Several intensives surveys were made to explore the diversity of Coccinellid fauna from Rice (Oryza sativa L.); Wheat + Mustard (Triticum aestivum .+ Brassica compestris L.) and sole Mustard (Brassica compestris L.) cropping field of the eastern Uttar Pradesh, India during 2018-2020. Different Diversity indices like, Shannon diversity index (H); Simpson index (D); Simpson diversity index (1-D); Evenness (E) were used for studying diversity and abundance of coccinellid beetles. The results revealed that 2627 predator and phytophagous coccinellids were recorded belonging to 12 species under 10 genera from three tribes of the family Coccinellidae. The Coccinella transversalis Fab. (22.00%) was more common species whereas, Anegleis cardoni (Weise) (1.0%) as least common species was recorded during the whole observation in the all-cropped field. The all indices showed very good diversity and richness of the coccinellid fauna in all the cropping fields during the investigation. The comparison of the indices, richness and evenness among the different cropping field, T. aestivum +B. compestris field showed that more coccinellid fauna diversity followed by the B. compestris field perhaps, more availability of prey and pollens.

Soil Fungistasis in is a widespread phenomenon affecting germination of most fungal propagules in soils. This study focused on the isolation and identification of nematode-trapping fungi from soils in Uttar Pradesh, India. Five species of nematode-trapping fungi were isolated and identified: Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. musiformis, A. conoides, Drechslerella brochopaga, and D. dactyloides. These fungi were found to capture and kill nematodes under laboratory conditions. The study also evaluated the fungistatic effects of rhizospheric soils on spore germination, trap formation and nematode- trapping ability of these fungi. Results showed that the soils had a low fungistatic effect on conidial germination of Arthrobotrys conoides, A. musiformis, and A. oligospora ranging from 94.6% to 96.61%, whereas the conidia of D. brochopaga and D. dactyloides frequently formed conidial traps at a higher frequency 90.09-95.77%, with trapping of nearby nematodes by the conidial traps. These nematode-trapping fungi have the ability to germinate, proliferate and trap the nematodes in soils, making them promising tools for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.

The present paper is intended to frame-out the analytical approach to study the transference of Love-type waves in a viscoelastic sandy layer sandwiched between a size-dependent consistent couple stress to take care of earth’s interior microstructural nature and an orthotropic viscoelastic half-space. An additional parameter termed as characteristic length which is used to investigate the internal microstructural structure of the earth’s interior, which provides us the deeper insights of the analysis of wave propagation aspects. With the help of analytical variable separable technique, the closed version of dispersion equation for the Love-type waves has been derived. The impacts of different material parameters like characteristic length ( l), sandy parameter [Formula: see text], viscoelastic parameters ( F1, F2, F3), thickness ratio ( H 3 ), and imperfectness parameter ( σ 1 , σ 2 ) which are involved in this study are encapsulated by means of graphs on the phase velocity of Love-type waves. Finally, the obtained result is well match up with the classical Love wave equation. This approach of employing micro continuum theories to analyze seismic waves can bring some useful adjustments to previously established facts about seismic waves, as well as improve the applications of micro continuum theories in the field of seismology.

The nine promising species of nematode-trapping fungi namely Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga, Da. gephyropaga, Da. phymatopaga, A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis were isolated from the root-knots rhizosphere to compare their, in vitro nematode trapping ability against Meloidogyne incognita, ability to form conidial traps close to nematode infested soils and their effectiveness in reducing on M. incognita infection indices on tomato. The laboratory assays of nematophagous efficacy of nine nematode-trapping fungi against M. incognita revealed that Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga, D. gephyropaga and Da. phymatopaga seemed to be the most effective, with 73.2–99.8% trapping and killing of juveniles within 5 days of nematode and fungal interface. Conidial trap forming ability of different species of nematode-trapping fungi showed that Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga formed frequent formation of conidial traps without intermediate germ tubes whereas Da. phymatopaga and Da. gephyropaga formed adhesive traps on spore germ tubes in close vicinity of root-knot nematode infested soils and killed the nematode present on the agar discs. A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis frequently germinated by germ tubes in soil and occasionally formed fewer traps. The pot experiment results showed that Dr. brochopaga and Dr. dactyloides, which dominantly formed conidial traps without an intermediate mycelial phase caused the highest decrease in the number of roots-knots (67.2–70.4%), females (80.5–85.8%) and eggs and juveniles (84.9–88.8%) of M. incognita followed by Da. gephyropaga and Da. phymatopaga which formed traps on conidial germ lings and mycelium. A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis which formed poor conidial traps caused a moderate decrease in the number of root-knots (45.3–53.4%), females (55.5–61.1%), eggs and juveniles (52.9–60.1%) of M. incognita in comparison to control. This paper analyses the effective biocontrol of M. incognita by using different nematode-trapping fungi, especially conidial traps forming fungi and the fate of application of these species in the RKN-infested soil for management of M. ingocnita.

