The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the American giant salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), and the Japanese giant salamander (A. japonicum) are precious aquatic protected animals that currently exist in the world. The latter two cannot be traded locally, whether wild or cultivated, and can only be protected, so they have not formed an industry. However, China allows the second generation of artificially bred offspring giant salamander to be traded and has already formed a factory scale breeding. The Chinese giant salamander has high economic value in food, health, medicine, beauty and other fields. In recent years, its artificial breeding industry has been widely developed in China and has a certain industrial scale. However, there are also many problems in the development of the giant salamander industry. In order to promote the high-quality development of the giant salamander industry and improve its quality, this article conducts research on the giant salamander industry, identifies existing problems, and provides suggestions. Firstly, this article analyzes the problems in the development process of giant salamanders from multiple perspectives, including management, service, market, research and development, and brand awareness. Secondly, corresponding industrial development strategies are proposed, including increasing regulatory efforts, enhancing service awareness, building market order, expanding sales channels, increasing research and development investment, reducing disease occurrence, extending the industrial chain, and strengthening brand awareness. Finally, the prospects for the development of the giant salamander industry are discussed.

The effect of licorice extract on non-specific immune function of giant salamanders was studied by intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that the lysozyme activity in the drug group increased, and the lysozyme activity increased with the increase of dose. From the 7th day onwards, each sampling of the drug group showed significant differences compared to the control group (P<0.05). The phagocytic activity of macrophages in the drug group showed some fluctuations, but there was no significant difference compared to the control group. The white blood cell volume value of the high-dose group gradually increased in the first three samplings, and showed a significant difference compared to the control group at 14 days (P<0.05). It decreased slightly in the last two samplings, but was still higher than the control group at the same time. The spleen organ coefficient of the low-dose group was (0.7 ± 0.01) % at 28 days, higher than that of the control group (0.4 ± 0.05) %, and the high-dose group was (0.7 ± 0.07) % at 14 days, higher than that of the control group (0.4 ± 0.02) %. Both differences were significant (P<0.05). After the last sampling (28 days), artificial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria resulted in a mortality rate of 80% in the control group, 50% in the low-dose group, and 30% in the high-dose group, all lower than the control group. The drug group also had higher immune protection rates than the control group. The results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of licorice extract can improve the immune function and disease resistance of giant salamanders to a certain extent.

Hexokinase (HXK) is involved in hexose phosphorylation, sugar sensing, and signal transduction, all of which regulate plant growth and adaptation to stresses. Gossypium hirsutum L. is one of the most important fiber crops in the world, however, little is known about the HXKs gene family in G. hirsutum L. We identified 17 GhHXKs from the allotetraploid G. hirsutum L. genome (AADD). G. raimondii (DD) and G. arboreum (AA) are the diploid progenitors of G. hirsutum L. and contributed equally to the At_genome and Dt_genome GhHXKs genes. The chromosomal locations and exon-intron structures of GhHXK genes among cotton species are conservative. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the HXK proteins into four and three groups based on whether they were monocotyledons and dicotyledons, respectively. Duplication event analysis demonstrated that HXKs in G. hirsutum L. primarily originated from segmental duplication, which prior to diploid hybridization. Experiments of qRT-PCR, transcriptome and promoter cis-elements demonstrated that GhHXKs' promoters have auxin and GA responsive elements that are highly expressed in the fiber initiation and elongation stages, while the promoters contain ABA-, MeJA-, and SA-responsive elements that are highly expressed during the synthesis of the secondary cell wall. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the GhHXK gene family is a vital fiber crop, which lays the foundation for future studies assessing its role in fiber development.

OVATE Family Protein(OFP)是一类植物特异性转录因子,广泛参与植物的生长发育,其在棉花中的研究尚未见报道.本研究从陆地棉NDM8基因组中共鉴定到61个GhOFP基因,系统聚类将其分为6个亚组(Clade Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ和Ⅵ).转录组和qRT-PCR分析表明,棉纤维发育的起始和伸长阶段高调表达的GhOFP基因主要分布在Clade Ⅱ亚组,且该亚组的GhOFP基因启动子含有促进伸长生长的赤霉素和生长素响应的顺式元件;在棉纤维发育的次级细胞壁加厚阶段高调表达的GhOFP基因主要分布在Clade Ⅵ亚组,且该亚组的GhOFP基因启动子含有参与细胞壁生长的脱落酸、茉莉酸和水杨酸响应的顺式元件.陆地棉GhOFP基因家族的全基因组鉴定和分析将为进一步研究棉花GhOFP基因在棉纤维发育过程中的生物学功能提供参考.

