Responding to the need for drought-tolerant crops in semiarid regions, this study evaluated 17 local and three improved white maize varieties from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, across optimal (E1), normal (E2), and drought-stressed (E3) environments. A robust selection model incorporating five analytical frameworks, stability analysis, Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) modelling, tolerance indices, Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI), and Multi-Trait Stability Index (MTSI), was used to assess yield performance. Results identified five superior genotypes (local: A7, A11, A12; improved: A18, A19) exhibiting significant stability and adaptability. These genotypes consistently yielded above the overall average of 2.57 tons: A7 yielded 2.99 tons, A11 yielded 3.07 tons, A12 yielded 2.86 tons, A18 yielded 3.55 tons, and A19 yielded 2.57 tons. The selected genotypes showed high stability, evidenced by regression coefficients (bi) approximately equal to 1 (approximate to 1) with non-significant deviation, and superior yields (Yi) above the 2.57 tons average. Variability was low, with the Coefficient of Variation (CVi) less than the average of 80.22, and stability index values (YSi) exceeded the 8.3 average, indicating minimal Genotype-Environment interaction. Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genetics-Genetics Environment (GGE) analyses confirmed low environmental influence on genotypic expression, explaining 84.97% and 91.2% of the total variation, respectively. Based on eleven tolerance indices, five genotypes were classified as drought-tolerant. This research provides a comprehensive framework for identifying promising genotypes for plant breeding and emphasizes incorporating local genetic diversity to enhance maize productivity and food security in climate-variable semiarid systems.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), the world’s most land-efficient oil crop, underpins global vegetable oil supply yet faces mounting constraints from limited expansion, climate stress, and disease pressure. These challenges highlight the urgent need for genomic resources that capture species-wide diversity to support sustainable improvement. While recent reference assemblies have advanced trait discovery, single linear genomes fail to represent the full spectrum of structural and gene-content variation, limiting resolution of agronomic alleles. Here, we constructed a graph-based pan-genome from 30 diverse oil palm assemblies representing wild, semi-domesticated, and commercial accessions. We characterized structural variants, gene presence–absence variation, and copy-number gains, with focusing on functional stratification and resistance gene dynamics. The graph-based pan-genome revealed extensive structural and gene-content variation, including a large conserved core, complemented by shell and unique fractions enriched or biased toward regulatory, stress-responsive, and defense-related functions. Structural variation and duplication-derived copy-number gains contributed substantially to gene-content diversity, with semi-domesticated accessions exhibiting the greatest variability. Resistance gene repertoires showed contrasting patterns: receptor-like kinases remained comparatively stable, whereas the CNL subclass of NLR genes contributed disproportionately to shell-genome variation and duplication-associated turnover. This graph-based pan-genome provides a curated multi-assembly reference and comparative framework for oil palm genomics. By capturing structural variants, gene-content variations, copy-number gains, and resistance gene dynamics across domestication gradients, it establishes a foundation for future pan-GWAS analysis, functional genomics, and molecular breeding strategies aimed at improving resilience and productivity in this globally important crop.

The transition from single-reference linear genomes to pan-genome graphs provides an opportunity to improve the resolution of studies investigating the genetic architecture of complex agronomic traits. Here, we conducted a pan-genome-wide association study in oil palm using 384 accessions representing wild African dura populations and advanced tenera-derived breeding material. Mapping short-read sequencing data to a pan-genome graph identified 32.8 million variants, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels, and multi-nucleotide polymorphisms (MNPs). Among indels, structural indels (≥ 50 bp) had a cumulative genomic span of ~ 405.68 Mb. For association mapping, 1,415,269 high-confidence markers were retained across SNP, MNP, micro-indel, and larger indel panels. We focused on three biologically distinct traits: shell-to-fruit ratio, a fruit-form trait with a known major-effect locus; rachis length, a vegetative architecture trait; and oil-to-dry mesocarp ratio, a key oil-related bunch component. Using the shell-to-fruit ratio as a positive control, pan-GWAS recovered the known SHELL locus and identified 24 additional candidate loci. Rachis length associations were detected only in the MNP panel, implicating genes involved in receptor signaling, sugar transport, and cell wall remodeling. For the oil-to-dry mesocarp ratio, significant SNP and MNP associations were detected, further highlighting the trait-dependent contribution of different variant classes to oil-related variation.

