The researchers have paid considerable attention to the nanocomposites of rare-earth and metal-oxide nanostructures because of their excellent optical, attractive, and catalytic properties. The alpha-Fe2O3/Gd2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized utilizing a simple and cost-effective chemical co-precipitation method. The variation in the crystallite size and lattice parameter of synthesized nanocomposites was confirmed by XRD measurements. To get their valence states, surfaces and interfacing of materials, XPS measurement is utilized. The band gap of the materials lies in the range of 2.01 eV-2.64 eV and the estimated particle size lies in the range from 42 nm to 10 nm. Moreover, most elevated attraction appeared by the nanocomposites is 5.877 emu/g. In 90 min, the photocatalytic degradation of alpha-Fe2O3/Gd2O3 nanocomposites for Rose Bengal dye reaches up to 97.91 %. The synergistic commitment of alpha-Fe2O3 and Gd2O3, avoids photo-generated charge carrier recombination and the generation of exceedingly dynamic radical species (OH center dot and O2 center dot radicals), which is capable of the progressed photocatalytic action.

This work aims to determine the structural, optical, and magnetic characteristics of alpha-Fe2O3/NiO nanocomposites and their application in the treatment of water contaminated by RB dyes. Utilizing the cost-effective chemical co- precipitation method, nanocomposites with weight ratios of alpha-Fe2O3: NiO (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) were produced. The XRD pattern was used to identify the synthesized materials that contained NiO and alpha-Fe2O3 phases. Lattice flaws and oxygen vacancies were found using XPS spectra. Magnetic experiments reveal that alpha-Fe2O3@NiO (1:2) has strongest magnetic character among all synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 35.56 emu/g. The improved photocatalytic activity of alpha-Fe2O3/NiO (2:1) nanocomposites achieved a maximum of approximately 94 % degradation of Rose Bengal dye in 90 min. The increased photocatalytic activity can be attributed to synergistic contribution of alpha-Fe2O3 and NiO, which inhibits photo-generated charge carrier recombination and formation of highly active radical species (OH center dot radicals, and O 2 center dot radicals).

This research focuses on the elimination of Rose bengal dye using nanoparticles consisting of cerium oxide (CeO2) loaded onto activated carbon (CeO2@AC) and carbon nanofibers (CeO2@NF). These nanoparticles were developed through co-precipitation techniques. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to verify the structural properties and crystalline dimensions of these nanocomposites. The average particle sizes for CeO2, CeO2@AC, and CeO2@NF nanocomposites are determined to be 7.5 nm, 10.5 nm, and 10.0 nm, respectively from XRD. The TEM images shows regularly shaped spherical particles falling within the size range of 7 to 15 nm. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to investigate their electronic characteristics and the presence of lattice defects, specifically oxygen vacancies, was quantified. The distinctive structure and lattice defects contribute to the photocatalytic degradation of RB dye, with CeO2, AC, and NF exhibiting photocatalytic efficiencies of 75 %, 88 %, and 89.8 %, respectively, when exposed to UV light. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Consequently, cerium oxide nanocomposites combined with activated carbon and nanofibers have demonstrated their utility as multifunctional materials, suitable for photocatalysis.

The goal of this study is to identify the optical, magnetic, and structural properties of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO & MgO/ alpha-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposites and use them to purify water contaminated by harmful dyes. The economical hydrothermal approach was utilized to create nanocomposites, resulting in weight ratios of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 : MgO (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2). The synthesized materials containing alpha-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO phases were identified by XRD pattern. XPS spectra were used to identify lattice defects and oxygen vacancies. The magnetic investigations show that pure alpha-Fe 2 O 3 has a greater magnetic character than other synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 0.14 x 10 -2 emu/gm. In just 90 min, alpha-Fe 2 O 3 /MgO nanocomposites degrade Rose Bengal dye by 90.01 %, demonstrating their superior photocatalytic activity. The combined action of alpha-Fe 2 O 3 and MgO, which prevents the formation of highly active radical species (OH center dot and O 2 center dot radicals) and photo -generated charge carrier recombination, is responsible for the increased photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the magnetic nature of these nanocomposites enables them for the reusability process.

Spinel ferrites (MFe2O4, M divalent metallic ion) and their nanocomposites with specific metallic oxides (ZnO, TiO2, CeO2) have attracted the interest of researchers for studying the decontamination of wastewater using photocatalysts, due to the fact MFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are stable and handy to separate after being used due to its incredible magnetic behavior. With this background, the latest growth on photocatalytic performances of MFe2O4-based binary nanocomposites have been comprehensively revised. Particularly, a much interest rising on MFe2O4/metal NPs, MFe2O4/metal oxides, MFe2O4/polymers, MFe2O4/carbon-based materials, and MFe2O4/other compounds for the photocatalytic decomposition of dyes. In this review, nanocomposites of MFe2O4 as photocatalysts are discussed in detail. This review paper has explained the advantageous pathway for the generation of free radicals with the help of these catalysts in the presence of visible and UV light. This review sums up that MFe2O4-based nanocomposites with metal oxide have valuable application in purification of water. Nevertheless, their sensible consumption in wastewater treatment plants still needs additional studies.

