INTRODUCTION:Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological disorder that affects millions worldwide, causing both physical discomfort and psychological burden. Conventional therapies often provide limited benefit due to poor skin permeability and tolerability issues. METHODS:This study covers indepth literature study (2000-2025) on Adapalene in acne treatment. Closely related 150 studies on innovative nanocarriers and the role of AI in Drug Delivery were included, while unrelated works were excluded. RESULTS:Although adapalene demonstrates strong anti-acne activity, its limited membrane permeability and local dermatological adverse reactions restrict clinical effectiveness. Nanocarrier-based systems resolved these issues by enhancing drug penetration and controlled release, as evidenced by case studies and major clinical trials. ANN-assisted optimization further refined drug delivery, enabling more effective and personalized management of acne. DISCUSSION:Adapalene is a promising therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris; however, its limited pharmacokinetic profile restricts its effectiveness. The integration of nanotechnology and AI-driven optimization could significantly improve its therapeutic potential, a concept further supported by findings from various clinical studies. CONCLUSION:Adapalene-loaded nanocarriers represent a promising approach for improving therapeutic outcomes in acne treatment. Integration of AI-based optimization with clinical validation highlights its translational potential, paving the way toward safer, more efficient, and patient-specific dermatological therapies.

Background: Food contamination is a global issue, and it occurs during collection, processing, manufacturing, and storage. About 600 million illnesses and 420,000 deaths per year are reported, according to the World Health Organization reports from 2025. Nanotechnology may play an emerging role in reducing this contamination and rapidly detecting the contamination in food during processing. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the role of nanotechnology in preservation strategies and compare the natural and synthetic food preservatives. This study also discussed the role of nanocrystals and nanodots in food preservation. Methods: A strategic assessment of modern and traditional food preservation techniques with natural and synthetic preservatives using nanotechnologies was discussed. This study covers recent advancements (2020-2025) in food preservation. Relevant studies were retrieved from databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Closely related studies on nanocrystals and nanodots were included, while unrelated works were excluded. Results: Advanced food preservation techniques such as pulsed electric fields, modified atmosphere packaging, high-pressure processing, irradiation, edible coating, and low microbial contamination were analyzed. Synthetic preservatives such as nitrites, benzoates, and sorbates are effective but have been associated with carcinogenesis, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption. Natural preservatives derived from plant extracts, essential oils, and bioactive substances provide safer antibacterial and antioxidant solutions. Nanotechnology offers substantial advancement in nanocrystals, and nanodots allow for real-time, highly sensitive detection of spoilage organisms and chemical residues. Conclusion: Combining current preservation methods with natural preservatives and nano-enabled detecting systems provides a more secure and sustainable approach to food safety. Nanocrystals and carbon nanodots have significant potential for rapid quality testing, but more research on toxicity and regulatory compliance is required.

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) are lipid-based systems for drug delivery characterized by poor aqueous solubility and/or limited intestinal permeability, which are overcome by the spontaneous formation of nanosized oil-in-water emulsions upon exposure to gastrointestinal fluids. The progress of SNEDDS over the past years has led to higher levels of solid SNEDDS, supersaturable formulations, and multifunctional platforms incorporating bioenhancers to address both solubility- and permeability-limited absorption, particularly for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class III and IV drugs. This review critically summarizes and synthesizes key developments reported between 2020 and 2025, with emphasis on formulation strategies, mechanistic insights, biorelevant evaluation approaches, and translational considerations. Recent evidence also suggests that optimised SNEDDS may lead to improved drug solubilisation, modification of intestinal membrane permeability, inhibition of efflux transporters, and reduced presystemic metabolism, translating into improved and more consistent oral bioavailability. Preclinical and emerging clinical studies have shown increased systemic exposure, decreased pharmacokinetic variability, and, in some cases, further improved therapeutic outcomes across diverse drug classes. The significance of solidification technologies, digestion-aware formulation design, and quality-by-design frameworks as factors to enhance scalability and achieve reproducibility has also emerged from the review. Nevertheless, despite such great progress, there are still challenges, such as physiological variability in gastrointestinal conditions, surfactant-related tolerability, stability during storage and digestion, regulatory considerations, and the requirement for robust in vitro and in vivo translational models to be established. Taken together, SNEDDS represent a flexible and evolving platform for oral delivery of challenging drug candidates, with continued innovation expected to support their broader clinical translation.