Flowering is a crucial phase in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) cultivation, heavily influenced by environmental conditions and cultivation practices. This study investigates the combined effects of Jakaba fungi and coconut water, a natural source of plant hormones, on vanilla flowering. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Each treatment used two plants, with five untreated controls and five plants treated with farmer standard Jakaba application, for a total of 82 plants. Coconut water was applied at 50, 100, and 150 ml per plant, while Jakaba was used at 150, 200, and 250 ml per plant. The optimal combination—200 ml of Jakaba with 50 ml of coconut water—resulted in the highest flowering and fruiting response. These findings highlight the potential of integrating Jakaba and coconut water to boost vanilla productivity.

Viruses are major pathogens that affect garlic production. Viral genetics play an important role in plant disease epidemiology, as viruses exhibit genetic diversity that influences their virulence, spread, and ability to infect various hosts. This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for virus management strategies in garlic by considering epidemiological aspects and genetic factors. Garlic leaf and bulb samples were collected from multiple cultivation areas in West Nusa Tenggara, Central Java, West Java, and East Java Provinces. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect four viral targets: onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), garlic common latent virus (GCLV), and shallot latent virus (SLV), followed by Sanger sequencing. Genetic diversity and haplotype analyses were conducted using DNASP and PopART software. The findings indicate that the viruses LYSV, OYDV, GCLV, and SLV in Indonesia exhibit high haplotype diversity (Hd), with values ranging from 0.9 to 1.00. FST analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation of LYSV with Japan, moderate differentiation with Nepal, and high similarity with China. OYDV showed the largest differentiation with Iraq, while GCLV and SLV displayed moderate to high differentiation with South Korea and Romania, respectively. The Phi values on average suggested low to moderate haplotype differentiation, with the majority of haplotype variation occurring within populations. These results imply that geographical, ecological, and historical factors influence the genetic composition and gene flow of these viruses. The presence of shared haplotypes between regions suggests possible genetic exchange, likely due to trade or agricultural practices. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the adaptability and gene flow of these viruses, with evidence of local adaptation and limited gene migration across populations.

Garlic (Allium sativum) is an important horticultural crop globally and in Indonesia. Its production faces significant challenges due to diseases caused by viral infections. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution of garlic viruses across cultivation areas in Indonesia and analyze the potential for transmission to shallot (Allium cepa var. agregatum) and spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.). In the process, garlic leaves and bulbs samples were collected from several growing areas in West Nusa Tenggara, Central Java, West Java, and East Java. Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), garlic common latent virus (GCLV), and shallot latent virus (SLV) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method using specific primers. The results showed that mixed infections of several viruses were more common than the single form. The average frequency of viral infection in order from the highest was LYSV (75.15%), OYDV (64.95%), SLV (36.47%), and GCLV (26.66%). Single isolates of LYSV, OYDV, GCLV, and SLV were selected for the transmission experiment in the screen house, and each was inoculated mechanically to shallot (cultivars Sanren F1 and Lokananta) and spring onion (cultivar Blaze F1). All viruses were successfully transmitted to shallot, but only LYSV, OYDV, and SLV could be mechanically transmitted to spring onion. The infection of shallot and spring onion significantly affected the number of bulbs but had no considerable effect on plant height, leaf number, and bulb diameter.

