Heavy ion drivers for heavy ion fusion and high energy density physics applications use space-charge-dominated ion beams which must undergo longitudinal bunch compression in order to meet the requisite beam intensities desired at the target. The Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment-1A ( NDCX-1A) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is used to determine the effective limits of neutralized drift compression, which occurs due to an imposed longitudinal velocity tilt on the drifting beam and subsequent neutralization of the beam's space charge with background plasma. The accurate and temporally resolved measurement of the ion beam's current and pulse length, which has been longitudinally compressed to a few nanoseconds duration at its focal plane, is a critical diagnostic. This paper describes the design and experimental results for a fast and accurate ion beam probe, which reliably measures the absolute beam current in the presence of high density plasma at the focal plane as a function of time. A particle-in-cell code has been used to model the propagation of the intense ion beam and to design the diagnostic probe.

An electron beam diagnostic system for measuring the charge distribution of an ion beam without changing its properties is investigated. The conceptual basis of the diagnostic, the design and setup of the system, characterization of the mechanical construction, electron beam transport and its deflection with an ion beam is presented.

Experimental details on providing active neutralization of high brightness ion beam have been demonstrated for Heavy Ion Fusion program. A K+ beam was extracted from a variable–perveance injector and transported through 2.4m long quadrupole lattice for final focusing. Neutralization was provided by a localized cathode arc plasma plug and a RF volume plasma system. Effects of beam perveance, emittance, convergence focusing angle, and axial focusing position on neutralization have been investigated. Good agreement has been observed with theory and experiment throughout the study.

An electron beam diagnostic system for measuring the charge distribution of an ion beam without changing its properties is presently under development for Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) beam physics studies. Conventional diagnostics require temporary insertion of sensors into the beam, but these capture it, or significantly alter its properties. In this new diagnostic a low energy, low current electron beam is scanned transversely across the ion beam; the measured electron beam deflection is used to calculate the line-integrated charge density of the ion beam, assuming at present a circular charge distribution that is functionally dependent only on radius. The initial application of this diagnostic is being made to the Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX), which is exploring the physics of space charge dominated beam focusing through neutralizing plasma onto a small spot. The diagnostic system is able to scan an ion beam of up to 3 cm radius. Design and performance of this diagnostic system is presented.

Heavy ion drivers for high energy density physics applications and inertial fusion energy use space-charge-dominated beams which require longitudinal bunch compression in order to achieve sufficiently high beam intensity at the target. The Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment-1A (NDCX-1A) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is used to determine the effective limits of neutralized drift compression. NDCX-1A investigates the physics of longitudinal drift compression of an intense ion beam, achieved by imposing an initial velocity tilt on the drifting beam and neutralizing the beam’s space-charge with background plasma. Accurately measuring the longitudinal compression of the beam pulse with high resolution is critical for NDCX-1A, and an understanding of the accessible parameter space is modeled using the LSP particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The design and preliminary experimental results for an ion beam probe which measures the total beam current at the focal plane as a function of time are summarized.

In heavy-ion inertial-confinement fusion systems, intense beams of ions must be transported from the exit of the final-focus magnet system through the fusion chamber to hit spots on the target with radii of about 2 mm. For the heavy-ion-fusion power-plant scenarios presently favored in the U.S., a substantial fraction of the ion-beam space charge must be neutralized during this final transport. The most effective neutralization technique found in numerical simulations is to pass each beam through a low-density plasma after the final focusing. To provide quantitative comparisons of these theoretical predictions with experiment, the Virtual National Laboratory for Heavy Ion Fusion has completed the construction and has begun experimentation with the neutralized-transport experiment. The experiment consists of three main sections, each with its own physics issues. The injector is designed to generate a very high-brightness, space-charge-dominated potassium beam, while still allowing variable perveance by a beam aperturing technique. The magnetic-focusing section, consisting of four pulsed quadrupoles, permits the study of magnet tuning, as well as the effects of phase-space dilution due to higher-order nonlinear fields. In the final section, the converging ion beam exiting the magnetic section is transported through a drift region with plasma sources for beam neutralization, and the final spot size is measured under various conditions of neutralization. In this paper, we discuss the design and characterization of the three sections in detail and present initial results from the experiment.