INTRODUCTION:Coumarin and its derivatives are naturally occurring benzopyrone compounds with multiple pharmacological activities. Recent studies indicate that they possess notable anticancer potential, particularly relevant for cancers with the highest rates of incidence and mortality worldwide. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activities of coumarin derivatives against the top nine cancers worldwide, categorized by incidence and mortality, and to evaluate their potential as lead molecules in cancer drug discovery. METHODS:A comprehensive review of coumarin derivatives reported to be active against the top nine cancer types, including their mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological relevance, was summarized. RESULTS:Coumarin derivatives have demonstrated notable anticancer activity across the top nine cancer types. Their mechanisms of action include COX-2 inhibitory activity; induction of apoptosis through regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins such as BAK, APAF-1, p53, BAD, BAX, Bcl- 2, and Bcl-XL; and cell cycle arrest at both the G1 and G2/M phases. Additional effects involve inhibition of angiogenesis, suppression of metastasis, and downregulation of oncogenic long noncoding RNAs (SNHG6 and CASC11) along with their associated targets. Moreover, coumarin derivatives modulate multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and AMPK/mTOR, highlighting their potential as multitargeted anticancer agents. DISCUSSION:Coumarin derivatives have significant anticancer potential but lack clinical evidence. Currently, it is limited to becoming a potent anticancer candidate for drug delivery. Therefore, future research should be designed to conduct clinical studies to validate the potential of coumarin derivatives as anticancer agents. CONCLUSION:Coumarin derivatives demonstrate considerable potential as anticancer agents, particularly against malignancies with the highest global incidence and mortality. Their structural diversity, multitargeted mechanisms of action, and ability to circumvent drug resistance underscore their value as scaffolds for future anticancer drug development. Rigorous clinical investigations are essential to establish their therapeutic utility.

Ellagic acid, a BCS Class IV drug, suffers from poor solubility and permea-bility, limiting its therapeutic potential despite its wide pharmacological activities. This study aimed to develop a coconut oil-based Ellagic acid Nanoemulsion (CoEaNe) and evaluate its wound-healing efficacy. CoEaNe was prepared using a modified ultrasonication process. Drug loading and entrap-ment efficiency were assessed via UV spectroscopy. Particle size and polydispersity index were meas-ured with a zeta sizer, while particle morphology was examined using Field Emission Scanning Elec-tron Microscopy (FESEM). In-vivo wound-healing activity was evaluated in the Albino Wistar rat model. Drug release kinetics were analyzed using various mathematical models. The nanoemulsion exhibited a Z-average of 137.9 nm with spherical morphology and demon-strated zero-order release kinetics. FESEM confirmed uniform spherical particles. In vivo, CoEaNe significantly enhanced wound healing, achieving complete closure of burn wounds compared to con-trols. The research findings highlight the potential of CoEaNe as a promising drug delivery system for poorly soluble BCS Class IV drugs. The enhanced wound-healing effect may be attributed to the optimized particle size, sustained drug release, and improved entrapment efficiency. Coconut oil-based Ellagic acid Nanoemulsion (CoEaNe) has optimal and favorable phys-icochemical properties, efficient drug loading, and significant wound-healing efficacy in-vivo, sug-gesting its applicability as a novel carrier system for enhancing therapeutic outcomes of poorly soluble drugs.