Colocasia and Xanthosoma are widely distributed in humid tropical areas and primarily found in moderate to high rainfall areas. In Indonesia, Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (eddoe taro) and Xanthosoma undipes (beneng banten taro) are prominent taro. However, traditional vegetative propagation methods often result in limited phenotypic diversity. Gamma irradiation of embryogenic calli presents a promising approach to induce genetic diversity for taro improvement. This study aimed to assess the radiosensitivity of Indonesian taro explants to gamma-ray irradiation by determining the LD50 value and evaluating the impact of the gamma 60Co irradiation dose on the proliferation and growth of taro embryogenic calli. The research adopted a completely randomized factorial design, encompassing eight treatments of Gamma 60Co radiation dose ranging from 0 to 27.5 Gy, combined with two treatment media variations on callus formation, with 12 repetitions each. The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation affected callus formation, embryogenic callus proliferation, and the number of globular phases of somatic embryos in both explants. The LD50 for Colocasia esculenta explants was determined to be 7.23 Gy, while that for Xanthosoma undipes explants was 12.84 Gy. These findings underscore the significant effect of gamma-ray irradiation on explants, elucidating its potential to induce mutations and augment genetic diversity in orphan crop species such as Indonesian taro.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a globally important crop, and its genetic improvements benefit from comprehensive genome sequencing. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing and annotation of two key genetic resources: the wild (Eg-DCM) and ancestral (Eg-DBG) Dura accessions, using a combination of short- and long-read sequencing technologies. De novo assembly followed by polishing, proximity ligation, and reference-guided scaffolding yielded high-quality assemblies with ungapped lengths of 1.71 Gb (Eg-DBG) and 1.48 Gb (Eg-DCM). Eg-DCM and Eg-DBG genomes exhibited high completeness, with over 97% of Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs) recovered across the Eukaryota, Viridiplantae, and Embryophyta datasets. Repetitive elements, particularly retrotransposons, dominated both genomes, accounting for 46.10% of Eg-DBG and 43.85% of Eg-DCM. Gene prediction initially identified 61,256 (Eg-DBG) and 53,985 (Eg-DCM) genes, which were refined into high-confidence gene sets of 39,263 and 35,298, respectively. Additionally, 1,760 and 1,684 putative resistance (R) genes were identified in Eg-DCM and Eg-DBG, with similar class distributions. The five major R gene classes comprise KIN, RLK, RLP, CNL, and CK. With further research, the assembled whole-genome sequences and the annotated genes of Eg-DBG and Eg-DCM offer valuable insights into the untapped genomic information of undomesticated accessions, with implications for future breeding and crop improvement efforts of oil palm.

Bawang merah adalah salah satu komoditas hortikultura unggulan di Indonesia. Salah satu kendala produksi bawang merah di Indonesia adalah penyakit busuk pangkal yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum. Beberapa mikrob endofit telah dilaporkan perannya sebagai agens hayati dan efektif menekan penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan Bacillus siamensis, Chaetomium sp., Cuvularia lunata, dan Trichoderma asperellum dalam menekan pertumbuhan F. oxysporum. Mikrob endofit merupakan koleksi Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Pengujian secara in vitro dilakukan dengan metode uji koloni ganda dan uji produksi senyawa organik volatil (SOV) anticendawan dengan metode tangkup. Pengujian SOV dilakukan pada medium ADK dan TSA dengan tingkat konsentrasi, yaitu 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan menanam umbi bawang merah setelah direndam dalam suspensi mikrob endofit, kemudian dilakukan inokulasi F. oxysporum pada 1 minggu setelah tanam. Hasil uji koloni ganda menunjukkan hambatan sebesar 51.41% (B. siamensis), 71.04% (Chaetomium sp.), 69.45% (C. lunata), dan 74.55% (T. asperellum), sedangkan uji produksi SOV menunjukkan nilai THR yaitu 34.45% (B. siamensis), 14.53% (Chaetomium sp.), 35.23% (C. lunata), dan 42.57% (T. asperellum). Penghambatan insidensi penyakit oleh mikrob endofit pada uji in vivo berkisar 60.00% sampai dengan 73.33%.

This study examines the growth patterns, leaf morpho-anatomical traits and physiological characteristics of three ornamental taxa of Alocasia: A. melo, A reginae and Alocasia × morfontanensis ‘Bambino’. Using optical and scanning electron microscopy, the research obtained anatomical details of the leaves. Alocasia × morfontanensis ‘Bambino’ exhibited the highest leaf growth rate among the taxa studied, showing significant leaf number increases from the 8th to the 12th week after planting. Alocasia melo produced 2–3 new basal shoots after 20 weeks, whereas the other two taxa did not produce any. Alocasia melo displayed the greatest relative water content and leaf thickness, while A. reginae showed the highest chlorophyll stability. This study also revealed variations in the adaxial and abaxial leaf color, stomatal width, epidermal thickness, and elemental composition among the taxa involved, with A. melo containing rhodium and high levels of calcium on their leaf surface. These findings contribute to the understanding of the Alocasia leaf morpho-anatomy and growth, which is useful for optimizing Alocasia cultivation and production across diverse ecosystems.

