We report on direct, radiographic measurement of the stagnation phase of a magnetically driven liner implosion. The liner is filled with liquid deuterium and imploded to a minimum radius of 440 μm (radial convergence ratio of 7.7) over 300 ns, achieving a density of ≈10 g/cm3. The measured confinement time is ≈14 ns, compared to 16 ns from 1D simulations. A comparison of measured density profiles with 1D and 2D simulations shows a deviation in the reflected shock trajectory and the liner areal density. Additionally, the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability causes enhanced compression with shorter confinement in the bubble region compared to the spikes. These effects combine to reduce the pressure-confinement time product, Pτ, by 25% compared to the simulations.

We report on a new technique for obtaining off-Hugoniot pressure vs. density data for solid metals compressed to extreme pressure by a magnetically driven liner implosion on the Z-machine (Z) at Sandia National Laboratories. In our experiments, the liner comprises inner and outer metal tubes. The inner tube is composed of a sample material (e.g., Ta and Cu) whose compressed state is to be inferred. The outer tube is composed of Al and serves as the current carrying cathode. Another aluminum liner at much larger radius serves as the anode. A shaped current pulse quasi-isentropically compresses the sample as it implodes. The iterative method used to infer pressure vs. density requires two velocity measurements. Photonic Doppler velocimetry probes measure the implosion velocity of the free (inner) surface of the sample material and the explosion velocity of the anode free (outer) surface. These two velocities are used in conjunction with magnetohydrodynamic simulation and mathematical optimization to obtain the current driving the liner implosion, and to infer pressure and density in the sample through maximum compression. This new equation of state calibration technique is illustrated using a simulated experiment with a Cu sample. Monte Carlo uncertainty quantification of synthetic data establishes convergence criteria for experiments. Results are presented from experiments with Al/Ta, Al/Cu, and Al liners. Symmetric liner implosion with quasi-isentropic compression to peak pressure ∼1000 GPa is achieved in all cases. These experiments exhibit unexpectedly softer behavior above 200 GPa, which we conjecture is related to differences in the actual and modeled properties of aluminum.

The dynamic behavior of granular materials has importance to a variety of engineering applications. Structural seismic coupling, planetary science, and earth penetration mechanics, are just a few of the application areas. Although the mechanical behavior of granular materials of various types have been studied extensively for several decades, the dynamic behavior of such materials remains poorly understood. High-quality experimental data are needed to improve our general understanding of granular material compaction physics. This paper will describe how an instrumented plunger impact system can be used to measure pressure-density relationships for model materials at high and controlled strain rates and subsequently used for computational modeling. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Sandia has successfully integrated the capability to apply uniform, high magnetic fields (10-30 T) to high energy density experiments on the Z facility. This system uses an 8-mF, 15-kV capacitor bank to drive large-bore (5 cm diameter), high-inductance (1-3 mH) multi-turn, multi-layer electromagnets that slowly magnetize the conductive targets used on Z over several milliseconds (time to peak field of 2-7 ms). This system was commissioned in February 2013 and has been used successfully to magnetize more than 30 experiments up to 10 T that have produced exciting and surprising physics results. These experiments used split-magnet topologies to maintain diagnostic lines of sight to the target. We describe the design, integration, and operation of the pulsed coil system into the challenging and harsh environment of the Z Machine. We also describe our plans and designs for achieving fields up to 20 T with a reduced-gap split-magnet configuration, and up to 30 T with a solid magnet configuration in pursuit of the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion concept.

Summary form only given. Magnetically-applied pressure-shear (MAPS) is a recently developed technique to directly measure material shear strength using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pulsed power platforms1,2. The method has been prototyped on Sandia's Veloce pulser, but was limited to strength measurements at modest pressures of ~10 GPa. Our present aim is to develop MAPS into a robust technique to measure strength at higher pressure achievable on Sandia's Z pulsed power machine.By applying an external static magnetic field to a tri-layer driver/sample/anvil region, the MHD drive directly induces a shear stress wave in addition to the usual longitudinal stress wave. The longitudinal and shear deviatoric stresses are coupled through a von Mises yield criterion, hence the transmissible shear wave at a given pressure is limited by the sample material strength. The transmitted pressure and shear are directly related to the measured free surface velocities of the anvil which are measured using a transverse VISAR diagnostic. Complex wave interactions among forward and reflected longitudinal and shear waves, the advancing magnetic diffusion front of the MHD drive, the shape of the current drive, as well as the applied magnetic field strength and uniformity, can make the design of the experiments complex. This paper will present the design and optimization of MAPS experiments to be fielded on Z. The MAPS experiments are modeled using Sandia's ALEGRA MHD code. We will detail the numerical investigations into MHD shear generation, longitudinal and shear wave coupling, timing of the wave interactions, and transmission of shear at material interfaces.

Magnetically-applied pressure-shear (MAPS) is a recently developed technique to directly measure material shear strength using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pulsed power platforms [1,2]. The method has been prototyped on Sandia's Veloce pulser, but was limited to strength measurements at modest pressures of ~10 GPa. Our present aim is to develop MAPS into a robust technique to measure strength at higher pressures achievable on Sandia's Z pulsed power machine.

Cylindrical implosion offers a path to extreme material states, reaching considerably higher pressures than planar geometry. However, diagnosing compressed material in cylindrical geometry is challenging. Time-resolved velocimetry, a standard technique in planar compression, is difficult to incorporate into cylindrical experiments. This paper describes the use of photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) in magnetically driven cylindrical compression experiments at the Sandia Z machine. With this diagnostic, it is possible to track the interior of an imploding cylinder beyond 20 km/s. A “leapfrog” implementation is described to support velocities well above the bandwidth limits of standard PDV measurements.

Summary form only given. The Z pulsed power driver at Sandia National Laboratories is in the process of being refurbished as part of the ZR project to improve reliability and increase the energy delivered to the load. The new ZR gas switches currently close at a peak voltage of 6.2 MV to generate a projected 26 MA load current as compared to 4.6 MV and ~20 MA for the old switches on Z. The Laser Trigger System (LTS) has been redesigned to meet requirements that it trigger this higher voltage switch with comparable optic lifetime (>100 shots) and jitter (1sigma < 5ns) to the old Z switches. We will discuss critical design features of the LTS and show performance results from the Z20 test bed which was used to study the operation of a single ZR module.

A new laser trigger system (LTS) has been installed on Z that benefits the experimenter with reduced temporal jitter on the X-ray output, the confidence to use command triggers for time sensitive diagnostics and the ability to shape the current pulse at the load. This paper presents work on the pulse shaping aspects of the new LTS. Pulse shaping is possible because the trigger system is based on 36 individual lasers, one per each pulsed power module, instead of a single laser for the entire machine. The firing time of each module can be individually controlled to create an overall waveform that is the linear superposition of all 36 modules. In addition, each module can be set to a long-pulse mode or short-pulse mode for added flexibility. The current waveform has been stretched from /spl sim/100 ns to /spl sim/250 ns. A circuit model has been developed with BERTHA Code, which contains the independent timing feature of the new LTS to predict and design pulse shapes. The ability to pulse-shape directly benefits isentropic compression experiments (ICE) and equation of state measurements (EOS) for the shock physics programs at Sandia National Laboratories. With the new LTS, the maximum isentropic loading applied to Cu samples 750 um thick has been doubled to 3.2 Mb without generating a shockwave. Macroscopically thick sample of Al, 1.5 mm, have been isentropically compressed to 1.7 Mb. Also, shockless Ti flyer-plates have been launched to 21 km.s/sup -1/, remaining in the solid state until impact.