Water pollution is a global issue as a consequence of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Organic compounds which are generated from various industries produce problematic pollutants in water. Recently, metal oxide (TiO 2 , SnO 2 , CeO 2 , ZrO 2 , WO 3 , and ZnO)-based semiconductors have been explored as excellent photocatalysts in order to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater. However, their photocatalytic performance is limited due to their high band gap (UV range) and recombination time of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Strategies for improving the performance of these metal oxides in the fields of photocatalysis are discussed. To improve their photocatalytic activity, researchers have investigated the concept of doping, formation of nanocomposites and core–shell nanostructures of metal oxides. Rare-earth doped metal oxides have the advantage of interacting with functional groups quickly because of the 4f empty orbitals. More precisely, in this review, in-depth procedures for synthesizing rare earth doped metal oxides and nonocomposites, their efficiency towards organic pollutants degradation and sources have been discussed. The major goal of this review article is to propose high-performing, cost-effective combined tactics with prospective benefits for future industrial applications solutions.

This study aims to investigate the structural and optical characteristics of pure alpha-Fe2O3, ZnO, and alpha-Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite synthesized by hydrothermal method and their application in the purification of dye-contaminated water. Synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, UV, and FTIR. XRD pattern of alpha-Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite revealed two distinct phases corresponding to alpha-Fe2O3 and ZnO in synthesized nanocomposite. The characteristic absorbance peaks of alpha-Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite were observed in UV visible spectra with a bandgap of 2.50 eV. The photocatalytic properties of as-synthesized nanocomposite have been evaluated by photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. Compared to pure metal oxides (alpha-Fe2O3 and ZnO), photodegradation efficiency of nanocomposite for methylene blue dye was found to be enhanced. i.e., 78% in 105 minutes. This improved photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to efficient charge transfer in the nanocomposite, which in turn can be attributed to the reduced recombination probability of photo-induced carriers. The as-synthesized nanocomposite could be appropriate for wastewater treatment dye.

In this work, hybrid nanocomposite materials for the wastewater treatment via photocatalysis have been developed by combining multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and hematite (a-Fe2O3).A straightforward strategy via sonication method has been used to prepare thea-Fe2O3/CNT nanocomposites with varying CNT content (5%, 7.5%, and 10%)and characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and UV-Vis. spectrophotometer. XPS spectra was used to identify the defects/oxygen vacancies in the a-Fe2O3 lattice. TEM revealed the well deposition of a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the CNT surface. a-Fe2O3/CNT 10% nanocomposites have higher photocatalytic activity with 87% degradation of Rose Bengal dye in 90 min. The increased photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic contribution of a-Fe2O3 and CNTs, which inhibits photo-generated charge carrier recombination and the formation of highly active radical species (OH center dot radicals, and O-2(center dot) radicals) on the surface of CNTs. This research may be useful not only for understanding the photocatalytic mechanism, but also for developing efficient photocatalysts for the organic pollutant degradation.

Present work is focused on the study of various physical properties of different phases (alpha & gamma) of Fe2O3 prepared just by varying initial precursors and solvents. Diverse structural and spectroscopic techniques infer growth of a-phase using gelatin (GEL) + deionized water (DI) while mixed (alpha & gamma)phase is obtained with GEL + ethylene glycol (EG) as precursor and solvents in iron nitrate salt. By controlling the properties of the solvent media, we have been able to tune the crystallite size from 26.31 nm (alpha-phase) to 38.87 nm (mixed-phase). The corresponding activation energy for alpha-phase and mixed-phase was calculated using the Arrhenius plot. Dielectric loss and permittivity in both samples exhibited different behaviour with temperature and which can be explained based on their electronic structure studied by the X-ray absorption spectroscopy technique. The interplay of different phases of materials can be achieved just by controlling the synthesis parameters like solvents/precursors or both.

Nanostructured iron oxide (Fe2O3) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physical properties, which are size and shape-dependent. In this article, hydrothermal & sol-gel methods have been opted for the growth of different nanostructures. Based on the choice of synthesis route, rhombohedral (alpha-phase) and cubic (gamma-phase) shape of Fe2O3 are originated as confirmed from XRD and Raman measurements. HRTEM revealed the formation of different nanostructure of Fe2O3. Due to structural similarities with Fe3O4, cubic phase and smallest size (similar to 12.3 nm) among all the samples, sol-gel derived gamma-Fe2O3 nanocubes display maximum magnetization along with superparamagnetic behavior. Further, photocatalytic activity of prepared samples was screened for degradation of RB dye under UV light. The higher efficiency of nanoflowers compared to other structures may be ascribed to defects present in the nanostructure of catalyst. The present research indicates that nanostructures of Fe2O3 are highly efficient catalysts for the cleanup of environmental pollution.