Developing chitosan composite films using agricultural bio-byproducts provides a promising and sustainable strategy for next-generation green food packaging. In this study, we utilized antioxidant-rich extracts derived from underutilized konjac waste to develop active chitosan-based films. A comparative screening of ethanol extracts from different parts (leaf blade, petiole, corm) of two konjac species, Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch (A. konjac) and A. paeoniifolius, revealed that the leaf blade extract of A. konjac (AKE) possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and, correspondingly, the strongest antioxidant activity. UPLC-MS characterization identified ten phenolic compounds, such as quercetin and ferulic acid, known for their high antioxidant potential. AKE-incorporated chitosan films were thoroughly characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Xray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The high-dose AKE formulation (CF+H-AKE) increased film density (1.98 g/cm3) and moisture content (28.34 %), improved thermal stability, and resulted in a porous microstructure. Notably, CF+H-AKE films significantly preserved the quality of fresh-cut apples during 4-day storage, reducing weight loss by 23.19 % and limiting the loss of firmness to only 28.22 %. Moreover, the composite films effectively inhibited lipid oxidation and enhanced antioxidant activity, thereby extending shelf life. This work highlights the feasibility of converting agricultural byproducts into valueadded, biodegradable packaging materials, offering a practical and eco-friendly solution for sustainable food preservation.

Desert rose seed (DRS) fibers are derived from seed pods of Adenium obesum plants, which belong to the Apocynaceae family. DRS fibers are primarily indigenous to southern Africa and greater Arabia but can also be found in various regions spanning China, Thailand, and India. Despite numerous studies that have focused on the characterization and utilization of various parts of Adenium obesum plants, the physical characterization and absorption behavior of desert rose seed fibers have not yet been explored. Thus, the objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the morphology, chemical composition, structural dimensions, fiber surface absorption characteristics, and tensile strength properties of these fibers. Desert rose seed fibers are inherently exceptional fibers resembling a “cross flower” cross-sectional structure that exhibits a unique hollow formation with thin fiber walls and a spacious lumen of fiber samples. The results demonstrate that the density of the fibers obtained from desert rose seed is comparatively low (0.48 g/cm3), while the moisture content was noted as 10.3

沙漠玫瑰属(Adenium)植物原产非洲、阿拉伯半岛的热带沙漠、半沙漠和稀树草原,因产地接近沙漠、花色如玫瑰而得名"desert rose"——沙漠玫瑰.沙漠玫瑰属与夹竹桃属植物亲缘关系相近,都开着颜色美丽、结构相似的花,凭借一身毒汁抵御外敌.但沙漠玫瑰生长在更加炎热、干燥的气候区,通过肥厚多汁的肉质茎储藏水分,是非常少见的木本、观花、无刺、多肉植物.种加词"obesum"是拉丁文"肥胖的"意思,形容沙漠玫瑰茎基部显著膨大,极具观赏价值.

以215种空气凤梨为参试植物,连续3 a的棚内养护观察并记录其物候信息,通过层次分析法对参试植物进行适应性评价.结果显示,大部分空气凤梨在厦门的适应性良好,其中适应性评价得分为1级和2级的空气凤梨共135种.研究结果可为我国自主培育空气凤梨优良品种提供参考.

为了获取具有解磷、促生作用的红树根际解磷真菌,采用NBRIP(National Botanical Research Institute′s phosphate)培养基初筛法从红树根际土壤筛选得到解磷真菌,并分析菌株对不同难溶性磷酸盐的溶解差异和高效解磷真菌对桐花树的促生效果.结果表明:解磷能力最强的PSF-FJ1、PSF-FJ2和PSF-FJ3菌株对该生境中具有代表性的难溶性磷酸盐的溶解顺序为Ca3(PO4)2>AlPO4>FePO4>卵磷脂,菌株PSF-FJ1对Ca3(PO4)2的溶解能力可达773.36 mg·L-1,培养液酸化是溶解Ca3(PO4)2的关键机制之一.通过ITS基因序列分析方法,将具有吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)和铁载体合成潜力的高效解磷真菌PSF-FJ1鉴定为Penicillium sp..与未接菌相比,接种PSF-FJ1使得桐花树幼苗的总生物量提高了23.13％,植株根系活力增强了64.91％,叶片Pn、Tr和Gs分别显著提高37.92％、40.04％和41.70％,叶片光合色素含量显著增加,更多的磷元素和氮元素被植株吸收.研究表明,解磷真菌Penicillium sp.PSF-FJ1可有效促进桐花树幼苗的生长,该菌株可开发为新型生物菌肥并可尝试应用于滨海红树造林工程.

