Tartary buckwheat is a nutritionally important crop of the Himalayas and is crucial for local economies and food security. However, key genes and superior alleles for high-altitude adaptability and yield remain poorly defined, constraining the breeding of high-altitude buckwheat varieties. Here, we generated a telomere-to-telomere reference genome and a 16-accession pangenome spanning Himalayan wild populations and globally distributed landraces. We identified 123,131 non-redundant structural variations in 16 accessions, including gene copy-number variations. The graph-based pangenome revealed FtRNH, a wild-specific gene that enhances high-altitude adaptability. We also identified a copy-number variation at the FtPLATZ locus and a 28-bp insertion in the FtPLATZ3 promoter that together contribute to seed-size variation across wild buckwheat and landraces. Leveraging these superior FtRNH and FtPLATZ alleles, we developed buckwheat lines with enhanced high-altitude adaptability and improved yields across sites. These findings establish a pangenome-guided strategy for recovering wild alleles and combining stress adaptation with yield improvement in crops.

Buckwheat is a fast-growing crop valued for its gluten-free grain, high rutin content, adaptability to suboptimal conditions, and minimal nutrient requirements, making it an ideal candidate for sustainable crop rotation systems. Crop rotations are known to profoundly shape the diversity, composition, and complexity of soil microbial communities, ultimately impacting the functioning and productivity of agroecosystems. While soil abundant and rare microbial communities serve distinct ecological roles, the specific effect of different rotation patterns and buckwheat species on these communities within the rhizosphere and their subsequent roles in agriculture functioning remain largely unknown. To address this gap, we conducted a three-year field trial to assess the relationships among soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities, and buckwheat yields under three rotation systems: wheat-buckwheat rotation (R1), continuous mono-buckwheat cropping (R2), and soybean-buckwheat rotation (R3), using both common and tartary buckwheat species. Compared to differences between buckwheat species, rotation systems more significantly influenced the attributes of both abundant and rare communities, soil chemical properties, and soil enzyme activities. Notably, R3 had a higher diversity of abundant taxa, enhanced complexity, cohesion, and robustness of abundant bacterial interactions, and a greater number of abundant biomarkers, relative to the monoculture practice in R2. This likely increased the resilience of abundant taxa in the diversified rotation system to stresses and facilitated belowground ecosystem functions, significantly contributing to higher buckwheat yield. In contrast, while R3 also increased diversity of rare taxa and altered their communities, these changes primarily affected soil chemical properties through modulating soil enzyme activities. These findings suggest that the attributes of abundant and rare taxa in the buckwheat rhizosphere, when intensified by the diversified rotation system, played distinct roles in different facets of agroecosystem functioning. Overall, our study highlights the importance of diversifying rotational diversity to bolster agricultural sustainability.

Tartary buckwheat, valued for its nutritious and medicinal quercetin. Following two independent domestication events, distinct quercetin accumulation patterns have emerged between the southwestern (SL) and northern (NL) landrace populations. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying these metabolic divergences remain elusive. Here, we identified the transcription factor FtNAC2 through genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quercetin content in 480 accessions of Tartary buckwheat. Haplotype analysis identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FtNAC2 promoter that defined three major haplotypes, with higher promoter activity and gene expression observed in Hap2. Functional characterization revealed that FtNAC2 promotes quercetin accumulation in Tartary buckwheat hairy roots and potentially serves as a multifunctional regulator influencing both drought tolerance in buckwheat and seed size in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome co-clustering and pull-down mass spectrometry (MS) indicated FtNAC52 as a potential regulatory partner of FtNAC2. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that FtNAC2 promoted quercetin biosynthesis by upregulating FtF3'H and FtF3'5'H genes. Collectively, our results elucidated how FtNAC2 influences quercetin content variation in Tartary buckwheat, providing molecular insights into the differential quercetin accumulation between cultivated populations.