Rimpang jahe putih memiliki masa dormansi selama 2-3 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) yang sesuai untuk perbanyakan tunas jahe putih secara in vitro. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan 3 AGH pada bulan Maret hingga Agustus 2022. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial (RAL) dengan 5 taraf komposisi ZPT pada media dasar MS, yaitu media MSo tanpa penambahan ZPT (kontrol); 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA; 9 ppm BAP; 1.5 ppm TDZ; 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali, setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 2 botol dan setiap botol ditanam satu eksplan. Penambahan 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA dan 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA memberikan hasil multiplikasi tunas yang paling tinggi, yaitu 6,8 tunas. Penambahan ZPT pada media tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pemanjangan tunas, pertambahan jumlah daun, dan pembentukan akar. Perlakuan dengan penambahan 3 ppm BAP + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA; 9 ppm BAP; dan 3 ppm Kinetin + 0.5 ppm TDZ + 0.1 ppm NAA menghasilkan plantlet yang menunjukkan kelangsungan hidup 100% pada masa aklimatisasi dua minggu. Kata kunci: auksin, multiplikasi, planlet, sitokinin, Zingiberaceae

Kegiatan penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Cidadap, Kota Bandung dari 27 Januari hingga 25 Mei 2019. Tujuan dari pelaksanaan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui permasalahan panen dan pasca panen edible flower di perusahaan dan dapat menemukan cara penanganan pasca panen yang baik. Edible flower memerlukan aspek pasca panen yang tepat agar tetap terjaga kesegaran dan penampilan bunga hingga sampai di tangan konsumen. Aspek teknis yang dilakukan adalah pemasangan instalasi NFT, pembuatan media tanam, persemaian, penanaman, pemeliharaan, panen, dan pasca panen. Aspek yang dipelajari bagian pengemasan akhir edible flower. Pengujian daya simpan pada tiga jenis edible flower Pansy (Viola x wittrockiana), Viola (Viola tricolor), dan Dianthus (Dianthus caryophillus) pada suhu 10 ℃ dan 20 ℃. Ketiga jenis bunga ini dapat mempertahankan kualitas hingga tujuh hari di penyimpanan suhu 10 ℃ hari dibanding dengan suhu 20 ℃ yang hanya bertahan hingga hari ketiga setelah panen. Kata kunci : hidroponik NFT, kualitas edible flowers, penyimpanan

Abstract. Lukman, Dinarti D, Siregar UJ, Turjaman M, Sudarsono. 2023. Isolation and molecular identification of agarwood-inducing fungi and their virulence test using Aquilaria sp. seedlings. Biodiversitas 24: 140-148. Agarwood is a lump of fragrant resin with a dark color and distinctive aroma from secondary metabolite products that accumulate in wood fibers produced from the genus Aquilaria and Gyrinops, a plant defense mechanism against damage caused by wounds and infection of specific fungal pathogens. The three main factors in producing agarwood sapwood are the presence of plants that have the potential to produce agarwood (family Thymelaceae) as a host, a supportive environment, and the presence of specific fungal pathogens. The isolation, identification, and virulence testing of local isolates must be made to get the correct agarwood-inducing pathogens without posing potential environmental problems. A total of five explants of Aquilaria sp. branches producing agarwood from the study site were used. This study aims to isolate local strains of fungi associated with agarwood formation from North Aceh regency, Aceh province, Indonesia, figure out their virulence against and ability to induce agarwood from seedlings of target trees, and determine their species identity. The experiments comprised isolation, macroscopic and microscopic identification, virulence tests, and species identification based on ITS sequences. The study resulted in five local Aceh isolates (LAI-1- LAI-5). Four isolates (LAI-1 - LAI-4) can induce agarwood formation, and oneisolate (LAI-5) is a white rot fungus. The ITS sequence analysis showed that LAI-1 - LAI-4 were Fusarium solani, while two colonies taken from LAI-5 isolate were identified as Ceriporia lacerataor Irpex laceratus (LAI-5 colony#1), and Daldinia eschscholtzii (LAI-5 colony #3). Based on these findings, the LA-5 isolate was probably a mixture of the two white rot fungus isolates.

