This study was conducted to assess survival of Tilletia indica teliospores in a location in the northern United States. Soils differing in texture and other characteristics were collected from four locations, equilibrated to -0.3 MPa, and infested with teliospores of T. indica to give a density of 103 teliospores per gram of dry soil. Samples (22 g) of the infested soil were placed in 20-μm mesh polyester bags, which were sealed and placed at 2-, 10-, and 25-cm depths in polyvinyl chloride tubes containing the same field soil as the infested bags. Tubes were buried vertically in the ground at Bozeman, MT, in October 1997. Soil samples were assayed for recovery and germination of T. indica teliospores 1 day and 8, 20, and 32 months after incorporation of teliospores into soil. The rates of teliospores recovered from soil samples were 90.2, 18.7, 16.1, and 13.3% after 1 day and 8, 20, and 32 months after incorporation of teliospores into soil, respectively, and was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by soil source. The percentage of teliospore recovery from soil was the greatest in loam soil and lowest from a silt loam soil. The rate of teliospores recovered from soil was not significantly affected by depth of burial and the soil source-depth interaction during the 32-month period. The percentage of germination of teliospores was significantly (P < 0.01) affected by soil source and depth of burial over the 32-month period. The mean percentage of teliospore germination at 1 day, and 8, 20, and 32 months after incorporation into soils was 51.3, 15.1, 16.4, and 16.5%, respectively. In another experiment, samples of silty clay loam soil with 5 × 103 teliospores of T. indica per gram of soil were stored at different temperatures in the laboratory. After 37 months of incubation at 22, 4, -5, and -18°C, the rates of teliospore recovered from soil were 1.6, 2.0, 5.7, and 11.3%, respectively. The percentage of spore germination from soil samples was highest at -5°C. Microscopy studies revealed that disintegration of teliospores begin after breakdown of the sheath-covering teliospore. The results of this study showed that teliospores of T. indica can survive in Montana for more than 32 months and remain viable.

Diagnosis of common root rot of wheat and barley is discussed in detail, including its symptoms and signs, host range, taxonomy, and geographic distribution, as well as methods of isolation, identification, and storage of the common root rot pathogen. Accepted for publication 17 July 2003. Published 19 August 2003.

HomePhytopathology®Vol. 93, No. 6The American Phytopathological Society 3rd I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium: New Thesis Research Contributions to Plant Disease Epidemiology PreviousNext Symposium OPENOpen Access licenseThe American Phytopathological Society 3rd I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium: New Thesis Research Contributions to Plant Disease EpidemiologyStella Melugin Coakley and Don E. MathreStella Melugin CoakleySearch for more papers by this author and Don E. MathreSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Stella Melugin Coakley Don E. Mathre Published Online:22 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.6.751AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat "The American Phytopathological Society 3rd I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium: New Thesis Research Contributions to Plant Disease Epidemiology." , 93(6), p. 751DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 93, No. 6 June 2003SubscribeISSN:0031-949Xe-ISSN:1943-7684 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 22 Feb 2007Accepted: 27 Dec 2002 Pages: 751-751 Information© 2003 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF download

Most of us want to be successful in what we do-either financially or programmatically. For me, being a good, well-respected plant pathologist is what motivated me throughout my professional career. After being trained as a plant pathologist at the University of California-Davis, an institution that prides itself in solving problems, I spent the majority of my career in population-sparse Montana-"the last best place." And best place it has been for me as I became involved in researching a number of plant disease problems and solving a few. J.C. Walker's philosophy of keeping "one foot in the furrow" has stood by me, and I encourage young plant pathologists to adopt it as well to ensure a productive and satisfying life in agricultural science.

This diagnostic guide is on Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats, by: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) causes disease in wheat and barley, G. graminis var. avena causes disease in oats, and G. graminis var. graminis causes disease in grasses. Accepted for publication 30 May 2000. Published 23 June 2000.