Background: Global food security faces mounting pressure from population growth, climate change, and overreliance on nutritionally inadequate staple cereals. Integrating climate-resilient orphan crops-with their multifunctionality and low-input requirements-enhances nutritional security and advances multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through sustainable land use. Scope and approach: This review systematically examines buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.), an orphan crop with persistent global cultivation despite limited research focus. Moving beyond existing literature on nutritional attributes, we analyze the relationships of its historical dissemination, evolutionary trajectory, and multifunctional roles, which bridges traditional and modern applications in food systems, pharmacology, and agriculture-while outlining future research perspectives. Key findings: By analyzing its historical dissemination from mountainous marginal lands to worldwide cultivation, highlighting socioeconomic variations in production, yield, and dietary roles. We argue that buckwheat's resilience to extreme environments and adaptability to diverse agricultural practices originate in its Himalayan evolutionary origins. This heritage, coupled with multifaceted societal benefits, bridges traditional uses and contemporary applications. Cutting-edge genomic research further substantiates buckwheat's enduring significance from past to future. Finally, we elucidate how the "Buckwheat Model"-defined by genetic plasticity, environmental buffering capacity, and multiple-utilization potential-provides a framework for climate-resilient agricultural systems. This model advances interconnected sustainability goals and offers actionable strategies for leveraging orphan crops to achieve SDGs.

Tartary Buckwheat [Fagopyrum tartaricum (L.) Garten, TB] is an annual herb, which has high nutritional value. Amino acid permease (AAP) can extensively absorb and transport various amino acids and participate in a series of physiological processes in plant growth. However, research on AAP genes in Tartary buckwheat remains limited. In this study, a total of 18 FtAAP proteins were identified and categorized into 3 phylogenetic subgroups. There was a similarity in gene structure and motif composition among proteins within the same subset. In addition, a variety of hormone responsive elements and abiotic stress response elements were detected in the promoter region of the FtAAP genes. An analysis of synteny showed that Tartary buckwheat was related to dicotyledons more than monocotyledons. Expression pattern analysis indicated that most FtAAP genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. The expression of FtAAP genes exhibited significant responsiveness to diverse phytohormone treatments, including ABA, IAA, GA, SA, and MeJA by RT-qPCR analysis. This study integrated phylogenetic analysis with genome-wide expression profiling to provide valuable information for understanding the functional characteristics of AAP genes in Tartary buckwheat.

Highly automated vehicles (level 4) will be launched soon. This study explored factors affecting the acceptance of level 4 automated vehicles (AV) amongst the public. The technology acceptance model (TAM), technology anxiety (TA), social influence (SI), facilitating condition (FC) and trust (TR) were integrated to develop a level 4 AV acceptance model. A web-based questionnaire was used for data collection from 693 Chinese participants. Structural equation modelling was utilized to analyze the collected data. The results showed that TAM is applicable to explain level 4 AV acceptance amongst the public. The effects of FC on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness (PU) are positive. TA negatively influences PU. SI positively influences PU and behavioural intention to use AVs. TR positively influences attitude towards using AVs and is positively determined by PU. Based on the results, some practical implications for increasing the use of level 4 AVs amongst the public were provided.

>Crop domestication has long been regarded as an evolutionary process because the development of new and improved cultivars is based on selection. Many domesticated crops possess a suite of selected characteristics such as plant architecture, seed shattering, and inflorescence-related traits (Shi and Lai, 2015). Alteration of secondary metabolites has also become a common domestication trait. However,it seems to be somewhat overlooked (Alseekh et al., 2021).

芦丁是一种黄酮类化合物,具有强化血管、抗氧化等生物活性.苦荞籽粒富含芦丁,是重要的药食兼用作物.了解和研究苦荞芦丁含量的遗传规律,开发与苦荞籽粒芦丁含量相关的分子标记对选育高芦丁苦荞种质具有重要意义.本研究以 263 个苦荞种质资源为材料,检测并统计分析芦丁含量,263 个种质籽粒芦丁含量的变幅为0.46%～1.43%,变异系数为 21.64%,利用实验室已有的 77 对 SSR标记检测结果,聚类分析将 263 份苦荞资源分为 3 个类群,群体结构分析将 263 份种质划分为 3 个亚群.亲缘关系分析结果说明材料间亲缘关系较远,对关联分析影响较小.GLM和 MLM模型的p 值 QQ plot图显示两个模型都适用于 263 份苦荞资源的芦丁关联分析,结果表明:TatG0085,TatG0131,TatG0155,TatG0156,TatG0164,TatG0187,TatG0188,S6763,SWU_Ft029,SWU_Ft177,SWU_Ft394,SWU_Ft420 这 12 对 SSR标记与苦荞芦丁含量显著关联,其中 TatG0164 和 SWU_Ft394 在两个模型中均与芦丁含量呈显著性关联,与前人研究相比,8 个标记可能存在一因多效的功能.该研究结果可以为分子标记辅助选择高芦丁苦荞种质资源及苦荞芦丁含量重要功能基因挖掘提供重要科学依据.