Essential oils (EOs) are one type of the most significant plant metabolites. Limited works have been conducted on EOs extracted from Cinnamomum reticulatum Hay (CREO), Leptospermum petersonii Bailey (LPEO), and Juniperus formosana Hayata (JFEO), which belong to the Lauraceae, Cupressaceae, and Myrtaceae families, respectively. The present work aimed to characterize and compare EOs chemical compositions of the three aromatic plant species and simultaneously evaluate their antioxidant activities. Using GC–MS/MS techniques, totally 135 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to nine chemical classes were detected, with 93, 102 and 116 VOCs from and 7, 8 and 16 VOCs unique to CREO, LPEO and JFEO, respecively, and 72 VOCs common to all the three EOs. The main compound identified both in LPEO and JFEO was (−)-bornyl acetate (20.23% and 28.40%, respectively), and the dominated compounds in CREO were L-α-terpineol (16.21%) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene (11.68%), all accounting for more than 20% of their total contents. An in-depth dissection of major chemical compositions of the three EOs found that three VOCs were newly identified and biological functions of four VOCs were not yet reported previously. In addition, higher antioxidant capacities, measured with DPPH and ABTS assays, were exhibited in JFEO (IC50 8.37 ± 2.98 and 0.53 ± 3.80 mg/ml, respectively) and in LPEO (IC50 13.93 ± 2.11 and 1.32 ± 0.97 mg/ml) than in CREO (IC50 250.58 ± 1.48 and 4.81 ± 3.23 mg/ml), which may be due to CREO contained more esters and less aromatics than the other two EOs.

解磷真菌从磷矿粉中释放的磷酸根离子是重金属铅(Pb)得以钝化修复的关键因子.本研究从福建省、海南省、台湾省三地的红树植物根际沉积物中筛选出4株兼具高效磷矿粉溶解能力和Pb耐受能力的耐Pb解磷真菌,分别为Penicillium sp.PSF-FJ1、Penicillium sp.PSF-TW、Aspergillusniger PSF-FJ3和A.aculeatus PSF-HN.它们在高浓度Pb溶液中都能存活,但高浓度Pb胁迫会不同程度地抑制菌株的解磷能力.在较低Pb污染水平(Pb质量浓度200 mg/L)时,保留或丧失解磷功能的4株菌株都可有效钝化水溶液体系中的Pb;但当Pb质量浓度达到800 mg/L时,只有保留磷矿粉溶解能力的菌株Penicillium sp.PSF-FJ1和Penicillium sp.PSF-TW才能有效钝化Pb.据此,利用Penicillium sp.PSF-FJ1和Penicillium sp.PSF-TW的解磷功能,将难溶性磷矿粉进行溶解后释放出其中的磷酸根离子,从而有效钝化溶液中铅离子,可为后续滨海湿地重金属修复提供新思路.