Pisang merupakan buah tropis yang sangat diminati oleh masyarakat Indonesia, sehingga dibutuhkan peningkatan produksi buah pisang yang tinggi dengan kualitas yang baik melalui manajemen pemupukan. Kegiatan penelitian bertujuan mempelajari pengelolaan pemupukan pisang Cavendish klon DM2 di Lampung Timur. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Januari hingga Mei 2019. Pengamatan pengelolaan pemupukan meliputi konsep 5T (tepat jenis, tepat dosis, tepat waktu, tepat cara, dan tepat tempat) dan evaluasi produksi. Analisis data hasil penelitian menggunakan Uji t-student. Hasil pengamatan di areal dibandingkan dengan standar dari Departemen Research and Development. Pemupukan di kebun telah memenuhi kriteria tepat kerja. Ketepatan realisasi dosis pupuk Urea, Kiesrite, dan ZnSO4 telah tepat dosis, sedangkan pupuk KCl dan Petro cas kurang tepat dosis. Realisasi waktu pemupukan belum memenuhi standar kebun. Ketepatan cara pemupukan Urea, KCl, dan Petro cas telah memenuhi kriteria, namun Kiestrite dan ZnSO4 belum memenuhi standar kebun. Semua jenis pupuk belum tepat tempat saat aplikasi kecuali pupuk ZnSO4. Umur buah rata-rata yang dipanen pada sampel blok pengamatan belum maksimal dengan lebar buah yang masih di bawah standar kebun. Jumlah sisir dan hasil bobot tandan juga masih lebih rendah dibandingkan standar kebun. Kata kunci: pisang, pupuk, produksi, tandan

Indonesia telah menjadikan daun ubi kayu sebagai salah satu sayur pilihan dalam konsumsi sehari-hari. Hal ini menjadikan peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas daun ubi kayu perlu dilakukan. Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian IPB telah memiliki beberapa genotype ubi kayu mutan stabil hasil iradiasi sinar gamma berpotensi sebagai varietas baru ubi kayu penghasil daun untuk sayuran. Tujuan percobaan adalah untuk mempelajari karakter agronomi dan fisiologi daun beberapa genotipe ubi kayu serta mempelajari korelasi antara tingkat hijau daun dengan hasil klorofil meter SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan deskriptif dimana tidak ada rancangan lingkungan dan rancangan percobaan. Penilitian dilakukan dengan mengamati tinggi tanaman, lebar tanaman, indeks luad daun (ILD) daun ke-5, jumlah cabang dan tingkat hijau daun pada 35 genotipe yang berasal dari 6 tetua di lahan koleksi genotipe mutan ubi kayu. Hasil pengamatan kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan scatter plot untuk mengelompokkan genotipe unggul. Genotipe yang dinilai unggul adalah G2D12223 (tanaman asal Ratim), G3D2413 (tanaman asal UJ-5), G21533 dan G31515D (tanaman asal Gajah). Keempat genotipe kemudian diuji kandungan klorofil untuk melihat pengaruh genotipe pada klorofil dan korelasi antara tingkat hijau daun pengukuran lapangan dengan kandungan klorofil hasil uji laboratorium. Hasil uji anova dan uji lanjut menunjukkan bahwa genotipe memberikan pengaruh pada tingkat hijau daun, klorofil b, rasio klorofil a:b dan karoten. Genotipe yang dinilai unggul berdasarkan hasil tersebut adalah G31515D untuk semua karakter kecuali rasio klorofil a:b. Genotipe yang unggul dalam karakter rasio klorofil a:b adalah G21533. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan tingkat hijau daun berkorelasi nyata dengan total klorofil, klorofil a, klorofil b, rasio klorofil a:b dan karoten, sedangkan antosianin tidak berkorelasi dengan semua karakter uji lainnya. Kata kunci: cassava, dikotil, genotipe, karoten, klorofil