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) is an important traditional miscellaneous grain crop. However, seed-shattering is a significant problem in common buckwheat. To investigate the genetic architecture and genetic regulation of seed-shattering in common buckwheat, we constructed a genetic linkage map using the F2 population of Gr (green-flower mutant and shattering resistance) and UD (white flower and susceptible to shattering), which included eight linkage groups with 174 loci, and detected seven QTLs of pedicel strength. RNA-seq analysis of pedicel in two parents revealed 214 differentially expressed genes DEGs that play roles in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed and screened out 19 core hub genes. Untargeted GC-MS analysis detected 138 different metabolites and conjoint analysis screened out 11 DEGs, which were significantly associated with differential metabolites. Furthermore, we identified 43 genes in the QTLs, of which six genes had high expression levels in the pedicel of common buckwheat. Finally, 21 candidate genes were screened out based on the above analysis and gene function. Our results provided additional knowledge for the identification and functions of causal candidate genes responsible for the variation in seed-shattering and would be an invaluable resource for the genetic dissection of common buckwheat resistance-shattering molecular breeding.

A new variety of Fagopyrum caudatum—Fagopyrum caudatum var. grandiflorum—is described and illustrated from Longnan City, Gansu Province, China. The new variety could be easily distinguished from F. caudatum var. caudatum mainly by its larger flower size (5.3–5.6 mm vs. 3.2–3.5 mm). The detailed description and photographs of the new variety were provided.

Buckwheat accumulates abundant flavonoids, which exhibit excellent health-promoting value. Flavonoids biosynthesis is mediated by a variety of phytohormones, among which jasmonates (JAs) induce numerous transcription factors, taking part in regulation of flavonoids biosynthesis genes. However, some transcriptional repressors appeared also induced by JAs. How these transcriptional repressors coordinately participate in JA signaling remains unclear. Here, we found that the disruption of the GCC-box in FtF3H promoter was associated with flavonoids accumulation in Tartary buckwheat. Further, our study illustrated that the nucleus-localized FtERF-EAR3 could inhibit FtF3H expression and flavonoids biosynthesis through binding the GCC-box in the promoter of FtF3H. The JA induced FtERF-EAR3 gene expression while facilitating FtERF-EAR3 protein degradation via the FtBPM3-dependent 26S proteasome pathway. Overall, these results illustrate a precise modulation mechanism of JA-responsive transcription suppressor participating in flavonoid biosynthesis, and will further help to improve the efficiency of flavonoids biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat.