Pistachio genetic variety includes a wide range of female variations and male genotypes, and Iran is regarded as one of the critical sites for this diversity in the world. The genus Pistacia consists of eleven species that only have edible nuts and are commercially important. Four important species of pistachios include Pistacia vera, P. khinjuk Stocks, P. eurycarpa Yalt. (P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica Zoh.), and P. atlantica Dsef are found in Iran. Genetic diversity is one aspect of biological diversity that is extremely important for conservation strategies, especially in rare and narrowly endemic species. In Iran, there is no knowledge concerning the genomic organization of the population, genetic diversity, or phenotypic variations of the species. Pistacia khinjuk has eight distinct regional populations, all of which were studied for genetic variation and demographic organization because of the species’ therapeutic value. For this reason, we employed six inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) indicators and 15 mixed IRAP indicators to highlight genomic variation in this plant both within and across populations in this study. It was discovered that 73% of overall genomic variability was related to within-population variety and 27% was attributable to inter-population genomic divergence using the AMOVA test among the examined populations (PhiPT = 0.49, P = 0.010). It was discovered by the Mantel analysis that there was a substantial positive association between genomic isolation and geographic distance among the tested populations. STRUCTURE analyses and population assignment tests revealed some degree of gene flow among these populations. There was consistency between the MDS plots of communities and the NJ grouping of molecular information. Based on (IRAP) indicators, these findings demonstrated that regional communities of the plant Pistacia khinjuk are well distinct.

本文借助心理实验的SD法,通过数据收集整理,将被测试者对安徽科技学院龙湖校区图书馆内部公共空间环境的客观评价进行定量分析,评价现阶段被测试者对图书馆内部公共空间环境是否满足其学习工作的需要.针对被测试者对图书馆公共空间环境的综合评价,提出合理的建议和解决方案,旨在提升图书馆内部环境的空间品质,以更好地服务于使用者.同时期望为高校图书馆公共空间环境的设计和改造提供参考.

Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral element in soils that can be beneficial to plants in small amounts. Although maize is among the most economically important crops, there are few reports on the effects of Se on maize seedling growth at the molecular level. In this study, the growth of maize seedlings treated with different concentrations of Na2SeO3 was investigated, and the physiological characteristics were measured. Compared with the control, a low Se concentration promoted seedling growth, whereas a high Se concentration inhibited it. To illustrate the transcriptional effects of Se on maize seedling growth, samples from control plants and those treated with low or high concentrations of Se were subjected to RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis revealed that there were 239 upregulated and 106 downregulated genes in the low Se treatment groups, while there were 845 upregulated and 1,686 downregulated DEGs in the high Se treatment groups. Both the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analyses showed a low concentration of the Se-stimulated expression of “DNA replication” and “glutathione (GSH) metabolism”-related genes. A high concentration of Se repressed the expression of auxin signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis-related genes. The real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that in the low Se treatment, “auxin signal transduction,” “DNA replication,” and lignin biosynthesis-related genes were upregulated 1.4- to 57.68-fold compared to the control, while, in the high Se concentration treatment, auxin signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis-related genes were downregulated 1.6- to 16.23-fold compared to the control. Based on these transcriptional differences and qRT-PCR validation, it was found that a low dosage of Se may promote maize seedling growth but becomes inhibitory to growth at higher concentrations. This study lays a foundation for the mechanisms underlying the effects of Se on maize seedling growth.

In plants, brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroidal hormones that are involved in numerous physiological responses. However, the function of BRs in cold tolerance in cotton has not been explored. In this study, cotton seedlings were treated with five concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) at 4°C. We measured the electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) of the seedlings, which showed that EBR treatment increased cold tolerance in cotton in a dose-dependent manner, and that 0.2 mg/L is an optimum concentration for enhancing cold tolerance. The function of EBR in cotton cotyledons was investigated in the control 0 mg/L (Cold+water) and 0.2 mg/L (Cold+EBR) treatments using RNA-Seq. A total of 4,001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2,591 up-regulated genes and 1,409 down-regulated genes were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and biochemical pathway enrichment analyses showed that EBR is involved in the genetic information process, secondary metabolism, and also inhibits abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ETH) signal transduction. In this study, physiological experiments showed that EBR can increase cold tolerance in cotton seedlings, and the comprehensive RNA-seq data shed light on the mechanisms through which EBR increases cold tolerance in cotton seedlings.

咸阳市是陕西省的农业大市,因此掌握和了解当地农业生态环境质量具有重要意义.文中以咸阳市淳化县石桥镇为研究对象,对该镇咀头村、西洛方村、秦庄村、米仓村、九庄村、大槐树村、林庄村和沿村农村农业生态环境调研,并对不同耕作土壤重金属含量进行了检测和分析评价,在此基础上对当地农村农业发展提出建设性建议,为当地农业环境质量评价和农业生态可持续发展奠定理论基础.