Aim: Formulation and evaluation of the QLSS nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Background: Poor drug solubility and permeability, particularly in BCS Class IV drugs, hamper their pharmacokinetics and targeted action. This study aims to address this by utilizing starch nanoparticles as a novel carrier for enhanced delivery and improved bioavailability. Objective: Formulation of the QLSS nanoparticles and their % drug entrapment, drug loading, average particle size, surface morphological examination, in-vitro drug release study, and cytotoxicity activity using an MTT assay against the A549 cancer cell line. Method: QLSS nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique with some modifications, &assessment, including surface morphological analysis, drug loading, drug entrapment percentage, average particle size, in-vitro drug release study, and cytotoxicity activity. result: The average particle size and surface morphology of prepared optimized QLSS nanoparticles (QLSS 3) were found to be approximately 43.24–113.51 nm and spherical in shape with a 292.1nm of Z-average size. The percentage yield was found to be 80% of QLSS-3. The percentages of drug encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were found to be 68% and 42.5%, respectively. The drug in-vitro release outcomes were found to be 96.12±1.8% within 12 hours. 10µg/ml of QLSS 3 inhibited 66.31% of A549 cancer cells. Result: The average particle size and surface morphology of prepared optimized QLSS nanoparticles (QLSS 3) were found to be approximately 43.24-113.51 nm and spherical in shape with a 292.1nm Z-average size. The percentage yield was found to be 80 ± 2.0% of QLSS-3. Loading capacity and the percentages of drug encapsulation efficiency were found to be 42.5 ± 1.2% and 68 ± 2.2%, respectively. The results of the in-vitro drug's release were found to be 96.12 ± 1.8% within 12 hours. 10μg/ml of QLSS 3 inhibited 66.31 ± 1.4% of A549 cancer cells. Conclusion: In this research study, sago starch was used for the first time as a drug carrier for quercetin. The results of the studies confirmed the improvement in pharmacokinetic parameters of the BCS-IV class drug.

Isatin has garnered significant interest due to its wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. As a natural compound found in both humans (as a metabolic derivative of adrenaline) and plants (melastatin), its unique structure, with carbonyl groups at positions 2 and 3 and an NH group at position 1, makes it a valuable scaffold for designing bioactive analogs. Researchers have employed various strategies to enhance these analogs' pharmacological properties, with studies consistently highlighting their multitarget potential. This review focuses on isatin derivatives in medicinal chemistry, particularly as chemotherapeutic agents, and outlines common synthetic methods and recent advances in their biological and therapeutic applications. Notably, substitution at the C-5 position with electron-donating groups (EDGs) has shown strong antitumor activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 = 6.99 μM), approaching the efficacy of doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.56 μM). Modifications at the C- 3 carbonyl group have also demonstrated 300-fold increased potency at 0.03 μM against Jurkat T lymphocytes. Structural variations within the isatin scaffold have shown significant cytotoxicity across several cancer cell lines, underscoring their potential in anticancer drug development.

Nowadays, polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most chosen drug delivery systems for the treatment of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Drug loading, drug entrapment, and drug release have been the challenges in nano formulations till now. Various researchers are working to improve these limitations. Evaluation of drug loading, entrapment, size release, and activity of prepared starch nanoparticles. In the present study, starch was isolated from a novel source, i.e., unripe banana fruit. Banana starch contains amylose and amylopectin in a certain ratio (26-28:72-74). Banana starch was selected as polymer due its unique composition and function Such as amylose is a straight- chain polymer of D-glucose linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin is a branched-chain polymer of D-glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. These structural differences impart unique drug release properties: amylose facilitates immediate release, while amylopectin provides sustained release. This dual release capability makes banana starch an intriguing candidate for drug delivery applications. Quercetin-loaded banana starch nanoparticles were prepared using the nano-precipitation method. Drug loading and drug entrapment were determined by different methods. The percentages of drug loading and entrapment efficacy were found to be 51.9 %. SEM analysis of nanoparticles reports the size of nanoparticles from 66.67 nm to 113.33 nm. In-vitro drug release was found to be 44.84 % within the first hour and 96.96 % within 12 hours. Prepared nanoparticles showed a good antioxidant effect against the DPPH radical scavenging model was found 98 percent. Percentage inhibition of cancer cells at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μg/ml) of prepared nanoparticles and isolated quercetin were found to be 3.11, 11.52, 54.56, 57.21, 83.48, and 2.38, 2.11, 6.22, 36.92, and 72.45, respectively. Histopathological studies of tissues confirmed that burn-created wounds were healed by prepared nanoparticles within 21 days. Prepared nanoparticles suppressed the anti-inflammatory response, as confirmed by the histopathological studies.

