This study elucidates the interfacial and optoelectronic properties of sol-gel-derived $\mathbf{Z n O}$ films deposited on nanostructured black silicon (b-Si) layers. The hybrid $\mathrm{ZnO} / \mathrm{b}-\mathrm{Si} / \mathrm{Si}$ architecture exhibits enhanced light-trapping (reflectance $\lt5 \%$ in the visible range), improved charge transport, and exceptional wettability $\left(\theta=38 \pm 3^{\circ}\right)$. Nanostructuring promotes conformal ZnO growth, boosts photoresponsivity ($1.16 \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{W}$ at 850 nm), and reduces water spreading time to $\lt0.5$ s due to synergistic effects between ZnO surface chemistry and capillary action. These findings highlight the potential of engineered $\mathbf{Z n O} / \mathbf{b}-\mathbf{S i} / \mathbf{S i}$ heterostructures for high-performance optoelectronic devices, including sensors, photodetectors and solar cells.

This paper presents the process of numerical modeling and optimization of the dual-beam laser cleaving process for silicate glasses. Technological parameters enabling effective separation of glass plates under the action of two laser beams are identified. Temperature fields and thermoelastic stresses were computed using the finite element method in a quasi-static formulation, implemented in Python with the FEniCS library. Process optimization was carried out using a modified genetic algorithm, with the objectives of maximizing tensile stress and processing speed. The varied parameters included laser power, processing speed, and laser spot radius (wavelength $10.6 \mu \mathrm{~m}$). The responses considered were the maximum temperatures and stresses within the laser-affected zone. A regression model of the process was developed. The error of the results when using a neural network approximation did not exceed 4% for temperature and 5% for stress. The paper also describes a real-time adaptive control approach based on neuroregulators, which ensures high precision and stability of the processing operation.

This paper considers the problem of predicting crack behavior during laser thermal splitting of silicate glass, an important material used in the production of microelectronics and optics components. Given the high requirements for edge quality and the need for early detection of deviations, it is proposed to use computer vision and deep learning methods to automate the control. The proposed approach is based on the ResNet-50 convolutional neural network adapted to the task of analyzing video data in real time. Fine-tuning of the last layers of the network made it possible to achieve high accuracy in classifying crack development. The results demonstrate the promise of using ResNet for problems of monitoring laser thermal splitting of brittle non-metallic materials.

This study optimized the parameters of silicon dioxide coating formation using a genetic algorithm. The coatings were prepared via the sol-gel method. Experiments were conducted using a face-centered central composite design, with the following input parameters: the ratio of silicon organic compounds in the initial sol, spin-coating rotation speed, and annealing temperature. The output characteristics included coating thickness, refractive index, and leakage currents of the sol-gel coatings. The influence of coating formation parameters on these characteristics was evaluated. The coating process optimization was performed using a genetic algorithm with the objective of minimizing leakage currents for sol-gel coatings of specified thickness.

FTO, FTO:Ce, FTO:Ce films were synthesized by the sol-gel method and spray pyrolysis method. Their electrophysical and optical characteristics were determined. It was found that the introduction of graphene and cerium into the FTO films leads to an increase in electrical conductivity. High temperatures lead to graphene burnout and a change in the photoluminescence spectrum. Luminescence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ is observed in nanostructured thin films, its intensity in graphene-containing films decreases after carbon burnout. A wide luminescence band in the SL of the FTO:Ce film at 350-450 nm corresponds to the radiation of Ce3+, and the SL of the FTO:C:Ce film at 530-550 nm is identified as the radiation of Ce4+. The intensity of the luminescence band in graphene-containing FTO:C:Ce films decreases by 4.8 times compared to FTO:Ce films. The change in the charge state of the cerium ion is associated with its reduction during carbon burnout. The fact of graphene burnout is confirmed by a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the samples. The developed materials can be used in solar energy and optoelectronics.

Functionalized polymer&metal oxide nanocomposite materials are distinguished by their multifunctional properties. In this work, for the synthesis of a functional polymer-metal oxide nanocomposite material, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was first modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) under heterogeneous conditions. After amination, the Cu (II) ions were adsorbed onto anion-exchange (PPE-4) material. The resulting polymer/metal complex was then thermally treated to synthesize a functional nanocomposite CuO&PPE-4 material containing copper oxide nanoparticles on the polymer surface. Synthesized functional CuO&PPE-4 nanocomposite material was characterized using UV-Vis, PL, FTIR, Raman, XRD, SEM-EDX, and BET surface analysis to identification its structure, morphology, and physico-chemical properties. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) for Gram-negative as well as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) for Gram-positive bacteriums. Revealing a 26 +/- 0.5 mm inhibition zone for E. coli, 35 +/- 0.5 mm for P. aeruginosa and 21 +/- 0.5 mm S. aureus which significantly exceeded that of Cu2+&PPE-4 due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and improved charge separation. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation of the functional CuO&PPE-4 material of tetracycline (TC) was evaluated under sunlight degradation. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed a progressive decline in TC absorbance at 276 nm and 358 nm, indicating effective photocatalysis. The process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants of 1.01685 min-1 (5 mg/L TC), 0.90951 min-1 (10 mg/L), and 0.48637 min-1 (20 mg/L). Possible reaction pathways for the photocatalytic degradation of TC are presented based on HPLC MS analysis. The functionalized CuO&PPE-4 nanocomposite material synthesized at 150 degrees C exhibited a low band gap of 1.53 eV than other materials, which ensured effective photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, practical results show that the functionalized CuO&PPE-4 nanocomposite material removes TC very effectively from pharmaceutical industry wastewater.