Experimental techniques to provide active neutralization for space-charge-dominated beams as well as to prevent uncontrolled ion beam neutralization by stray electrons have been demonstrated. Neutralization is provided by a localized plasma injected from a cathode arc source. Unwanted secondary electrons produced at the wall by halo particle impact are suppressed using a radial mesh liner that is positively biased inside a beam drift tube. Measurements of current transmission, beam spot size as a function of axial position, beam energy, and plasma source conditions are presented along with detailed comparisons with theory.

We present the design of a large bore pulsed quadrupole magnet for transport of a high current, space charge-dominated heavy ion beam in a neutralized beam focussing experiment using four magnets. The design is current dominated, with solid circular cross-section insulated copper conductors located within a circular laminated iron core. The design produces a field of 0.96 T at the maximum beam envelope of 12 cm. The magnet has a short length relative to its bore, and a small number of turns in order to minimize inductance, thus allowing high currents at modest voltage. A conductor diameter is chosen to minimize the combination of resistive and eddy current losses in the magnet coils, within limits of existing fabrication equipment. Higher order multipole field components sum to 0.06% B/sub 2/ @ 10 cm radius. Coils are fabricated using a wind/stretch technique to produce straight and accurately located conductor runs while preserving the integrity of the polymer insulation. Coils are wound in a "single layer/double pancake" style to place all conductor runs at the same radius, yet avoid "stranded" conductors at the poles. The beamtube is a separate composite stainless steel/fiberglass epoxy beam tube for the entire magnetic transport line. This minimizes eddy current losses in the vacuum system, both in the midsection of the magnets and at the magnet ends, where thick flanges would normally be present.

One of the proposals for delivering a cooled muon beam to a muon collider or a high intensity neutrino source uses an induction Linac to phase rotate the muons that result from the decay of pions produced by a high intensity proton beam on a target, An induction linac with an acceleration gradient of 2MV per meter is proposed to produce bunches of muons that have a momentum of 200 MeV/c. The induction accelerator is assembled around the 3T superconducting solenoids needed to contain the muon beam. The superconducting solenoid must have a warm 100-mm gap at 1000-mm intervals down the phase rotation channel. The acceleration structure for the induction linac is around this gap. The superconducting solenoid will have an Inside warm radius of 201 mm, The thickness of the superconducting magnet and its cryostat must be about 60 mm near the acceleration gap. An access region of 85 mm between induction linac sections is allowed for the superconducting coil cold mass supports, the electrical leads and the supply of cryogenic cooling. This report presents a design for a 3 T phase rotation induction linac superconducting magnet system, its cryostat, and its cooling system.

The technical challenge for making two-beam accelerators into realizable power sources lies in the creation of the drive beam and: in its propagation over long distances through multiple extraction sections. This year we have been constructing a 1.2-kA, 1-MeV, electron induction prototype injector as a collaborative effort between LBL and LLNL. The,electron source will be a:3.5 "-diameter, thermionic, flat-surface cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. Additional design parameters for the injector include a pulse length of over 120-ns flat top (1% energy variation), and a normalized edge emittance of less than 200 pi-mm-mr. Planned diagnostics include an isolated cathode with resistive divider for:direct measurement of current emission, resistive-wall and magnetic probe current monitors for, measuring beam current and centroid position, capacitive:probes for measuring A-K gap voltage, an energy spectrometer, and a pepper-pot emittance diagnostic. Details of the injector, beam line, and: diagnostics are presented.