Abstract. Prihatini R, Dinarti D, Sutanto A, Sudarsono. 2023. Sex-linked Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) identification and molecular marker development of salacca (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss). Biodiversitas 24: 704-712. Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss is a native tropical fruit species of Indonesia with three different sex types, i.e., female, male, and hermaphrodite. Early sex identification plays a vital role in the dioecious plant development, cultivation, and breeding program. The morphological and histological markers cannot differentiate salacca sex types during vegetative stages, during which molecular approaches are offered. Isolation of salacca's partial Transducin Beta Like-3 (TBL3) gene was done using Phoenix dactylifera L. TBL3-specific primers. After DNA sequencing and multiple sequence alignment, the putative TBL3 aligned data was used to construct a phylogenetic tree, find SNAP primers, and use the generated markers as predictors for sex-type phenotypes of salacca. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the dendrogram of aligned TBL3 partial sequences of salacca and other taxa showed that the salacca TBL3 is closely related to P. dactylifera and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. since the three palms belong to the same Arecaceae family. The partial sequence of the TBL3 gene of hermaphrodite salacca revealed ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to those of female and male plants. Protein alignment of the sequence also showed several differences, which may lead to different flower morphogenesis. The salacca SNAP sex-types markers were developed from one of the SNP sites and validated using samples from farmer plantations. The SNAP primer pairs of STBL1F-Ref - STBL1-Rev amplified a 300 bp fragment from hermaphrodite samples, whereas no band was amplified from the female and male samples. On the contrary, primers STBL1F-Alt - STBL1-Rev amplified a 300 bp fragment from female and male plants but not from the hermaphrodite plants. The salacca's TBL3 sequences and the SNAP markers are valuable tools for further salacca genomic exploration.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is used as a medicinal plant or seasoning, but its national production can only meet people's needs by 6.4%, and 95% is imported from China. The development rate of new garlic varieties is relatively slow because garlic is generally propagated vegetatively through cloves; therefore, its diversity has become relatively narrow. Character and diversity can be improved by inducing mutations using gamma-ray irradiation. Experiments on garlic subjected to gamma-ray irradiation have shown physiological changes in the putative 3rd (MV3) mutant offspring. The experiment's 4th mutant progeny (MV4) was re-planted and compared with other local genotypes. The aim was to perform clustering based on the yielding characteristics and the intensity of the anthocyanin content. The experiment used a single-plant design with 21 experimental units, namely 16 MV4 genotypes and 5 control genotypes. The analysis of variance showed that the MV4 Lumbu Kuning 1 Gy and Ciwidey 2 Gy genotypes had better tuber weight and diameter than the other genotypes, including the control genotypes. Cluster analysis clustered garlic genotypes into five groups at a cophenetic distance 0.4. Principal component analysis (PCA) also divided the garlic genotypes into four quadrants. Genotypes in quadrant 2 had anthocyanin content intensities superior to those of other genotypes.

Bawang merah (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) banyak dibudidayakan petani di Indonesia karena memiliki pemanfaatan yang cukup meluas. Penggunaan ZPT merupakan faktor pendukung yang memberikan kontribusi dalam peningkatan produktivitas bawang merah. Salah satu ZPT tersebut ialah giberelin atau GA3. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh GA3 pada bawang merah varietas Bima Brebes, dan mendapatkan dosis optimum sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2020 di Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara foliar spray GA3 dengan 0–2,5 dosis dalam volume semprot 400 L air pada tanaman bawang merah varietas Bima Brebes. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak faktor tunggal 4 ulangan, terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dosis masing-masing yakni 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; dan 2,5 dosis GA3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 0,5–2,0 dosis GA3 secara nyata berhasil meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, bobot 10 umbi, bobot kering per tanaman dan bobot per petak yang memengaruhi dugaan hasil per hektar. Adapun dosis optimum dari hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan pada parameter tinggi tanaman 4–6 MST berturut- turut yakni 1,48; 1,65 dan 1,88 dosis GA3, sedangkan untuk bobot 10 umbi yakni 1,54 dosis GA3. Kata kunci: bawang merah, bibit umbi, Bima Brebes, foliar spray, GA3

Abstract. Mawardi S, Romadhon MR, Rahma, Maskromo I, Dinarti D, Sudarsono. 2023. Flowering type and morphological diversity of Bido coconut from Morotai Island District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1473-1481. In general, coconuts are divided into Tall and Dwarf types. Dwarf coconut is early bearing and has a short trunk, while Tall coconut yields high-quality copra and has a large fruit size. Furthermore, Bido-Tall coconut is an early bearing with a short trunk, medium size fruit, and high-quality copra. This research aims to evaluate Bido coconut population variations and study the flowering types of Bido and other coconut types in the research locations. Morphological and flowering type observation was conducted for Bido Tall, Local Tall, Local Dwarf, and Bido Tall outcrossing progenies at Bido Village, North Maluku, Indonesia. Flowering-type observations were carried out on three successive inflorescences. The Bido Tall, Dwarf, and the Bido Tall outcrossing progenies exhibited natural autogamy pollination, while the Local Tall coconut was semi-autogamy. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results indicated that the stem girth at 20 cm and 150 cm above ground, the internode length, the leaf numbers, the fruit color, and the fruit numbers cumulatively contributed to 68.80% of the observed coconut variabilities. Most Bido Tall coconut individuals were clustered separately from the existing local Tall and Dwarf coconuts. However, the clustering analysis showed average similarity among Bido Tall, the Local Tall, and Dwarf coconuts are still above 70%. The similarity coefficient among the Bido Tall coconut, the Bido Tall outcrossing progenies (natural hybrids), and the Local Tall was higher than among Bido Tall to the Local Dwarf coconuts.