Grain size with high heritability and stability is an important selection target during Tartary buckwheat breeding. However, the mechanisms that regulate Tartary buckwheat grain development are unknown. We generated transcriptome and metabolome sequencing from 10 and 15 days past anthesis (DPA) grains of big grain mutant (bg1) and WT, and identified 4108 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 93 significantly up-regulated differential genes and 85 significantly down-regulated genes in both stages, simultaneously. Meanwhile, we identified DEGs involved in ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, HAI-KU (IKU) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone (auxin, brassinosteroids and cytokinins) transduction pathway and five transcription factor families, including APETALA (AP2), GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS (GRF), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF), WRKY and MYB. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed and obtained 9 core DEGs. Conjoint analyses of transcriptome and metabolome sequencing screened out 394 DEGs. Using a combined comprehensive analysis, we identified 24 potential candidate genes that encode E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HIP1, EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) protein, receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER), kinesin-4 protein SRG1, and so on, which may be associated with the big-grain mutant bg1. Finally, a quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was conducted to validate the identified DEGs. Our results provide additional knowledge for identification and functions of causal candidate genes responsible for the variation in grain size and will be an invaluable resource for the genetic dissection of Tartary buckwheat high-yield molecular breeding.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum, TB) is rich in bioactive flavonoids, which have a variety of biological activities (Ghorbani, 2017). Jasmonates (JAs) are essential phytohormones, which play key roles in regulating the formation of numerous secondary metabolites, including flavonoids rutin (Li et al., 2019; Zhou and Memelink, 2016). It has been reported that JAs could induce flavonoids accumulation and identified a class of JAs-responsive R2R3-MYB TFs, such as FtMYB11, a repressor of rutin biosynthesis in TB (Zhang et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2017). JAs lead to FtMYBs degradation by 26S proteasome pathway (Zhang et al., 2018). However, the posttranslational regulation of these FtMYBs has not been reported. Recently, we reported genome re-sequencing data of 510 TB accessions and genome-wide association study (GWAS) of three main flavanols, among which the kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KC) is stable and less affected by environmental factors compared with quercetin and rutin (Zhang et al., 2021). Four associated loci passing the threshold P < 1 × 10−5 were identified, and three associated loci repetitively in two years (Figure 1a). However, no known flavonoids metabolism genes were identified and no genes were significantly induced by JA (data not shown). Interestingly, FtBPM3 (FtPinG0808645400), a homolog of Arabidopsis BTB-POZ/MATH (BPM) E3 ligase, which functions as an important regulator of JA-responsive TFs activity and stability (Chico et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021) was associated with Ft8:31558491. Further analysis showed KC content (Figure 1b) and FtBPM3 expression (Figure 1c) was higher in the A/A genotype than the A/C genotype, suggesting FtBPM3 was a candidate gene controlling flavonoids biosynthesis in TB. To test whether the expression pattern of FtBPM3 is consistent with TB flavonoids biosynthesis, the expression patterns of FtBPM3 and CHS (chalcone synthase), a key gene in TB flavonoids biosynthesis and the flavonoids content in different tissues TB plant were studied. The expression of FtBPM3 appeared closely associated with CHS (Figure 1d) and flavonoids content (Figure 1e), indicating the expression of FtBPM3 is probably involved in flavonoids accumulation. The flavonoids levels (Figure 1f) and the expression of three genes (FtC4H, FtCHS and FtFLS) (Figure 1g) in the FtBPM3 overexpressing hairy roots lines were significantly higher than those in control. MeJA (methyl jasmonate) treatment drastically increased the accumulation of flavonoids in FtBPM3 overexpressing transgenic lines (Figure 1f), indicating that FtBPM3 protein is stable in response to MeJA. Immunoblot analysis of FtBPM3-HA protein levels in FtBPM3 overexpressing lines revealed that both MeJA and MG132 drastically increased FtBPM3-HA accumulation (Figure 1h), indicating FtBPM3 protein is subject to 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Taken together, these results demonstrated FtBPM3 protein accumulation promotes JA-induced flavonoids biosynthesis. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays were used to examine whether FtBPM3 assembles with JA-responsive subgroup 4 MYB repressors and found FtBPM3 interacts strongly with FtMYB11, while FtMYB13 and FtMYB15 did not (Figure 1i). And this interaction requires the N-terminal MATH domain of FtBPM3 (Figure 1j). However, no YFP signal was observed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay in the combination of full-length FtBPM3 and FtMYB11, but FtBPM3ΔC lacking a BTB-POZ domain does (Figure 1k), indicating that FtBPM3 probably targets FtMYB11 for protein degradation. Pull down assay found direct physical interaction between HA-FtBPM3 and His-FtMYB11 (Figure 1l). These results consistently support the direct interaction between FtBPM3 and FtMYB11. It has been reported that Arabidopsis BPM proteins interact with their target proteins through the speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP)-binding consensus (SBC)-like motif ϕ-π-S-X-S/T (ϕ, nonpolar; π, polar; X, any amino acid) (Morimoto et al., 2017). To test whether SBC-like motif in FtMYB11 was responsible for the recognition of FtMYB11 by FtBPM3, the interaction between FtBPM3 and FtMYB11 derivatives (Figure 1m), was tested by Y2H assays. FtMYB11S155A, FtMYB11S157A and FtMYB11AAA lost interaction with FtBPM3, while FtMYB11P156A did not affect the interaction (Figure 1n). BiFC assay showed a YFP signal only observed in the nucleus of Arabidopsis protoplasts upon co-expression of FtBPM3ΔC-cYFP with nYFP-FtMYB11P156A (Figure 1o). These results indicate that the SBC-like motif of FtMYB11 is hence sufficient for the interaction with FtBPM3. The interaction between FtBPM3 and FtMYB11 suggested that FtMYB11 could be targets of CUL3FtBPM3 E3 ubiquitin ligases. Thus, we sought to examine whether increment of FtBPM3 expression affects FtMYB11 stability using a transient expression assay in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Total proteins were extracted from protoplasts co-transformed with FtMYB11-HA, with or without FtBPM3-His and subjected to immunoblot analysis. The addition of FtBPM3 led to FtMYB11 degradation, whereas the internal control was not significantly affected (Figure 1p). Since both FtBPM3 and FtMYB11 are responsive to JA at protein levels, we then tested whether their stability was associated with the 26S proteasome in a JA-dependent manner in wild type (WT) and Coil-1 protoplasts. JA treatment significantly decreased FtMYB11-HA protein level, but not for FtMYB11AAA-HA, and drastically increased the accumulation of FtBPM3-His with time in WT background (Figure 1q). However, the level of two proteins was not changed under JA treatment in Coil-1 background, indicating FtBPM3 targets FtMYB11 for degradation depending on JA signalling. Our previous results showed that FtMYB11 directly represses the FtPAL gene expression (Zhou et al., 2017). To further elucidate the effect of FtBPM3 on the activity of FtMYB11, Arabidopsis protoplast trans-activation assays were performed. The co-transformation of FtPALpro-GUS reporter and 35S::FtMYB11 effector resulted in strong repression (Figure 1r). The addition of the 35S::FtBPM3 effector resulted in the repression of FtMYB11 activity, but 35S::FtBPM3ΔN has no effect. These results support the above protein interaction and FtBPM3 could regulate FtMYB11 activity. Sequence analysis showed the promoter of FtBPM3 contains one type II element, which was recognized by FtMYB11 (Zhou et al., 2017). Arabidopsis trans-activation assays showed FtMYB11 repressed the FtBPM3pro-GUS reporter and had no effect on FtBPM3mpro-GUS (Figure 1s,t), indicating this type II element is important for transcriptional repression. The addition of FtBPM3 released the repression activity of FtMYB11 (Figure 1t), indicating FtMYB11 may directly repress FtBPM3 gene expression via binding to the type II element. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays identified the direct interactions between FtMYB11 and FtBPM3 promoter fragment, but not with its derivative (Figure 1u). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed incubation of the wild type with His-FtMYB11 produced shifts, while the mutant 80-bp probes did not result in shifts (Figure 1v). These results illustrated that FtMYB11 could directly repress the FtBPM3 gene expression. In summary, we provide a new framework to understand the fine-tuned 'ping-pong' regulatory mechanism between FtMYB11 and FtBPM3 activity. We uncovered a negative feedback regulatory loop of FtMYB11 protein levels mediated by the E3 ligase CUL3FtBPM3 that facilitates termination of FtBPM3 mRNA accumulation to avoid the overaccumulation of FtBPM3 (Figure 1w-y). This 'ping-pong' mechanism is necessary for resetting JA signalling and to avoid harmful runaway responses, which optimize plant fitness and provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of TB with high flavonoid content. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31911540469), the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20200377), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, project PlantaSYST (SGA No 739582 under FPA No. 664620), and the BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01 project, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2019R1A2C1005171), financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the 'Science and Education for Smart Growth' Operational Programme. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. M.Z., M.I.G. and S.U.P conceived and supervised the research. M.D., K.Z., Q.Z. and Y.H conducted the experiments. H.Z. and M.H analysed the data. M.D., M.I.G., S.U.P., M.Z. and Y.H wrote the paper.