Quercetin is a plant pigment found in many fruits, vegetables, beverages, and other parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, bark, stems, and roots. The rich sources of quercetin are the dock, watercress, sweet potato, onion, grapes, berries, cherries, and broccoli. Quercetin exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. Several studies have reported quercetin as a potential anticancer compound. This review article provides information on the role of quercetin in many types of cancer, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, bone cancer, blood cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, skin cancer, eye cancer, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, kidney cancer, and mesothelioma cancer. The present review emphasizes the anticancer activity of quercetin via different mechanisms, such as induced apoptosis, inhibition of tumor progression, cancer cell cycle arrest via different pathways, decreased proliferation, modification of the tumor microenvironment, etc.

Safe and clinically useful therapeutic drug delivery systems must be developed to fight fatal diseases and disorders like cancer, hypertension, and diabetes, among others. However, these systems face significant development challenges due to their solubility, stability, permeation, cytotoxicity, drug entrapment, and loading issues. Imitations can be avoided by creating innovative drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials, such as nanoclays. As layered nanostructures, nanoclays have many advantageous qualities, such as chemical inertness, colloids (dispersed in blood plasma), a large surface area, and viscosity. Nanoclays are qualified for use as a drug delivery carrier for anti-cancer, antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-diabetes medicines based on these qualities. This book chapter discusses the evolution and use of nanoclay in drug delivery research. Clays of various sorts (kaolinite, halloysite, and montmorillonite) have been employed to generate prolonged and targeted drug delivery with enhanced pharmacokinetic characteristics. The modified clay demonstrated optimal drug loading, trapping, release, electrostatic interaction (van der Waals interaction), ion exchange reaction, and immobilization. Finally, nanoclay was employed to create a drug delivery system with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties for proteins, DNA, and pharmaceuticals. Many earlier research investigations have also reported its usage in bio-imaging, tissue engineering, gene transfer, and stem cell separation.

Aims: Formulation and evaluation of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles Background: Nowadays, polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most chosen drug delivery systems for the treatment of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Drug loading, drug entrapment, and drug release have been the challenges in nanoformulations till now. Various researchers are working to improve these limitations. Objective: Formulation of quercetin-loaded starch nanoparticles .Evaluation of drug loading, entrapment, size release, and activity of prepared starch nanoparticles Methods: In the present study, starch was isolated from a novel source, i.e., unripe banana fruit. Banana starch contains amylose and amylopectin in a certain ratio. Quercetin-loaded banana starch nanoparticles were prepared using the nano-precipitation method. Drug loading and drug entrapment were determined by different methods. Results: The enhanced water absorption capacity of prepared nanoparticles proved the breaking of intra-molecular bonding of amylopectin. In-vitro drug release of quercetin was found to be sustained for up to 12 hours from prepared nanoparticles. SEM was used to determine the particle size and morphology of prepared particles, which were found to be 67.67-133.27 and spherical, respectively. The antioxidant activity of prepared nanoparticles was evaluated by the DPPH scavenging model. The MTT assay for cytotoxicity studies was done using H661 lung cancer cell lines. Conclusion: In this research work, banana as a new source of starch was used to prepare quercetin nanoparticles by nano-precipitation method. The various factors of starch that affect the properties of nanoparticles such as water/oil absorption capacity, drug entrapment/loading, and drug release profile were studied. This study also revealed the effect of starch on particle morphology and size. The yield of prepared nanoparticles was lower than expected but particle size and shape were satisfactory. Prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Finally, researchers felt the ratio of amylase and amylopectin were considerable factors in the selection of any starch for the formulation of any drug delivery system. This ratio affects the precipitation of nanoparticles, their properties such as oil/water absorption, drug entrapment, and loading as well as the drug release profile of the formulation.