Selected fungi from a take-all suppressive wheat field in Montana were characterized morphologically and identified as Phialophora spp. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments from four Phialophora spp. and two known Gaeumannomyces isolates were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence comparison of the rDNA ITS regions revealed that these Phialophora isolates were not closely related to Gaeummanomyces sp. Alignment of the ITS sequences allowed the design of PCR primers that distinguished the Phialophora isolates from Gaeummanomyces sp. as well as Phialophora sp. related to Gaeummanomyces. Phialophora sp. I-52 and Phialophora sp. I-58 were tested alone and in combination for suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var, tritici in the field. When introduced on autoclaved canola seed, I-52 proved to be an efficient biological control agent against wheat take-all disease in its original suppressive soil, as well as in a highly conducive soil. Isolate I-58 did not provide protection in the suppressive soil, but did in two other soils, including the conducive soil. Protection was expressed as increased seedling dry weight, decreased root disease scores on mature plants, and increased grain yield as compared with the nonprotected check treatment in one of the two test years.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 83, No. 11From Discovery to Use: Traversing the World of Commercializing Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Control PreviousNext OPENOpen Access licenseFrom Discovery to Use: Traversing the World of Commercializing Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease ControlD. E. Mathre, R. J. Cook, and N. W. CallanD. E. MathreSearch for more papers by this author, R. J. CookSearch for more papers by this author, and N. W. CallanSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations D. E. Mathre , Montana State University, Bozeman R. J. Cook , Washington State University, Pullman N. W. Callan , Western Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, Bozeman Published Online:23 Feb 2007https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.11.972AboutSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 83, No. 11 November 1999SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 25 Jan 2008Published: 23 Feb 2007 Pages: 972-983 Information© 1999 The American Phytopathological SocietyPDF downloadCited byBiological Fungicides – Botanicals and Biocontrol Agents – and Basic Substances28 July 2022Distinguishing Allies from Enemies—A Way for a New Green Revolution19 May 2022 | Microorganisms, Vol. 10, No. 5Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (take-all)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumFungal Biocontrol Agents: An Eco-friendly Option for the Management of Plant Diseases to Attain Sustainable Agriculture in India3 June 2022Biocontrol Potential of Fungi for Pest and Pathogen Management3 June 2022Microbes as biocontrol agent: From crop protection till food securityIrreplaceable Role of Amendment-Based Strategies to Enhance Soil Health and Disease Suppression in Potato Production3 August 2021 | Microorganisms, Vol. 9, No. 8Gene Editing of the Decoy Receptor LeEIX1 Increases Host Receptivity to Trichoderma Bio-Control21 June 2021 | Frontiers in Fungal Biology, Vol. 2Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses8 May 2021 | Pathogens, Vol. 10, No. 5Seed biopriming a novel method to control seed borne diseases of cropsRegulatory requirement for commercialization of biocontrol agentsiTRAQ-Based Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Role of the Biological Control Agent, Sinorhizobium fredii Strain Sneb183, in Enhancing Soybean Resistance Against the Soybean Cyst Nematode11 December 2020 | Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 11Long Term Comparison of Talc- and Peat-Based Phytobeneficial Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas synxantha Bioformulations for Promoting Plant Growth11 December 2020 | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Vol. 4Trichoderma: Boon for Agriculture5 January 2021Advances in the control of phytopathogenic fungi that infect crops through their root systemBio-priming of rice seeds with novel bacterial strains, for management of seedborne Magnaporthe oryzae L.16 December 2019 | Plant Physiology Reports, Vol. 24, No. 4Combined use of a microbial restoration substrate and avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum for the control of tomato bacterial wilt27 December 2019 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1Potential biological control of take-all disease in perennial ryegrass27 July 2019 | New Zealand Plant Protection, Vol. 72Persistence of Pseudomonas fluorescensLBUM 677 in the rhizosphere of corn