A 50 keV proton injector utilizing a dc microwave source has been used to operate a 1.25 MeV continuous wave (cw) radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. RFQ injection places stringent requirements on beam properties including centroid control, emittance, and phase-space matching. The ion source chosen for these applications is based on a microwave discharge operating at 2.45 GHz with an on-axis magnetic field near 875 G. The injector employs a space-charge-neutralized, two-solenoid-lens, low-energy beam transport (LEBT) system. Proton injector development with a 1.25 MeV RFQ has resulted in meeting the RFQ 75 mA design current specification in cw mode. Details of the ion source and LEBT operation are presented, and simulations for ion beam extraction and transport are compared with the injector measurements. The proton injector has been converted to 75 keV beam operation for injecting into a 6.7 MeV cw RFQ.

A dc injector capable of 75-keV, operation is under development 1 10-mA proton beam for the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) project at Los Alamos. The injector uses a dc microwave proton source which has demonstrated 98% beam availability while operating at design parameters. A high-voltage isolation transformer is avoided by locating all ion source power supplies and controls at ground potential. The low-energy beam transport system (LEBT) uses two solenoid focusing and two steering magnets for beam matching and centroid control at the RFQ matchpoint. This paper will discuss proton source microwave window design, H, gas flow control, vacuum considerations, LEBT design, and an iris for beam current control.

A dc injector capable of 75-keV, 110-mA proton beam operation is under development for the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) project at Los Alamos. The injector uses a dc microwave proton source which has demonstrated 98% beam availability while operating at design parameters. A high-voltage isolation transformer is avoided by locating all ion source power supplies and controls at ground potential. The low-energy beam transport system (LEBT) uses two solenoid focusing and two steering magnets for beam matching and centroid control at the RFQ matchpoint. This paper will discuss proton source microwave window design, H 2 gas flow control, vacuum considerations, LEBT design, and an iris for beam current control.

A dc injector capable of 75-keV, 110-mA proton beam operation is under development for the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) project at Los Alamos. The injector uses a dc microwave proton source which has demonstrated 98% beam availability while operating at design parameters. A high-voltage isolation transformer is avoided by locating all ion source power supplies and controls at ground potential. The low-energy beam transport system (LEBT) uses two solenoid focusing and two steering magnets for beam matching and centroid control at the RFQ matchpoint. This paper will discuss proton source microwave window design, H/sub 2/ gas flow control, vacuum considerations, LEBT design, and an iris for beam current control.

A 110 mA, 75 keV dc proton injector is being developed at Los Alamos. A microwave proton source is coupled to a two solenoid, space-charge neutralized, low-energy beam transport (LEBT) system. The ion source produces 110 mA proton current at 75 keV using 600–800 W of 2.45 GHz discharge power. Typical proton fraction is 85%–90% of the total extracted ion current, and the rms normalized beam emittance after transport through a prototype 2.1 m LEBT is 0.20 (πmm mrad). Beam space-charge neutralization is measured to be >98% which enables the solenoid magnetic transport to successfully match the injector beam into a radio-frequency quadrupole. Beam simulations indicate small emittance growth in the proposed 2.8 m low-energy demonstration accelerator LEBT. The LEBT also contains beam diagnostics, steering, and a beam deflector for variable duty factor and accelerator fast protect functions. The injector beam availability status is also discussed.

A reliable high-voltage (HV) column has been developed for dc proton injectors with applications to high-intensity cw linacs. The HV column is coupled with a microwave-driven plasma generator to produce a 75-keV, 110-mA dc proton beam. Typical proton fraction from this source is 85%–90%, requiring the HV column and accelerating electrodes to operate with a 130-mA hydrogen-ion beam current. A glow-discharge, which was caused by the ion source axial magnetic field, was initially observed in the HV column. This problem was solved by scaling the electron production processes, the magnetic field, and the HV column pressure into a favorable regime. A subsequent 168 h reliability run on the 75-keV injector showed that the ion source (plasma generator and HV column) has >98% beam availability.

