The addition of cHAP and CHX to the pulp-capping materials enhanced monomer conversion. Pulp-capping materials containing CHX and cHAP-CHX were particularly effective against E. faecalis and S. mutans. The integration of cHAP and CHX into the experimental resin-based pulp-capping materials offers a promising strategy for improving antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. This combination may serve as a potential candidate for enhancing pulp-capping procedures in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES:This study was aimed to obtain an experimental bleaching agent by adding casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) in order to eliminate the mineral loss on the tooth surface after bleaching and to evaluate the bleaching effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this study, experimental bleaching agents containing 1%, 3% CPP-ACP and without CPP-ACP were obtained. Bleaching effectiveness (color change), the effect of bleaching agents on mineral content (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscope), and surface hardness of enamel (Vicker's microhardness) before and after bleaching were evaluated. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS:When the bleaching levels of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP-ACP groups (p > 0.05) while the addition of 3% CPP-ACP decreased significantly the effectiveness of the bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the effects of experimental bleaching agents on surface hardness were examined, while the enamel surface hardness decreased statistically significantly after application in the control group (p < 0.05), no statistically significant change was observed in surface hardness after the application of 1% CPP-ACP containing bleaching agent (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant increase was observed in surface hardness after the application of 3% CPP-ACP containing bleaching agent (p < 0.05). When the Ca and P ratio of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and 1% CPP-ACP groups (p > 0.05), while they increased significantly in 3% CPP-ACP group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The addition of 1% CPP-ACP to the bleaching agent had positive effects on the mineral content and surface hardness of the enamel, and did not negatively affect the whitening effectiveness. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Adding CPP-ACP to the bleaching agent at appropriate concentrations can eliminate possible negative effects without compromising the effectiveness of the bleaching agent.

AIM or PURPOSE The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the polymerisation properties such as microhardness (MH) and degree of conversion (DC) of different types of resin composites under different curing times. MATERIALS and METHOD In this study, 2 different universal resin composites (Charisma Smart, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany; Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) and 2 different bulk fill resin composites (X-tra Fil, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany; Filtek One Bulk Restorative, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) were used. 144 composite discs were prepared using teflon molds with a diameter of 6 mm and a height of 2 mm. Three different curing times (20 s, 60 s and 100 s) were applied for the polymerisation of the preparedcomposite discs. Vicker's test device was used for MH of the samples measurement while FT-IR/ATR device was used for DC of the samples after 24 hours.The analysis of the data obtained was made using a SPSS 22.00 (IBM Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) program. One-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were used to evaluate the difference between groups, and two-way analysis of variance (Two-Way ANOVA) were used to evaluate the effect of material and time. Multiple comparisons were made with Bonferroni and Tukey HSD analyses. RESULTS When FT-IR analysis and Vicker's microhardness test results were evaluated, the DC and MH of the groups applied 100s curing time were found to be statistically significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION(S) In this study, prolonged curing time increased both the DC and MH of resin composites.

This study aimed to investigate the surface hardness, monomer conversion, surface roughness, boron release, and water sorption-solubility properties of experimental resin composites (RC) containing hydroxyapatite nanocarriers (HAP) loaded with different boron compounds, in comparison to a conventional RC. In this study, boron nitride and 4-borono-l-phenylalanine were loaded into mesoporous and nonporous HAP. 1

Introduction: With developing technology, the search for the most ideal material to be used in the cementation of indirect restorations continues. To determine the effect of thickness and material factors on monomer conversion, translucency, and resin-dentin bond strength in luting indirect restorative materials (IRM) of different thicknesses using a resin cement, a conventional and a bulk-fill resin composite. Materials and methods: Samples of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic material (IPS e.max) and ceramic-resin hybrid material (Lava Ultimate) in 2 and 4 mm thicknesses, were luted using RelyX U200 (a self-adhesive resin cement), X-tra fil (a bulk-fill resin composite) and Z250 (a conventional microhybride resin composite) to the dentin surface and subjected to bond strength test after thermal cycle. In addition, the translucency parameter (TP) of the prepared blocks and the degree of conversion (DC) of the luting materials were investigated. The data was statistically analyzed. Results: The bond strength of X-tra fil and Z250 was statistically higher than RelyX U200 (p0.05). The increase in thickness decreased the TP of IRMs and the DC of resins underlying Lava (p0.05). Conclusion: Conventional and bulk-fill resin composites can be alternative luting materials to resin cements. Thickness increase did not change bond strength, while decreased TP, and DC only for Lava Ultimate.