gromwell ( Buglossoides arvensis ) under field conditions and its impact on seed oil and stearidonic acid bioaccumulation21 May 2019 | Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 127, No. 1Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases30 October 2019Response of two wheat cultivars to inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria in combination with reduced nitrogen fertilisation under field conditions22 January 2018 | South African Journal of Plant and Soil, Vol. 35, No. 5Probiotics as a tool for disease mitigation in wildlife: insights from food production and medicine26 February 2018 | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1429, No. 1Natural Enemies6 July 2018 | , Vol. 1Effects of crop improvement technologies on downy mildew of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) 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Br.31 March 2017 | Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, Vol. 8, No. 3Crop Residue Management and Organic Amendments21 July 2017Strategies for Biological Control and Antagonisms16 December 2017Pesticides, Microbial ☆Comparative transcriptome analysis of the biocontrol strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 as response to biofilm formation analyzed by RNA sequencingJournal of Biotechnology, Vol. 231Bioprospecting foliar endophytic fungi of Vitis labrusca Linnaeus, Bordô and Concord cv.10 October 2015 | Annals of Microbiology, Vol. 66, No. 2Seed Bio-priming for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management23 February 2016Bioformulations of Novel Indigenous Rhizobacterial Strains for Managing Soilborne Pathogens7 June 2016Seed Priming-Mediated Induced Disease Resistance in Arid Zone Plants23 March 2016Fluorescent Pseudomonas: A Natural Resource from Soil to Enhance Crop Growth and Health19 November 2016Superior Polymeric Formulations and Emerging Innovative Products of Bacterial Inoculants for Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment19 November 2016Trichoderma as biostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungusScientia Horticulturae, Vol. 196Ecological Manipulations of Rhizobacteria for Curbing Medicinal Plant Diseases30 December 2014Unrealized Potential of Seed Biopriming for Versatile Agriculture6 December 2014Advances in plant growth-promoting bacterial inoculant technology: formulations and practical perspectives (1998–2013)19 November 2013 | Plant and Soil, Vol. 378, No. 1-2The effect of different conditions of temperature and acidity on antimicrobial metabolites of Streptomyces sp. isolates C-11 and C-26 against F. subglutinans17 July 2013 | Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, Vol. 47, No. 6Advances in Formulation of Trichoderma for BiocontrolSeveral physiological features of Streptomyces sp. isolate C-1 showing bioactivity against Fusarium sambucinum and Verticillium dahliaeArchives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, Vol. 46, No. 20Regulating biocontrol agents: a historical perspective and a critical examination comparing microbial and macrobial agents8 December 2012 | BioControl, Vol. 58, No. 5Evaluation of biological control agents for Fusarium wilt in Hiemalis begoniaCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 35, No. 3Fungal Biodiversity: A Potential Tool in Plant Disease ManagementDevelopment of Formulations and Commercialization of Biological Products25 February 2013Rhizosphere Chemistry6 July 2012Metabolites from Pseudomonas brassicacearum with activity against the pink snow mould causing pathogen Microdochium nivale15 October 2011 | BioControl, Vol. 57, No. 3Fate and behaviour of a seed-applied Pseudomonas brassicacearum strain in a winter wheat field trial, as determined by analysis with SCAR markersBiocontrol Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 4Prospects and limitations of microbial pesticides for control of bacterial and fungal pomefruit tree diseases2 October 2011 | Trees, Vol. 26, No. 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American Journal of Potato Research, Vol. 87, No. 5Spatial and Temporal Distribution of a Biocontrol Bacterium Bacillus licheniformis N1 on the Strawberry PlantsThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3Field performance of bio-primed seeds to suppress Colletotrichum truncatum causing damping-off and seedling stand of soybeanBiological Control, Vol. 53, No. 1Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Fundamentals and Applications5 September 2010Protective Treatments against Soilborne Pathogens in Citrus OrchardsJournal of Plant Protection Research, Vol. 50, No. 4Performance of carrot and onion seed primed with beneficial microorganisms in glasshouse and field trialsBiological Control, Vol. 51, No. 3Effects of Single and Dual Applications of Selected