利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对盛花期的香花秋海棠(Begonia handelii)雄花及其变种铺地秋海棠(B.handelii var.prostrata)雌花和红毛香花秋海棠(B.handelii var.rubropilosa)雄花的挥发性香气成分进行分析.结果表明,从铺地秋海棠花中鉴定出香气成分32种,其中醇类物质含量最高,占总成分50.10％,其次分别为碳氢类、醛类和酸类物质,分别占总成分25.39％、13.87％、4.34％;从香花秋海棠花中鉴定出香气成分21种,醛类物质含量最高,占总成分57.12％,其次是醇类、碳氢类、杂环类物质,分别占总成分17.37％、15.31％、4.88％;从红毛香花秋海棠花中鉴定出香气成分44种,醇类物质含量最高,占总成分38.22％,其次是碳氢类、醛类和醚类物质,分别占总成分34.36％、16.83％、6.91％.铺地秋海棠和红毛香花秋海棠香气成分较接近,富含具有清香、甘甜气息的芳樟醇氧化物等物质;香花秋海棠花中醛类物质含量最高,具有淡焦甜香气.

The physicochemical properties,fatty acid compositions and nutrient contents (squalene,vitamin E and β-sitosterol) of marula oil and six kinds of vegetable oils were compared,including olive oil,peanut oil,corn oil,sunflower seed oil,perilla seed oil and flaxseed oil.The results showed that the oil yield of marula kernel was 51.93 ％.The contents of squalene and β-sitosterol in marula oil were 2.5 mg/100 g and 183.5 mg/100 g,respectively.The content of oleic acid in marula oil reached 76.94％,and for olive oil,it was 67.39％.Compared with common vegetable oils,marula oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids and nutrient,and the ratio of different fatty acids was balance,thus it was suitable for human body absorption.Therefore,marula oil had a great potential for development and application.

In order to obtain high quality seedlings of Araucaria cunninghamii, the seeds were collected from 30—60 year-old robust mature trees. At the seedling stage, watering, fertilization, diseases and pests control were paid great attention. With the seedling height, root length and the ground diameter as the indexes, the 1-year-old and 2-year-old seedlings of A. cunninghamii were divided into three quality classes using the SPSS K-means clustering. The height and the ground diameter of the 1-year-old seedlings and third class of 2-year-old seedlings were too short to be outplanting. The first and second classes of the 2-year-old seedlings were suggested to be outplanting.

Photosynthetic activity is one of the most important indicators for evaluating the introduction and acclimatization of trees to new geographies. The aim of this study was to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics of marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro (Anacardiaceae)] and the environmental conditions relevant to its growth in China. We analyzed the diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis in two S. birrea varieties, one from South Africa and one from Israel, after introduction into China using a portable photosynthesis measuring system. Our results showed that the diurnal net photosynthetic rate (Pn) exhibited an atypical double-peak pattern that was influenced mainly by stomatal factors. Moreover, the diurnal change in stomatal conductance (Gs) was consistent with that for Pn and showed an obvious double-peak curve, whereas the diurnal change in the transpiration rate (Tr) was opposite to that in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), which presented a single-peak curve. The extreme values of the environmental factors we monitored occurred at approximately the same time of day and influenced photosynthesis by affecting Ci, Tr, and leaf temperature (TL), with light intensity exerting an especially strong effect. The Pn of the S. birrea variety from Israel was higher than that of the S. birrea variety from South Africa, while South Africa S. birrea exhibited superior growth trait in southern China. We suggest that the photosynthetic performance of S. birrea can be acclimated to a new environment.