Buckwheat is a promising pseudo cereal and its cultivation history can be traced back to thousands of years ago in China. Nowadays, buckwheat is not only an ordinary crop but also a symbol of healthy life because of its rich nutritional and pharmacological properties. In this research, the current suitable areas of 19 wild buckwheat species were analyzed by the MaxEnt model, which proved that southwestern China was the diversity center of buckwheat. Their morphological characteristics and geographical distribution were analyzed for the first time. In addition, it was found that the change of buckwheat cultivation in three periods might be related to the green revolution of main crops and national policies. Meanwhile, the Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) value of buckwheat in China was the lowest from 1959 to 2016. Through the MaxEnt model, the potentially suitable areas of wild buckwheat would contract while cultivated buckwheat would expand under climate change. Accordingly, the diversity of wild buckwheat will decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to protect buckwheat resources as much as possible to strengthen the development and utilization of buckwheat resources. Moreover, the promotion of buckwheat diversity will be an important trade-off between food security, population growth, and land use under climate change.

A cryptic species of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae), F. homotropicum, is described and illustrated from Mangkang county, Tibet, China. F. homotropicum was firstly discovered in the 90’s, being to be diploid and characterized being a self-pollinating taxon. Detailed information of F. homotropiucm was rarely reported. In this paper, we summarized the morphological and karyological characters of tetraploid form F. homotropiucm (2n=4x=32), it is self-pollinating, and morphology indistinguishable in comparison from the diploid form.

Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum genus, Polygonaceae), is an annual or perennial, herbaceous or semi-shrub dicotyledonous plant. There are mainly three cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum) is widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and America, while Tartary buckwheat ( F. tataricum ) and F. cymosum (also known as F. dibotrys ) are mainly cultivated in China. The genus Fagopyrum is taxonomically confusing due to the complex phenotypes of different Fagopyrum species. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of three Fagopyrum species, F. longistylum , F. leptopodum , F. urophyllum , were sequenced, and five published cp genomes of Fagopyrum were retrieved for comparative analyses. We determined the sequence differentiation, repeated sequences of the cp genomes, and the phylogeny of Fagopyrum species. The eight cp genomes ranged, gene number, gene order, and GC content were presented. Most of variations of Fagopyrum species cp genomes existed in the LSC and SSC regions. Among eight Fagopyrum chloroplast genomes, six variable regions ( ndhF - rpl32 , trnS-trnG , trnC , trnE-trnT , psbD , and trnV ) were detected as promising DNA barcodes. In addition, a total of 66 different SSR (simple sequence repeats) types were found in the eight Fagopyrum species, ranging from 8 to 16 bp. Interestingly, many SSRs showed significant differences especially in some photosystem genes, which provided valuable information for understanding the differences in light adaptation among different Fagopyrum species. Genus Fagopyrum has shown a typical branch that is distinguished from the Rumex , Rheum , and Reynoutria , which supports the unique taxonomic status in Fagopyrum among the Polygonaceae. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on the cp genomes strongly supported the division of eight Fagopyrum species into two independent evolutionary directions, suggesting that the separation of cymosum group and urophyllum group may be earlier than the flower type differentiation in Fagopyrum plants. The results of the chloroplast-based phylogenetic tree were further supported by the matK and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences of 17 Fagopyrum species, which may help to further anchor the taxonomic status of other members in the urophyllum group in Fagopyrum . This study provides valuable information and high-quality cp genomes for identifying species and evolutionary analysis for future Fagopyrum research.

金荞麦药饲两用,具有生物量大、种植成本低、易于繁殖的特点,是土地贫瘠和劳动力短缺的深度贫困地区的特色农作物.本研究测定了自主选育的金荞麦新品系中金1号的产量和营养成分,对肉猪饲喂效果进行了分析,并评价了其经济效益.结果 表明,中金1号地下部分药用活性成分含量高,地上部分生长迅速且叶片丰富,具有较大的开发潜力.中金1号的地上部分年产量在99 000kg/hm2以上,含有丰富的营养元素且粗蛋白含量较高.中金1号饲料饲喂猪肉的营养价值远高于普通饲料的对照组,蛋白质、天门冬氨酸等必需氨基酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸以及维生素B1等含量显著增加,而脂肪含量显著降低;金荞麦的产投比达到2.57,经济效益明显.

随着经济发展和社会进步,人们对于园林植物的审美有了更高的要求,彩叶植物逐渐成为了市场的新宠,而花青素对叶片颜色形成具有重要的作用.阐述了花青素相关的代谢途径及叶片中花青素代谢的关键结构基因和转录调控因子,归纳了多个环境因子通过调控花青素代谢对叶片颜色的影响,并探讨了通过分子生物学手段改变花青素含量以改良彩叶植物的途径,以期为彩叶植物的开发和利用提供参考.

1 技术背景介绍 目前胸腹腔镜微创食管癌根治术已经被各医疗单位充分认可并得到广泛开展[1],手术切除率、并发症及远期生存率与开放手术无显著差异[2-3],而且腔镜下良好的暴露及微创操作在淋巴结清扫、术中出血量、肺功能的保护等方面甚至优于开放手术.胸腹腔镜食管癌根治术包括微创McKeown术和Ivor-Lewis术.本视频展示微创McKeown术较为规范的操作过程,包括手术路径、淋巴结清扫、神经保护、术后病理结果等.