Trichoderma and Bacillus Isolates on Performance of Dry Bean Seedlings Grown in Composted Pine Bark Growth Medium under Shadehouse ConditionsJournal of Plant Nutrition, Vol. 32, No. 8The influence of biological and fungicidal seed treatments on chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) damping offCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 31, No. 1Development and evaluation of SCAR markers for a Pseudomonas brassicacearum strain used in biological control of snow mouldBiological Control, Vol. 48, No. 2Pesticides, MicrobialBiological control ofFusarium wilt of pigeonpea byPantoea dispersa, a field assessmentAnnals of Microbiology, Vol. 58, No. 3Beneficial microorganism survival on seed, roots and in rhizosphere soil following application to seed during drum primingBiological Control, Vol. 44, No. 3Application and evaluation of Pseudomonas strains for biocontrol of wheat seedling blightCrop Protection, Vol. 27, No. 3-5Signals in the Underground: Microbial Signaling and Plant ProductivityLong-term activity of bio-priming seed treatment for biological control of faba bean root rot pathogensAustralasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 37, No. 5Selected Soil-Borne Fungi under Glyphosate Application and Crop Residues from a Long-Term Field ExperimentBiological Agriculture & Horticulture, Vol. 26, No. 2Management of resident plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with the cropping system: a review of experience in the US Pacific Northwest6 September 2007 | European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 119, No. 3Biological Control of Turfgrass Fungal Diseases11 December 2009Enhanced biocontrol activity of Trichoderma virens transformants constitutively coexpressing ?-1,3- and ?-1,6-glucanase genesMolecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 8, No. 4Management of resident plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with the cropping system: a review of experience in the US Pacific Northwest6 September 2007Biological Control of Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker, the Causal Agent of Pistachio Gummosis, under Greenhouse Conditions by Use of ActinomycetesPlant Pathology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1Biological and Application-Oriented Factors Influencing Plant Disease Suppression by Biological Control: A Meta-Analytical ReviewP. S. Ojiambo and H. Scherm16 February 2007 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 96, No. 11In vitro Susceptibility of Alternaria solani to Several Iranian Soil ActinomycetesJournal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3Isolation and Identification of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BW-13 Active Against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Crisphead Lettuce Bottom RotResearch in Plant Disease, Vol. 11, No. 2Rhizosphere Competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa GRC1 Produces Characteristic Siderophore and Enhances Growth of Indian Mustard (Brassica campestris)5 October 2005 | Current Microbiology, Vol. 51, No. 5Selection of Clonostachys rosea isolates from Brazilian ecosystems effective in controlling Botrytis cinereaBiological Control, Vol. 34, No. 2Development of a strain-specific quantitative method for monitoring Pseudomonas fluorescens EPS62e, a novel biocontrol agent of fire blightFEMS Microbiology Letters, Vol. 249, No. 2Improving the efficacy of biocontrol agents against soilborne pathogensCrop Protection, Vol. 24, No. 7Synergistic effects of Trichoshield on enhancement of growth and resistance to downy mildew in pearl milletBioControl, Vol. 50, No. 3CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASESMinimal Fresh Processing of Vegetables, Fruits and JuicesSeed bio-priming with Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates enhances growth of pearl millet plants and induces resistance against downy mildewInternational Journal of Pest Management, Vol. 50, No. 1Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Prospects for New Inoculants1 March 2004 | Crop Management, Vol. 3, No. 1Using fungi and yeasts to manage vegetable crop diseasesTrends in Biotechnology, Vol. 21, No. 9Biological Control of Soybean Anthracnose by Pseudomonas sp.Research in Plant Disease, Vol. 9, No. 3Suppressing soil-borne diseases with residue management and organic amendmentsSoil and Tillage Research, Vol. 72, No. 2Pulsed white light in combination with UV-C and heat to reduce storage rot of strawberryPostharvest Biology and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 3Take-all of wheatPhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 62, No. 2Biocontrol, Microbial Agents in Soil15 January 2003One Foot in the Furrow: Implications to One's Career in Plant PathologyAnnual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 40, No. 1Repetitive Applications of the Biocontrol Agent Pseudomonas putida 06909-rif/nal and Effects on Populations of Phytophthora parasitica in Citrus OrchardsK. 