This study reports the investigation of photoelectric behavior of the $\mathrm{Al} / \mathrm{ZnO}: \mathrm{MgO} / \mathrm{p}-\mathrm{Si} / \mathrm{Al}$ heterostructure. Thin ZnO:MgO layers have been fabricated via the sol-gel technique with a precursor ratio of $1: 5$. Silicon wafers of KDB-4.5 type served as substrates, while the deposited films had an approximate thickness of 100 nm. Capacitance–voltage and current-voltage characteristics were recorded under optical excitation at wavelengths ranging from 278 to 1064 nm. The absolute spectral responsivity has been determined at both low and high bias voltages. It was observed that photoconductivity occurs under both polarities of the applied voltage. In the $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{V}$ profiles, photoinduced charge accumulation has been revealed within the inversion region (+10 $\div+20 \mathrm{~V}$). The strongest variation of capacitance was detected under illumination at $\lambda=275 \mathrm{~nm}$. The analysis demonstrates that, with an increase of bias from 2.5 V up to 20 V, the UV sensitivity of the device rises significantly, reaching $12.2 \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{W}$ at 278 nm. In the visible and infrared spectral ranges, the sensitivity remains between 2.5 and $5 \mathrm{~A} / \mathrm{W}$.

This paper presents the development of a technique for synthesizing ITO sol-gel films with embedded YAGG:Cr3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals that exhibit a long-lasting afterglow on the surface of a photoelectric solar cell. The properties of ITO layers for further application in optoelectronics and solar energy have been studied. The Pechini method provides the luminescence intensity of ITO films with YAGG:Cr3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals 4 times higher than the chemical deposition method. Solar cells with an additionally deposited ITO coating with YAGG:Cr3+, Yb3+ luminescent nanocrystals maintained a residual voltage of up to 0.51 V for 30–60 min.

The paper presents the results of research into mesoporous SiO2 matrices inlaid with nanoparticles Cu° and CuO to establish the bactericidal activity of powders of the SiO2:Cu° and SiO2:CuO composition against pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method established the dependence of the specific surface of xerogels depending on the concentration of copper oxide and reduced copper. The structure of the resulting xerogels was studied by electron microscopy. It is shown that these xerogels can be used as biologically active substances for applications in creating antimicrobial agents. Reducing particle agglomerates to Cu° in SiO2 matrix can effectively affect the stabilization of antibacterial properties in the system of the xerogel closed pores.

Purpose This paper aims to explore how graphene can improve the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel coating. This sol-gel coating has been prepared on aluminum alloy substrate using graphene as both nano-filler and corrosion inhibitor. Design/methodology/approach To examine the effect of graphene on mechanical properties of sol-gel coating, the abrasion resistance, adhesion strength and scratch resistance of coating have been evaluated. To reveal the effect of graphene on the anti-corrosion property of coating for aluminum alloy, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been conducted in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl medium. Findings Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) have been homogeneously dispersed into the sol-gel coating matrices (at the contents from 0.1 to 0.5 Wt.%). Mechanical tests of coatings indicate that the graphene content of 0.5 Wt.% provides highest values of adhesion strength (1.48 MPa), scratch resistance (850 N) and abrasion strength (812 L./mil.) for the sol-gel coating. The EIS data show that the higher content of GNPs improve both R1 (coating) and R2 (coating/Al interface) resistances. In addition to enhancing the coating barrier performance (graphene acts as nanofiller/nano-reinforcer for coating matrix), other mechanism can be at work to account for the role of the graphene inhibitor in improving the anticorrosive performance at the coating/Al interface. Originality/value Application of graphene-based sol-gel coating for protection of aluminum and its alloy is very promising.

The results of a study of the optical properties of a black silicon (BS) layer passivated with ZnO films obtained by the sol-gel technique are presented. The BS layer was formed by the reactive ion etching process using an SF6/O2 plasma. The reflectance spectra of the BS/ZnO structures were simulated using the finite difference time domain method. In this simulation, the structure is considered a thick silicon substrate with regular near-surface straight circular nanocones uniformly coated with a thin ZnO film. The reflectance of the experimental samples was measured using a spectrometer with an integrating sphere. The ZnO sol-gel film, in addition to surface passivation of the BS layer, noticeably improves the reflectance in the entire spectral range necessary for the operation of a solar cell. BS/ZnO structures exhibit a low reflectivity in the wavelength range of 400–800 nm and at radiation incidence angles up to 50°. Thicker films are most preferred. Studies have shown that the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data in the case of thin films. For structures with thick ZnO films, it is necessary to take into account the differences in the morphology of the model and real surfaces.