Kompozit Rezinlerin Yüzey Özellikleri:Bileşenlerden Polisaj Materyallerine İdeal Materyal Arayışı Sultan Gizem ÜLKÜ Restoratif Materyallerde Yüzey Pürüzlülüğü ile Mikrobiyal Adezyon İlişkisi: Bir Literatür Derlemesi Mehmet Alperen ŞAHİN Özge Gizem YENİDÜNYA Diş Beyazlatma Ajanlarındaki Güncel Gelişmeler Hacer BALKAYA Gülsevim SARITAŞ Sezer DEMİRBUĞA Diş Hekimliğinde Probiyotiklerin Yeri ve Önemi Merve AKSOY YÜKSEK Cemile KEDİCİ ALP Çeşitli Dental Tedavi Prosedürlerinin Pulpada Oluşturduğu Termal Etkiler Melike GÜLER Meltem TEKBAŞ ATAY Diş Hekimliğinde İmmediyat Dentin Örtüleme Tekniği (IDS) Uygulaması Hacer BALKAYA Müge HASTEKKEŞİN Restoratif Diş Hekimliğinde Üç Boyutlu Yazıcıyla İndirekt İnley Restorasyon Üretimi Yasemin ÖZDEN Latife ALTINOK UYGUN Diş Sert Dokusu Remineralizasyonunda Son Gelişmeler Hilal ATEŞ Nagihan EKEN Mine DİNÇER Nurcan ÖZAKAR Dental Uygulamalarda Yapay Zeka Büşra BAZNA Zeynep Su SÖNMEZ Zeynep GÖKSU Nurcan ÖZAKAR Diş Hekimliğinde Floresan Destekli Tanımlama Tekniği (FIT) ve Uygulama Alanları Mustafa ÇADIRCI Nurcan ÖZAKAR Diş Hekimliğinde Eklemeli Üretim Kalitesini Etkileyen Faktörler Yasemin ÖZDEN Safa ÖZDEN Restoratif Diş Hekimliğinde Renk Sistemleri ve Kompozit Rezinlerin Renk Uyum Potansiyeli Sanem ÖZASLAN

This systematic review aimed to detect whether acid etching pretreatment would enhance the bond strength of universal adhesives (UAs) to caries-affected dentin before and after aging. Two independent researchers reviewed materials published until August 2024 in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library). The eligibility criteria contained in vitro studies that assessed the bond strength of UAs to caries-affected dentin using etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes, with or without aging. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using inverse variance method by the Review Manager program (p < 0.05). In total, 26 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Studies have mostly focused on mild UAs. The application of acid etching did not impact the bond strength of ultra-mild and mild UAs (p > 0.05). Aging considerably reduced the bond strength of mild UAs in etch-and-rinse or self-etch modes (p < 0.05). Bond strength to caries-affected dentin was considerably lower than that to sound dentin in both etching modes (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with phosphoric acid did not affect the bond strength of mild and ultra-mild UAs to caries-affected dentin. The aging process led to a decrease in the bond strength of mild UAs to caries-affected dentin, irrespective of the application strategy.

INTRODUCTION:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of universal adhesives on the bond strength of resin cements to enamel-dentine.METHODS: In this study, facial-enamel surface of 60 freshly extracted human upper-incisors and middle-coronal dentine surface of 60 freshly extracted human lower third-molars were used.According to applied adhesive and cement, 20 groups (n=12) were randomly formed, with 2 samples each tooth.Phosphoric acid (37%) was applied to enamel surface 30 seconds, universal adhesive was applied to the dentine surface without applying acid, and resin cement samples were bonded with Tygon tubes.RelyX U200 (3M ESPE, Germany) and Variolink N (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) resin cement were used with Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, Germany), All Bond Universal (Bisco, USA), Clearfil Universal (Kuraray, Japan) and Futurabond U (Voco, Germany) adhesives were used.After the samples were subjected 5000 thermal-cycles, micro-shear bond test was performed on universal testing machine.Fracture types were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Obtained data were evaluated with One-Way ANOVA and Tukey-Post-Hoc tests (p<0.05).RESULTS: Universal adhesives increased bond strength of resin cement statistically significantly.In addition, bond strength enamel groups was higher than dentine groups.The lowest bond strength in enamel (13.5±2.8) and dentine (4.9±1.6) was observed group where RelyX U200 resin cement was used without applying adhesive (p<0.05).DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In clinical applications, universal adhesives can be preferred before resin cementation in order to increase bond strength to enamel-dentine.