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A Phialophora sp. (isolate I-52), originally isolated from soil in a wheat field exhibiting suppression of take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was tested under field conditions for its ability to suppress this disease in winter and spring wheat. I-52 was grown on a variety of autoclaved organic substrates, including oat, millet and canola seed. All of these gave significant disease control when added to the seed furrow with inoculum of the take-all fungus. Whole seed of I-52 substrate was as effective as particles <0.5 mm in diameter. Placing I-52 in powdered form directly on to wheat seed was ineffective in controlling take-all. Rates as low as 2 g of I-52/3.3 m of row added with the seed provided some control of take-all, and nearly complete control in winter wheat was obtained using 15 g/3.3 nz. The winter wheat host cultivar did not influence the degree of control of take-all by I-52.

A sucrose-centrifugation method was developed to extract teliospores of Tilletia indica, T. con-troversa, and T. barclayana from soil. Six soil types were artificially infested with teliospores of each of the three fungi separately to produce 102, 103, 104, or 105 teliospores per 10 g. Each 10 g of infested soil was suspended in 200 ml of water with one drop of Tween 20 and shaken for 30 s. The soil suspension was first passed through a 117-μm sieve and then through a 53-μm mesh filter, and the filtrate was collected. The filtrate was then passed through a 20-μm mesh filter, and materials caught on the mesh were washed into two 50-ml centrifuge tubes and spun for 3 min (1,200 × g). The pellet was suspended in 1.6 M sucrose solution and centrifuged for 40 s (200 × g). The supernatant was passed through a 20-μm mesh filter. The materials caught on the 20-μm mesh were collected, and the number of teliospores was determined. This procedure was initially used to extract teliospores of T. indica in soil. For extraction of teliospores of T. contro-versa and T. barclayana, 1.0 M and 1.3 M sucrose solutions, respectively, were used, and the 20-μm mesh was replaced with a 13-μm mesh filter. Teliospores of T. indica, T. controversa, T. barclayana, and T. indica-like fungus on rye grass were successfully extracted from naturally infested soils. The relationships between number of teliospores recovered from the soil and number of teliospores incorporated into the soil were Ŷ= -0.60 + 1.28(X) - 0.04(X2),Ŷ = -1.25 + 1.56(X) - 0.07(X 2), and Ŷ = -0.71 + 1.33( X) - 0.04(X2) for T. indica, T. controversa, and T. barclayana, respectively, where Ŷ = log10 of the number of teliospores recovered from soil and X = log10 of the actual number of teliospores in soil.

A leaf spot complex that results in tissue necrosis and whose origin is unknown frequently damages selected winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in Montana and neighboring regions. This study was undertaken to determine leaf spot origin (physiologic or pathogenic), cultivar susceptibility, and response to Cl nutrition. Winter wheat studies at seven sites (1993-1995) compared cultivars (Redwin, Tiber, CDC Kestrel, Manning, Stephens, Sierra, and Promontory), propiconazole (1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) fungicide treatments, and multiple Cl fertilizer rates (0-90 kg ha(-1)). Chlorotic or necrotic lesions developed at all sites, but not all cultivars were affected similarly. CDC Kestrel was the most susceptible cultivar. Flag leaf spot severity (portion of tissue area affected) was as great as 40% in this cultivar. Redwin, Sierra, and Promontory were the next most susceptible cultivars, followed by Stephens and Manning. Tiber, a variant line row selection of Redwin, was leaf spot tolerant. Multiple propiconazole applications had no effect on leaf spot severity, and infectious organism(s) could not be isolated from symptomatic tissue. Thus, leaf spot origin was probably physiologic and not infectious. Chloride fertilization (11-22 kg ha (-1)) greatly suppressed or eliminated leaf spotting, and increased yield in one or more cultivars at six of seven sites (up to 998 kg ha(-1)). Physiologic leaf spot occurrence and severity in affected cultivars was linked to inadequate CI nutrition, and a possible osmotic imbalance in leaf mesophyll cells. Damage was usually minor when whole-plant CI at head emergence was greater than or equal to 1.0 g kg(-1). Leaf spot damage increased exponentially as plant Cl dropped below this concentration. The name Cl-deficient leaf spot syndrome is proposed to describe this phenomenon in wheat.