Research has been conducted to investigate the selection of initial organic silicon compounds and the conditions for the formation of sol-gel coatings to achieve surface planarization. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal modes of depositing the film-forming solution through spin-coating and the modes of heat treating the resulting coatings. The roughness and planarization of sol-gel coatings deposited on the integrated circuit surface with aluminum tracks were investigated using profilometry and scanning microscopy methods. The studies analyzed the thickness and homogeneity of the structure of the resulting materials using a scanning electron microscope. The capacitance-voltage and current-voltage dependences have been established. The dielectric constant, the value of the voltage shift of the flat zones, and the capacitance of the flat zones have been calculated.

This study provides the optimization of double-beam cutting of quartz plates through laser cleaving. Neural network simulation and the authors’ version of the modified genetic algorithm were used to determine the optimal processing parameters. Finite element calculations of temperature and thermoelastic stress fields were performed to create the training data array and the array data for testing neural networks. Neural networks and their training algorithms were implemented with the Keras library in Python. The optimal neural network architectures for approximating the maximum values of tensile stresses and temperature during laser cutting of quartz plates were determined. The genetic algorithm was used to find the optimal parameter values for quarts plate laser cutting process.

In this work, with help of a software package implemented in Python, at the first stage, a finite element calculation of the temperature fields and thermoelastic stress fields formed during the processing of quartz glass plates by laser splitting was performed. At the second stage, based on the data obtained as a result of finite element modeling, the parameters of laser cutting of quartz plates were approximated using artificial neural networks. Neural networks and their training algorithms were implemented using the Keras library. At the third stage, the search for optimal laser cutting parameters was carried out using the author's genetic algorithm using the constructed neural network approximators. Finite element modeling in the developed software package was implemented using the FEniCS library and verified by comparing the obtained results with the corresponding values of maximum temperatures and thermoelastic stresses in the laser processing zone of quartz plates, determined using the APDL programming language in the Ansys software package.

In this work, we have investigated the photocurrent and spectral sensitivity of the silicon/SrTiO3:xNb/perovskite structures. The sol–gel method carried out the deposition of undoped SrTiO3 layers as well as niobium-doped (SrTiO3:Nb) layers at atomic concentrations of 3 and 6% Nb. The perovskite layer, CH3NH3PbI3−xClx, has been deposited by the vacuum co-evaporation technique. The layers have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements. The volt–ampere characteristics and spectral sensitivity of the fabricated samples have been measured under illumination with selective wavelengths of 405, 450, 520, 660, 780, 808, 905, 980, and 1064 nm of laser diodes. We have shown that for different configurations of applied voltage between silicon, SrTiO3:xNb, and CH3NH3PbI3−xClx, the structures are photosensitive ones with a variation of photocurrent from microamperes to milliamperes depending on Nb concentration in SrTiO3, and the highest photocurrent and spectral sensitivity values are observed when a SrTiO3:Nb layer with 3 at.% of Nb is used. A possible application of the proposed structure with a SrTiO3:Nb layer for perovskite solar cells and photodetectors is being discussed.

The current paper uses neural network modeling and a genetic algorithm to determine the values of technological parameters that ensure effective laser cleaving of quartz glass when exposed to a laser beam with a wavelength equal to 10.6 µm and a refrigerant. Multi-criteria optimization of laser cleaving of quartz plates was performed according to the criteria of maximum tensile stresses and maximum processing speed.

Sol-gel films BaxSrl-xTi03 (x = 0,8; 0, 9; 1) were obtained, the dependences of their properties on the parameters of the sol-gel process were determined. The research results allow us to propose ferroelectric structures for use in DRAM devicesof thin sol-gel films.

The ITO/ZnO and ITO/ZnO:Mg bilayer structures were fabricated by the sol-gel method and their structural and photoelectric properties were experimentally studied. It is shown that, compared with ZnO and ZnO:Mg films without an ITO sublayer, the morphology changes noticeably and the band gap decreases. The I–V characteristics of obtained structures were analyzed in the dark and under the influence of optical radiation of different wavelengths. Using artificial neural networks, their spectral photosensitivity was modeled.

The purpose of this work is to build the analytical model of the behavior of a harmonic wave in a nonlinear optical medium with periodically arranged nanofilms. Methods. The modernized method is presented of non-smooth transformation of the argument to eliminate the Dirac functions on the right side of the non-linear inhomogeneous differential equation describing linear polarized wave behavior within a non-linear optical medium with periodically arranged conducting nanofilms. Small parameter methods, in particular, the averaging method, is also used to find an approximate analytical solution. Results. The fully analytical model of the behavior of a linear polarized harmonic wave within a nonlinear optical medium with periodically arranged conducting nanofilms is constructed. Conclusion. For the case of propagation of a linearly polarized harmonic wave in a nonlinear optical medium with periodically arranged conducting nanofilms, the mathematical model based on the non-smooth argument transformation method is constructed. The model is fully analytical, all expressions are obtained directly from Maxwell’s equations by identical transformations. The limits of its applicability are determined by the limits of application of the wave theory of light.