采用化学法萃取和GC-MS法对花生和紫苏种子的含油率及其脂肪酸组分进行研究.实验结果表明,花生的含油率为34.60％,紫苏种子的含油率为39.40％.GC-MS分析结果表明,花生油中共检测出8种脂肪酸组分,即:亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山嵛酸、10-十八碳烯酸、花生酸、花生一烯酸;紫苏种子油中共检测出5种脂肪酸组分,即:棕榈酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、硬脂酸和10-十八碳烯酸.花生油中脂肪酸的主要组分是亚油酸53.05％、油酸31.74％、棕榈酸7.95％;紫苏种子油脂肪酸的主要组分是α-亚麻酸80.06％、亚油酸11.83％、棕榈酸5.37％.花生油和紫苏种子油中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为85.21％和92.81％.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leaves, as byproducts, are rich sources of phenolic compounds and possess strong antioxidant activities. The aim of the present study is to optimize the extraction and enrichment conditions of phenolics from pomegranate leaves. Firstly, four solvents (water, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol and 50% acetone) were used to assess the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction yield and total phenolics content in extracts. Then, the response surface methodology based on three-level, three-variable Box–Behnken design was used to optimize and evaluate three independent variables: solvent concentration (25–50–75%), temperature (40–60–80°C) and extraction time (20–40–60min) on the extraction yield and total phenolics content. Thereafter, the macroporous resin chromatography was used to enrich the phenolics in the crude extract and the resin types, pH values of samples and elution solvent, and the concentration of elution solvent were optimized based on the absorption and desorption capacity of phenolics. Finally, the optimum conditions of extraction and enrichment were selected: the highest temperature (80°C), the longest extraction time (60min) and 61% ethanol solvent concentration for extraction; HPD-100 macroporous resin for chromatography, pH 2.0 for absorption sample solution, and 50% ethanol with pH 2.0 as desorption solvent. The extraction and enrichment process established here can be easily and effectively achieved, and the content of phenolics in the resulting extracts can reach 669.35±19.50mgGAE/g. Moreover, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities were significantly increased in the resulting extracts. This is the first time to study the enrichment of phenolics with macroporous resin chromatography from pomegranate leaves.

The pollen grains of 9 samples of genera Perilla,Scutellaria and Salvia(Lamiaceas).were examined by light microscope(LM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results showed that the pollen grains of Perilla were oblate or suboblate in shape,while the pollen shapes of Scutellaria baicalensis,Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia splensens were subprolate in equatorial view.However,in equatorial view,the pollen shapes of Salvia farinacea was near spherical.The pollen apertures of five varieties of genus perilla,Salvia miltiorrhiza,Salvia splensens and Salvia farinacea were hexacolpate.But Scutellaria baicalensis was tricolpate.Although,the exine ornamentation of pollen grains under SEM of Perilla,Scutellaria and Salvia were reticulate,but differences occurred in shape,size of the lumina,foveolae numbers in the lumina and presence or absence of protuberance on muri of they pollen grains.The differences of pollen morphology among these three different genera of Lamiaceae were so remarkable that it would play an important role in classification of them.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce inflammation and may help prevent chronic diseases like heart disease and arthritis. Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of w-3 fatty acids and has been reported with a remarkably high content (>50%) only in seeds of several plant species, for example, Perilla and Linum usitatissimum L. It is a valuable compound obtained from plants which can provide health benefits similar to those derived from fish oil. In this study, five seed samples from five varieties of the monotypic genus Perilla collected from five provinces in China were analyzed to determine their fatty acid composition. The seed oils were extracted using Soxhlet, and oil contents of these samples ranged from 33.25 to 42.58% (wt/wt). Fatty acid compositions were then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 9.16 to 10.49, 13.78 to 20.93 and 63.12 to 73.45% of their totals, respectively, in which the content of the unsaturated fatty acids was over 90% on average. Moreover, a-linolenic acid was dominant (52.58 to 61.98%) in all the oil samples, and it comprised 65.67 to 68.37% of the total unsaturated fatty acids and 83.30 to 84.38% of the polyunsaturated acids, respectively. However, contents of the w-6 linoleic acid in the five samples were only 10.54 to 15.87%, and the ratio of w-6 to w-3 fatty acids was as low as 0.2 to 0.26. The results indicate that Perilla oil is presently the best quality oil derived from plant sources and hence it could be developed into commercial products to serve as a valuable alternative vegetable oil. Furthermore, oil from seeds obtained in regions with lower average growth temperature has relatively higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. Key words: Annual growth temperature, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),w-3 a-linolenic acid, w-6 linoleic acid, Perilla, seed oil, variety.

Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro]. These include the contribution of this species towards health, nutrition, food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it. Marula fruits can be eaten fresh, squeezed to make juice, brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly. The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics, i.e., for skin and hair application. The bark, roots, seeds and leaves are exploited for traditional medicinal purposes. Marula has acquired significant commercial value since its fruits and other products have entered local, regional and international trade in southern Africa. To diversify fruit production and satisfy the increasing demands for this resource, several domestication initiatives have been carried out at regional and international levels. The accumulated knowledge and skills relevant to the establishment and commercialization of marula therefore provide an effective guide in areas where marula remains undomesticated or underutilized. We discuss the great importance of marula in southern Africa to reveal its great potential to regions where it remains unexploited.

To investigate the relations between salidroside content and particle size as well as growth conditions,also the possible mechanism of Rhodiola crenulata,callus obtained from leaves of R.crenulata was used for raising particle suspension cultures,which were then filtered by cell sieves with 60,80,100 or 120 mesh respectively,so that cell suspension cultures were established.The salidroside content in particle suspension cultures（the average diameter was about 2.5 cm） and cell suspension cultures（filtered by 80 mesh cell sieve） were detected,both of the particle and cell culture solutions in the same culture conditions were also detected.After being filtered by 80 mesh cell sieve and then cultured for a period of time,the culture filtrate had been shown to produce vast rapid proliferated cell suspension cultures with uniform size.Cell suspension cultures had 0.606 mg/g of salidroside,which was about 2.2 times of that of particle suspension cultures（0.27 mg/g）.However,neither of the solution of particle suspension cultures nor cell suspension cultures was found to have salidroside.It is concluded that salidroside content in suspension cultures has certain relations with particle size and growth condition of different cell aggregation.Since small cells contact fully with oxygen and nutrient of medium,they can produce high content of salidroside.

In order to identify the relationship between diurnal changes in the net photosynthetic rate (P n) of Pueraria lobata and environmental factors, diurnal changes in the P n of leaves of two P. lobata cultivars were measured using a CIRAS-1 portable photosynthesis measurement system (PP-Systems, UK). The results show that diurnal changes in P n of both cultivars could be interpreted as double-peak curves, indicating the occurrence of an obvious midday depression. Further analyses indicate that the correlation between P n and stomatal conductance was positive and extremely significant (p < 0.01). The correlations of P n with intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were positive and significant (p < 0.05), while the correlations of P n with air and leaf temperatures were negative and significant (p < 0.05). The results indicate that among the factors affecting photosynthetic properties, some can be grouped as stomatal limitations while others are non-stomatal limitations.

The optimal tissue culture conditions for induction,differentiation,proliferation and rooting of adventitious buds of Pueraria lobata Ohwi were studied through in vitro culture and rapid propagation technologies.The results showed that using stem segments with axillary buds from elite parent trees of P.lobata as explants,the survival rate could reach 50% after 25-30 min of sterilization with 2.2% NaClO.The most optimal medium for induction of adventitious buds was MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L,and the induction rate reached 88.89%.The most optimal medium for differentiation and subculture of the adventitious buds was MS + NAA 0.15 mg/L + 6-BA 0.3 mg/L + 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L;the differentiation rate reached 83.33%,and the multiples of proliferation rate ranged from 6 to 7.The most optimal rooting medium was 1/2 MS supplemented with NAA 0.5 mg/L,and the rooting rate could reach 100%.Overall,a tissue culture system and a relatively good technological system for rapid propagation of P.lobata were established.

Diurnal changes of leaf net photosynthetic rates of two cultivars of Pueraria lobata were measured using the CIRAS-Ⅰ portable photosynthesis system(PP-Systems Co.,British),and the relationship among diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rates and those of environmental factors were analyzed.The results showed that diurnal changes in the net photosynthetic rates of both two cultivars could be interpreted as double-peak curves,i.e.they possessed obvious so-called midday depression phenomenon.Further analyses showed that the correlation between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance was positive and extremely significant(P 0.01),the correlations between net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration as well as the transpiration rate were positive and significant(P 0.05),and the correlations between net photosynthetic rate and air temperature as well as leaf temperature were negative and significant(P 0.05).The results indicate that among the factors affecting photosynthetic characteristics,some of them could be grouped as stomatal restrictions,while the others could be grouped as non-stomatal restrictions.