Background Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the most important Ca 2+ signaling receptors because it regulates diverse physiological and biochemical reactions in plants. CaM functions by interacting with CaM-binding proteins (CaMBPs) to modulate Ca 2+ signaling. IQ domain (IQD) proteins are plant-specific CaMBPs that bind to CaM by their specific CaM binding sites. Results In this study, we identified 102 GhIQD genes in the Gossypium hirsutum L. genome. The GhIQD gene family was classified into four clusters (I, II, III, and IV), and we then mapped the GhIQD genes to the G. hirsutum L. chromosomes. Moreover, we found that 100 of the 102 GhIQD genes resulted from segmental duplication events, indicating that segmental duplication is the main force driving GhIQD gene expansion. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that a total of 89 GhIQD genes expressed in the elongation stage and second cell wall biosynthesis stage of the fiber cells, suggesting that GhIQD genes may contribute to fiber cell development in cotton. In addition, we found that 20 selected GhIQD genes were highly expressed in various tissues. Exogenous application of MeJA significantly enhanced the expression levels of GhIQD genes. Conclusions Our study shows that GhIQD genes are involved in fiber cell development in cotton and are also widely induced by MeJA. Thw results provide bases to systematically characterize the evolution and biological functions of GhIQD genes, as well as clues to breed better cotton varieties in the future.

Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is an important second messenger and one of the products of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC)-mediated phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis. However, the function of IP3 in cotton is unknown. Here, we characterized the function of GhPIPLC2D in cotton fiber elongation. GhPIPLC2D was preferentially expressed in elongating fibers. Suppression of GhPIPLC2D transcripts resulted in shorter fibers and decreased IP3 accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis. Exogenous application of linolenic acid (C18:3) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), the precursor of IP3, improved IP3 and myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) accumulation, as well as ethylene biosynthesis. Moreover, fiber length in GhPIPLC2D-silenced plant was reduced after exogenous application of IP6 and ethylene. These results indicate that GhPIPLC2D positively regulates fiber elongation and IP3 promotes fiber elongation by enhancing ethylene biosynthesis. Our study broadens our understanding of the function of IP3 in cotton fiber elongation and highlights the possibility of cultivating better cotton varieties by manipulating GhPIPLC2D in the future.

Lingling Dou (  xjyldll@126.com ) Xianyang Normal University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5309-9452 Limin Lv Institute of cotton research of Chinese Academy of agriculture sciences Huaizhu Li Xianyang Normal University Yuhong Li Xianyang Normal University Ruimin Xi Xianyang Normal University Qin Zhao Xianyang Normal University Wenbo Wang Xianyang Normal University Chaoyou Pang state key laboratory of cotton research Changsong Zou Henan University Guoli Song Insstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guanghui Xiao Shaanxi Normal University

BACKGROUND:Wall-associated kinases (WAK), one of the receptor-like kinases (RLK), function directly in the connection and communication between the plant cell wall and the cytoplasm. WAK genes are highly conserved and have been identified in plants, such as rice, but there is little research on the WAK gene family in cotton.RESULTS:In the present study, we identified 29 GhWAK genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that cotton WAK proteins can be divided into five clades. The results of synteny and Ka/Ks analysis showed that the GhWAK genes mainly originated from whole genome duplication (WGD) and were then mainly under purifying selection. Transcriptome data and real-time PCR showed that 97% of GhWAK genes highly expressed in cotton fibers and ovules. β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining assays showed that GhWAK5 and GhWAK16 expressed in Arabidopsis leaf trichomes. Fourteen GhWAK genes were found to possess putative gibberellin (GA) response elements in the promoter regions, 13 of which were significantly induced by GA treatment. Ten GhWAK genes contained auxin (IAA) response elements and the expression level of nine GhWAKs significantly increased under auxin treatment.CONCLUSIONS:We provide a preliminary analysis of the WAK gene family in G. hirsutum, which sheds light on the potantial roles of GhWAK genes in cotton fiber cell development. Our data also provides a useful resource for future studies on the functional roles of GhWAK genes.

Strigolactone (SL) signaling is essential in regulating plant development. DWARF14 (D14), the SL receptor, interacts with the F-box in MORE AXILLARY GROWTH (MAX2) to modulate SL signaling. However, the biological function of D14 protein is still unknown in cotton. Here, we identified GhD14s in Gossypium hirsutum and resolved its function in cotton plant architecture and fiber development. The GhD14D protein was localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. GUS staining assay showed that GhD14D was mainly expressed in leaf primordium, inflorescence, axillary bud and stem and expression analysis revealed that GhD14A/D was highly expressed in stem, flower and fiber cells at 20 days post-anthesis (DPA). Silencing GhD14A/D gene expression in upland cotton significantly increased branch angle and reduced fiber length as well as the transcripts of secondary cell wall biosynthesis related genes. In addition, overexpression of GhD14D in Atd14 mutant successfully rescued the phenotype of the d14-1 mutant with much shoot-branching and short plant height. Our findings suggest that the GhD14 gene contributes to shoot branch development and fiber cell development in cotton. This study deepens our understanding of the biological role of SL signaling in cotton and providing guidance for modifying cotton plant architecture and improving fiber development using genetic engineering to help us breed better cotton varieties in the future.