The low-energy demonstration accelerator (LEDA) 75- keV proton injector is being developed for tests of high- current (100-mA) cw linacs. The injector comprises a microwave proton source and a space-charge neutralized magnetic low-energy beam-transport system (LEBT). The LEDA injector has been configured to provide flexible 50-keV beam matching into a cw 1.25-MeV radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) brought from Chalk River Laboratories (CRL). The LEBT has two solenoid focus magnets separated by 117 cm. Between the solenoids are two steering magnets and diagnostic stations for measuring the beam current, profile, and position. The ion-source extraction system was modified to a 50-keV triode to test the injector/RFQ system. Beam-matching tests showed that injector-RFQ transmission is 90% for 50-mA RFQ current. At the RFQ design current of 75 mA the beam transmission decreased to 80 - 85%. Optimized injector tuning led to 100-mA beam accelerated through the RFQ.

Powerful cw proton linear accelerators (100 mA at 0.5–1.0 GeV) are being proposed for spallation neutron-source applications. A 75-keV, 110-mA dc proton injector using a microwave ion source is being tested for these applications. It has achieved 80-keV, 110-mA hydrogen-ion-beam operation. Video and dc beam-current toroid diagnostics are operational, and an EPICS control system is also operational on the 75-keV injector. A technical base development program has also been carried out on a 50-keV injector obtained from Chalk River Laboratories, and it includes low-energy beam transport studies, ion source lifetime tests, and proton-fraction enhancement studies. Technical base results and the present status of the 75-keV injector will be presented.

For a number of years, Los Alamos personnel have collaborated with a team of experimentalists at Chalk River Labs (CRL) near Deep River, Ontario, Canada who were pursuing the development of the front end of a high power cw proton accelerator. At the termination of this program last year, Los Alamos acquired this equipment. With the help of internal Laboratory funding and modest defense conversion funds, we have set up and operated the accelerator at Los Alamos. Operational equipment includes a slightly modified Chalk River Injector Test Stand (CRITS) including a 50 keV proton injector and a 1.25 MeV radio‐frequency quadrupole (RFQ) with a klystrode rf power system. Substantial upgrading and modification of the ac power system was necessary to provide the required ac voltage (2400 vac) and power (2 MVA) needed for the operation of this equipment. A companion paper describes in detail the first ion source and beam‐transport measurements at Los Alamos. Many of the challenges involved in operating an rf linear accelerator to provide neutrons for an accelerator‐driven reactor are encountered at the front (low energy) end of this system. The formation of the ion beam, the control of the beam parameters, and the focusing and matching of a highly space‐charge‐dominated beam are major problems. To address the operating problems in this critical front end, the Accelerator Operations and Technology Division at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has designed the APDF (Accelerator Prototype Demonstration Facility). The front end of this facility is a 75 keV, high‐current, ion injector which has been assembled and is now being tested. This paper discusses the design modifications required in going from the 50 keV CRITS injector to the higher current, 75 keV injector. Major innovative changes were made in the design of this injector. This design eliminates all the control electronics and most of the ion source equipment at high potential. Also, a new, high‐quality, ion‐extractor system has been built. A dual‐solenoid lens will be used in the low energy beam transport (LEBT) line to provide the capability of matching the extracted beam to a high‐current ADTT linac. This new injector is the first piece of hardware in the APDF program and will be used to develop the long‐term, reliable cw beam operation required for ADTT applications.

LBL is developing a multi-beam injector that will be used for scaled accelerator experiments related to Heavy Ion Fusion. The device will produce sixteen 0.5 Amp beams of C+ at 2 MeV energy. The carbon arc source has been developed to the point where the emittance is within a factor of four of the design target. Modelling of the source behavior to find ways to reduce the emittance is discussed. Source lifetime and reliability is also of paramount importance to us and data regarding the lifetime and failure modes of different source configurations is discussed. One half of the accelerating column has been constructed and tested at high voltage. One beam experiments in this half column are underway. The second half of the column is being built and the transition to 2 MV experiments should begin soon. In addition to beam and source performance we also discuss the controls for the injector and the electronics associated with the source and current injection.