BACKGROUND:Quercetin belongs to the BCS Class IV of drugs, which means it exhibits low solubility and low permeability. Quercetin is a potent antioxidant drug candidate, but it has several drawbacks, such as a short half-life, poor stability, bioavailability, and solubility. These factors affect its reliability as a good wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agent. Quercetin nanoparticles resolved these problems and offered high stability, high encapsulation efficacy, sustained and prolonged release, and enhanced accumulation at target sites with high therapeutic efficacy.METHODS:Banana starch and quercetin were used to formulate a new composition of nanoparticles. Formulated QBSN were evaluated for their antioxidant, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory potential.RESULTS:QBSN showed a good antioxidant effect against the DPPH free radical scavenging model. Inhibition of DPPH free radicals reached up to 98 percent at 40 μl. Histopathological studies of treated tissues (wound and paw edema) confirmed the potential of QBSN.CONCLUSION:In the future, prepared nanoparticles may be the choice of drug formulation for wound healing, anti-inflammatory therapy, and antioxidant therapy.

Aim: Formulation and evaluation of the POQCL drug delivery system. Background: One of the major barriers in the formulation of dosage forms is the poor solubility of the drug. BCS class IV drugs are having a problem with pharmacokinetics or reaching the site of action. Poor water-soluble drugs of BCS class IV obstruct drug bioavailability and decrease their pharmaceutical development. An attempt has been made in this work to deliver the BCS class IV drug into a novel carrier dosage form i.e., liposomes using a novel lipid. Objective: Formulation of the POQCL drug delivery system. Characterization by average particle size, surface morphological analysis, % drug entrapment, drug loading, in vitro study of drug release, and kinetic models of drug release of the prepared POQCL formulation. Methods: POQCL was prepared by emulsification-evaporation technique with some modifications and evaluation was done by average particle size, surface morphological analysis, drug entrapment percentage, drug loading, in vitro study of drug release, and kinetic models of drug release. Results: The average size of particle and surface morphology of prepared POQCL were found to be 76.89 nm and spherical in shape. The percentage yield was found to be 62.5% for the POQCL formulation. The percentages of drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity were found to be 90% and 47.36% respectively. The drug in vitro release outcomes were 24.27% within the 2 hours and 75.18% within 12 hours and followed the zero-order drug release kinetic model for the POQCL formulation. Conclusion: In this research study, we found that pilu oil is a useful novel lipid source in the formulation of liposome drug delivery for the encapsulation of BCS class IV drugs. POQCL formulation showed optimum average particle size with enhanced entrapment efficiency and drug loading as well as a sustained release of drug was found. In the future, the prepared liposomes of pilu oil may be considered as the choice of drug delivery system for BCS class IV drugs.

To study an in-depth overview of tumor microenvironment, its target sites and the impact of nanoformulation in the modulation of tumor microenvironment specifically in the case of breast cancer as a treatment strategy. Tumor microenvironment has many sites for possible action such as extracellular matrix, acidic pH, vascular abnormalities, etc. Nanoformulation may change tumor microenvironment via targeting these sites and help to treat cancer. Various types of cancer were treated through this mechanism and discussed in this manuscript. In the future, discussed mechanisms may play a pivotal role to develop new nano-drug delivery for cancer therapy. It can be concluded after extensive literature survey that nanoformulation is able to modulate tumor microenvironment specifically in case of breast cancer which leads to beneficial therapeutic effect against tumor growth. Improved understanding of this relation (nano-formulation and tumor microenvironment) may provide many ideas to develop new nanoformulation for breast cancer treatment.

Nanoparticles and modified nanoparticles are used in biological and medical sciences as liposomes, polymeric micelles, block ionomer complexes, dendrimers, inorganic and organic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles and surface-modified nanoparticles show good stability and water solubility and can be used efficiently as drug delivery carriers. This paper summarizes the advancement in nanoparticles/surface-modified nanoparticles and patents based on them.