Three residue management schemes were evaluated to determine the effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw residue on disease incidence and agronomic qualities of two barley cultivars over a 3-yr period. Half of the no-till, one cultivation, or burned plots that were planted with either a leaf spot susceptible or a leaf spot resistant cultivar, were sprayed with several applications of Tilt fungicide (propiconizole-1- [[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) at 4 fl oz/acre. The disease resistant cultivar Baronesse had a higher yield than the susceptible cultivar Harrington in all 3 yr by an average of 14 bu/acre. Application of Tilt fungicide had a similar effect on both cultivars and increased the yield of Harrington by an average of 9.6 bu/acre and Baronesse by an average of 9.0 bu/acre. Test weight and percentage plump seed were higher with Baronesse than with Harrington. Percentage seed protein and percentage thin kernels increased with disease susceptibility. Although the experimental design did not allow for direct comparisons among residue management treatments, the impact of residue management tended to vary over the 3 yr. Highest yields were harvested from the burned treatment in 1994 and 1995, while this same treatment produced the lowest yields in 1993.

Crop ScienceVolume 36, Issue 1 cropsci1996.0011183X003600010044x p. 209-209 Registration of Cultivars Registration of ‘Nuwest’ Wheat P. L. Bruckner, Corresponding Author P. L. Bruckner [email protected] Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorG. A. Taylor, G. A. TaylorSearch for more papers by this authorR. N. Stougaard, R. N. StougaardSearch for more papers by this authorG. D. Jackson, G. D. JacksonSearch for more papers by this authorG. R. Carlson, G. R. CarlsonSearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Eckhoff, J. L. EckhoffSearch for more papers by this authorG. D. Kushnak, G. D. KushnakSearch for more papers by this authorG. F. Stallknecht, G. F. StallknechtSearch for more papers by this authorD. M. Wichman, D. M. WichmanSearch for more papers by this authorH. F. Bowman, H. F. BowmanSearch for more papers by this authorD. E. Mathre, D. E. MathreSearch for more papers by this authorE. A. Hockett, E. A. HockettSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. McGuire, C. F. McGuireSearch for more papers by this author P. L. Bruckner, Corresponding Author P. L. Bruckner [email protected] Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorG. A. Taylor, G. A. TaylorSearch for more papers by this authorR. N. Stougaard, R. N. StougaardSearch for more papers by this authorG. D. Jackson, G. D. JacksonSearch for more papers by this authorG. R. Carlson, G. R. CarlsonSearch for more papers by this authorJ. L. Eckhoff, J. L. EckhoffSearch for more papers by this authorG. D. Kushnak, G. D. KushnakSearch for more papers by this authorG. F. Stallknecht, G. F. StallknechtSearch for more papers by this authorD. M. Wichman, D. M. WichmanSearch for more papers by this authorH. F. Bowman, H. F. BowmanSearch for more papers by this authorD. E. Mathre, D. E. MathreSearch for more papers by this authorE. A. Hockett, E. A. HockettSearch for more papers by this authorC. F. McGuire, C. F. McGuireSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1996 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600010044xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume36, Issue1January–February 1996Pages 209-209 RelatedInformation