[目的]Nudix是一类能够催化各种核苷二磷酸衍生物水解的酶,具有维持遗传物质稳定,响应逆境胁迫等生物学功能.本研究旨在对陆地棉Nudix基因进行全基因组分析,为深入研究Nudix基因家族参与棉纤维生长发育调控机制提供参考.[方法]通过生物信息学方法对陆地棉基因组(ZJU_v2.1)的Nudix基因进行全基因组鉴定,并系统分析Nudix基因家族成员的理化性质、序列特征、基因复制、系统进化和表达情况.[结果]从陆地棉基因组中共鉴定到76个GhNudix基因,经聚类分析将其分为7个亚组(CladeⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ).基因复制分析表明,片段重复是陆地棉GhNudix基因家族成员扩增的主要原因.转录组数据表明GhNudix基因的表达不但有组织特异性而且有时间特异性.其中在纤维发育的起始和伸长阶段高调表达的GhNudix基因主要分布在CladeⅠ和Ⅱ;且大部分CladeⅠ和Ⅱ亚组的GhNudix基因启动子含有响应生长素和赤霉素的顺式作用元件,由此推测CladeⅠ和Ⅱ亚组的GhNudix基因在陆地棉纤维的起始和伸长阶段发挥作用.[结论]陆地棉GhNudix基因家族的全基因组鉴定和分析,为后续研究其在棉纤维发育中的作用机制提供参考.

中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)为我国特有物种,也是国家二类保护水生野生动物.野生大鲵多栖息在山区溪流里,喜穴居,怕光怕声,以鱼蟹等水生动物为食,从数量上看,以陕西秦岭山区居多.大鲵经济价值极高,在美食、保健、医药、观赏等方面均具有广泛开发利用的前景,因而颇受社会各界关注.近年来对大鲵的科学研究涉及多个方面,包括疾病方面,如病毒性疾病、细菌性疾病、真菌性疾病、寄生虫性疾病等;生理与发育方面,如生长、发育、应激反应等;遗传与进化方面;保护与开发方面,如开发药品、食品、保健品等.综上,围绕大鲵从不同角度所展开的研究非常丰富.大鲵基因水平的研究仍是未来研究的热点和趋势,其成果将为日后更深层的探究奠定基础.

为研究不同鲜食玉米品种对硒的富集能力,2019年6月25日在陕西省富硒农作物种植示范基地(临潼)开展了19个鲜食玉米品种的天然富硒栽培试验.主要调查了物候期,病虫害和杂草种类,并测定了农艺性状和硒的含量.试验结果表明,同一播期下糯玉米的物候期明显短于甜玉米;而病虫害和田间杂草情况在甜、糯玉米品种之间未见明显区别;甜玉米和部分糯玉米的硒含量达到陕西省富硒食品标准(DB61T 556-2012),其中糯玉米陕K818硒含量最高(1.16 mg·kg-1).结合田间产量、品质、以及含硒量等综合分析,在临潼进行天然富硒鲜食玉米品种推广,糯玉米建议选用陕K818和郑黑糯1号;甜玉米建议选用华耐甜玉23和陕甜1500两个品种.

>Dear Editor,Sources of genetic variations in genomes include small-scale sources (such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),insertions/deletions (InDels), and simple sequence repeats and larger-scale structural variations (mainly presence-absence variants (PAVs)) and copy number variants). PAVs are sequences that are either inserted or missing in genomes in comparison with a reference sequence or genome. PAVs can

Mentha canadensis is a well-known resource of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, belonging to the Mentha of the Labiatae family. In this study, the whole chloroplast genome of the M. canadensis chloroplast genome was sequenced, assembled and annotated, which contains 134 unique genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 11 complete chloroplast genomes revealed that M. canadensis is closely related to M. longifolia and M. spicata. The chloroplast genome could be used for variety identification, genetic engineering and effective protection of germplasm resources.

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fiseh)因其具有调和诸药的特性,被誉为“百草之王”,是我国常见廉价药材,被应用于水产养殖.其有效成分主要是多糖、甙类、生物碱、有机酸和挥发油等.在水产养殖中,常见的甘草给药方法包括投喂、灌服、注射、浸泡以及泼洒等,用于水产动物的免疫调理、病害防治以及其他用途.然而,甘草在使用过程中也存在着一些问题,比如药材质量不稳定、使用方法较为粗放、规范化药方较少、命名和描述不够准确等.本文对甘草的渔用价值进行了综述.