Nowadays, Herbal products are attracting the whole population of the world because of their safety features. The present study aimed to reveal the phytochemical compositions, anthelmintic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Salvadora persica leaves extract in different extraction solvent systems. Shade dried leaves of Salvadora persica were extracted in chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water using the modified fractional maceration method. These extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical, anthelmintic activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The antioxidant activity was done using DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging method. While the antimicrobial potential was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. Anthelmintic activity was determined against Indian earthworms (Eiseniafetida).The highest percentage yield of extract was found in the hydro solvent extraction system. The DPPH radical scavenging was found 67.3% (lowest) and 99.07% (highest), (dose100µg/ml), in SPLEC and SPLEW respectively. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in SPLEE (200µg/ml and 100µg/ml) i.e. 6 mm and 4 mm zone of inhibition against E.coli while 5mm and 3mm again B. subitilis respectively. All extract fractions of Salvadora persica exhibited anthelmintic activity but less than standard drug albendazole. Based on our findings, we were concluded that leaves of Salvadora persica have an anthelmintic effect good antioxidant and antimicrobial potential so their consumption may exert a beneficial effect on human and animal health as well

Salvadora persica L., also known as Miswak, Peelu and Arak, is used traditionally as a source of food, cosmetics, fuel and medicine. The most common traditional use of Salvadora persica sticks is tooth cleaning. Other traditional uses of Salvadora persica are in diabetes, arthritis, constipation, fever, cold, malaria, viral infection, gonorrhea, worms, antidotes, stimulators, laxatives and various veterinary problems, such as poor milk production, abdominal disorder, diarrhea, etc. Now traditional uses of Salvadora persica have been scientifically proved in modern research. Various pharmacological activities of Salvadora persica as reported in modern research were anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, antifertility, wound healing, anthelmintic, antidepressant, anticancer, etc. These pharmacological activities are due to the presence of many phytochemicals in Salvadora persica. Phytochemicals present in Salvadora persica are alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, terpenoids and sterols. The aim of this review is to provide various traditional use of Salvadora persica proved by modern research, and highlight its pharmacological activity and phytochemicals. This review article may be used to set a new research hypothesis with reference to traditional use.

Coronavirus disease, also called COVID-19, a universal health concern, has a?ected more than 200 countries after its declaration as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization, WHO. COVID-19 results due to SARS-CoV-2 entrance into the epithelial cells of the human's lung. Recently, nanotechnology has turned to be a great promising method used in the medical feld regarding viruses. By mitigating infection, nanotechnology plays an important part in the diagnostics, prevention, and therapeutic approaches for controlling COVID-19. The development of nanomaterials for viral disease is based on preventive measures and disinfectants, diagnostic devices, and therapeutic drugs or vaccines to transfer antiviral drugs into the human body. Being at the same scale as viruses, nanoparticles can replicate the functional and structural properties of viruses, and nanomaterials can be the best substitute for developing vaccines. A broad range of nanostructures, including gold, silver, zinc, graphene, carbon, liposomes, and polymeric compounds, have antiviral activity and can be employed in vaccine development or inactivation of the virus.

Coronaviruses belong to the largest group of viruses that elicit acute respiratory, enteric and systemic infections in an extensive range of hosts. A few coronaviruses from animals can progress into a new human coronavirus that can spread from person to person. On February 12, 2020, WHO officially termed the disease as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is a newly emerging viral disease that has an effect on the lower respiratory tract and shows as pneumonia. Despite laborious efforts for worldwide lockdown and quarantine, the occurrence of COVID-19 continues to increase. Proper and well-designed strategies are needed to reduce social and economic consequences arisen due to this pandemic disease. Presently, there is no effective specific vaccine and anti-viral drug supported by great-level confirmation, but dexamethasone is approved in the UK for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients (patients on ventilators and patients requiring only oxygen) on June 16, 2020. Further research is required to clarify the factors that affect virus pathogenesis and lethal infections.