A sixteen-beam injector to supply 500 mA per beam of C+ ions, which was initially designed and partially constructed at Los Alamos National Laborat

An update on the development of the 500-mA/beam sixteen-beam injector being built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is presented. An inductively graded Marx bank provides the acceleration potential on the electrostatic column. A carbon arc source provides the pulsed current for the injector. Recent results on extracted beam parameters, column performance, generator performance and system design changes are reported. The carbon ion beam is diagnosed with Faraday cups and with a double-slit emittance measurement system. Controls for the final machine are also discussed

Abstract. The eggs of 30 female chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawvtscha (Walbaum), were collected at spawning. Some eggs from each fish were collected for bacteriologic study. Two salmon produced eggs judged to be of poor quality which were not used. The remaining 28 of the 30 groups of eggs were fertilized from a single sperm pool and the eggs incubated in separate groups. Mortality data on the developing salmon were recorded regularly through the twelfth week on feed. Unfertilized eggs from each group were surface‐disinfected with an iodine solution, then crushed and subjected to a culture procedure designed to permit growth of as many bacterial types as possible. Bacteria were cultured and identified, and a comparison made of the types of organisms present in eggs from groups which later incurred high or low mortalities. Bacteria were recovered from both groups of salmon eggs. Although no single organism could be identified as a cause of increased mortality, the more frequent occurrence in the eggs of the ‘high mortality’ group of species of Vibrio, Listeria, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus suggests that these bacteria may play a role. It is suggested that the cause of so‐called early lifestage disease of salmon is multifactorial.

Heavy‐ion fusion using an induction linac requires injection of multiple high‐current beams from a pulsed electrostatic accelerator at as high a voltage as practical. Los Alamos National Laboratory is developing a 16‐beam, 2‐MeV, pulsed electrostatic accelerator for Al+ ions. The ion source will use a pulsed metal vapor arc plasma. A biased grid wil control plasma flux into the ion extraction region. This source has achieved a normalized emittance of εn<3⋅10−7π‐m‐rad with Al+ ions. An 800 kV Marx prototype with a laser fired diverter is being assembled. The ceramic accelerating column sections have been brazed and leak tested. Voltage hold off on a brazed sample was more than doubled by selective removal of the Ticusil braze fillet extending along the ceramic. A scaled test module held 250 kV for 50 μs, giving confidence that the full module can hold 175 kV per section. The pressure vessel should be received in June 1986. High‐voltage testing of a 1 MV column will begin by early 1987.

A multi-beam injector is being designed and built at Los Alamos for the U.S. Heavy Ion Fusion Program i- _ 1. As part of this program, development of an alu- mlnum-spark, pulsed plasma source is being carried out. Faraday cup diagnostics are used to study current emission and to map the curren: profile. An aluminum oxide scintillator with photographic film is used in conjunc'ion with a pepper-pot to obtain time integrat- ed emittance values.

Design and development of a sixteen beam, heavy ion injector is in progress at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to demonstrate the injector technology for the High Temperature Experiment (HTE) proposed by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The injector design provides for individual ion sources mounted to a support plate defining the sixteen beam array. The beamlets are electrostatically accelerated through a series of electrodes inside an evacuated (10-7 torr) high voltage (HV) accelerating column. The column consists of two 28-inch diameter insulator modules made of 85 percent A1203 ceramic rings brazed to niobium feedthrough rings to which the electrodes are mechanically attached. Field shaping is used to minimize electron avalanche induced flashover along the inside surface of the ceramic rings. The column is self-supporting and is cantilevered from one end of the containment vessel. A brazed assembly was chosen to provide the required bond strength and high vacuum capability. The HV pulsed power supply is a 2MV Marx generator cantilevered from the opposite end of the containment vessel. The stainless steel pressure vessel (PV) contains a 65 psig mixture of SF6(30%) and nitrogen (70%) to provide the electrical insulation.

A multi-beam injector is being designed and built at Los Alamos for the U.S. Heavy Ion Fusion Program [1]. As part of this program, development of an aluminum-spark, pulsed plasma source is being carried out. Faraday cup diagnostics are used to study current emission and to map the current profile. An aluminum oxide scintillator with photographic film is used in conjunction with a pepper-pot to obtain time integrated emittance values.

The injector for the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility must deliver a 110-mA dc beam of deuterons or H2+ ions to the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator at 75-keV energy. Operational parameters of a hydrogen-fed cusp-field ion source and a high-perveance extractor have been evaluated on a test stand and on the recently completed first stage of the prototype injector (Fig. 1).