The technical challenge for making two-beam accelerators into realizable power sources for high-energy colliders lies in the creation of the drive beam and in its propagation over long distances through multiple extraction sections. This year we have been constructing a 1.2-kA, 1-MeV, induction gun for a prototype relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator (RK-TBA). The electron source will be a 8.9 cm diameter, thermionic, flat-surface cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. Additional design parameters for the injector include a pulse length of over 150-ns flat top (1% energy variation), and a normalized edge emittance of less than 300 pi-mm-mr. The prototype accelerator will be used to study, physics, engineering, and costing issues involved in the application of the RK-TBA concept to linear colliders. We have also been studying optimization parameters, such as frequency, for the application of the RK-TBA concept to multi-TeV linear colliders. As an rf power source the RK-TBA scales favorably up to frequencies around 35 GHz. An overview of this work with details of the design and performance of the prototype injector, beam line, and diagnostics will be presented.

The technical challenge for making two-beam accelerators into realizable power sources for high- energy colliders lie in the creation of the drive beam and in its propagation over long distances through multiple extraction sections. This year we have constructed a 1.2-kA, 1-MeV, electron induction injector for the RTA accelerator. The electron source will be a 8.9 cm diameter, thermionic, flat-surface cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. The injector's pulse length should be over 120-ns flat top (1% energy variation) with a normalized edge emittance of less than 300 π-mm-mr. Details of the design and performance of the injector, beam line, and diagnostics will be presented.

We are constructing a 1.2 kA, 1 MeV, electron induction injector as part of the RTA program, a collaborative effort between LLNL and LBNL to develop relativistic klystrons for Two-Beam Accelerator applications. The RTA injector will also be used in the development of a high-gradient, low-emittance, electron source and beam diagnostics for the second axis of the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility. The electron source will be a 3.5"-diameter, thermionic, flat-surface, m-type cathode with a maximum shroud field stress of approximately 165 kV/cm. Additional design parameters for the injector include a pulse length of over 150 ns flat top (1% energy variation), and a normalized edge emittance of less than 200 pi-mm-mr. Precise measurement of the beam parameters is required so that performance of the RTA injector can be confidently scaled to the 4 kA, 3 MeV, and 2-microsecond pulse parameters of the DARHT injector. Planned diagnostics include an isolated cathode with resistive divider for direct measurement of current emission, resistive wall and magnetic probe current monitors for measuring beam current and centroid position, capacitive probes for measuring A-K gap voltage, an energy spectrometer, and a pepperpot emittance diagnostic. Details of the injector, beam line, and diagnostics are presented.

A prototype rf power source based on the Relativistic Klystron Two- Beam Accelerator (RK-TBA) concept is being constructed at LBNL to study physics, engineering, and costing issues. The prototype, called RTA, is described and compared to a full scale design appropriate for driving the Next Linear Collider. Specific details of the induction core test and pulsed power system are presented. Details of the 1-MeV, 1.2-kA induction gun currently under construction are described.

LBL is developing a multi-beam injector that will be used for scaled accelerator experiments related to Heavy Ion Fusion. The device will produce sixteen 0.5 Amp beams of C+ at 2 MeV energy. The carbon arc source has been developed to the point where the emittance is within a factor of four of the design target. Modelling of the source behavior to find ways to reduce the emittance is discussed. Source lifetime and reliability is also of paramount importance to us and data regarding the lifetime and failure modes of different source configurations is discussed. One half of the accelerating column has been constructed and tested at high voltage. One beam experiments in this half column are underway. The second half of the column is being built and the transition to 2 MV experiments should begin soon. In addition to beam and source performance we also discuss the controls for the injector and the electronics associated with the source and current injection.

MBE-4, a heavy-ion multiple beam induction linac being built at LBL in FY85/86, will model many features of a much longer device. It will accelerate four spacecharge-dominated Cesium ion beams from, for example, 0.2 MeV, 5 mA/beam, 3.0 μsec, 1.6 m length at injection to ~0.8 MeV, 15 mA/beam, 1.0 μsec, 1.1 m length at the exit. It will permit study of simultaneous focussing, acceleration, current amplification and emittance growth of multiple space-charge-dominated ion beams. Some features of this accelerator are described.