The present paper deals with the analytical study of Love-type wave propagation in a fiber-reinforced viscoelastic layer sandwiched between an orthotropic viscoelastic layer of finite thickness and an inhomogeneous viscoelastic half-space. A dispersion equation for Love-type wave propagation has been obtained using suitable boundary conditions. Some particular cases have also been calculated, and it is seen that the dispersion equation is reduced to the classical Love wave equation, which validates the present mathematical model. Numerical computations were carried out for involved parameters and illustrated with the help of graphs. The effects of viscoelastic parameters, thickness ratio, reinforced parameters, inhomogeneity parameters, and order of the depth variation in the dispersion curves are highlighted. The present study may be beneficial in geophysical applications and earthquake engineering to understand the nature of seismic wave propagation.

Black gram is one of the most important short duration grain legume, which contributes significantly towards nutritional security and environmental sustainability. The virus specific primers confirms the presence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in representative samples. A total of 27 cultivated and two wild species were found as highly resistant (HR) to MYMIV and validated through molecular markers. The start codon target (SCoT) markers analysis revealed that the SCoT loci, namely, SCoT-4 (2200 bp), SCot-9 (1150/ 1200 bp), SCoT-15 (1150/1100 bp), SCoT-16 (700 bp), SCoT-24 (2500 bp), SCoT-25 (700 bp), SCoT-33 (900/1000 bp), and SCoT-34 (600 bp), were found unique, able to distinguish HR and highly susceptible (HS) genotypes. Biochemical characterization and gene expression profiling revealed the higher expression of antioxidants and R-genes just after pathogen inoculation indicated the activation of defence mechanism in both cultivated and its wild relatives, which modulates the resistant responses in cultivated and wild accessions. These information will be really helpful in accelerating resistance breeding in black gram.

The research article mainly focuses on investigating the dispersive behaviour of Love waves influenced by an impulsive point source in a fibre‐reinforced magnetoelastic (FRME) plate placed on functionally graded fibre‐reinforced visco‐elastic (FGFRVE) semi‐infinite stratum. The materials of the considered structure have been assumed under the influence of magnetic field and functionally graded. The functionally graded in the lower semi‐infinite space is caused by consideration of quadratic variation in the shear moduli and mass density. Maxwell's equation and generalised Ohm's law have been employed to calculate the Laurentz force in the fibre‐reinforced magnetoelastic (FRME) plate. For solving the coupled field equations, three‐dimensional Green's function and Fourier transform are applied; consequently, the closed‐form of the Love wave's dispersion relation is obtained. The obtained dispersion curve is plotted and compared in the numerical results and discussions by taking the different magnitude of materials quantities such as reinforcement parameter, magnetoelastic coupling parameter, functionally graded parameter, and visco‐elastic parameter. In some particular cases, the deduced dispersion equation is found to be identical to the classical Love wave equation for uniform homogeneous isotropic cases, indicating that the assumed structures are valid. The obtained results from the entire study can be utilised to better understand the dispersive nature of Love wave propagation in the considered systems containing fibre‐reinforced, magnetoelastic, viscoelastic, and point sources.

The present work analyses the propagation phenomenon of the Rayleigh wave in a piezoelectric-orthotropic substrate beneath a piezoelectric-orthotropic layer under the influence of initial stresses. The dispersion equations of Rayleigh wave propagation on the considered composite structure are obtained by employing suitable non-traditional boundary conditions for electrically open circuits and electrically short circuits. The data of two different PVDF materials have been considered to investigate the latent characteristics of Rayleigh wave propagation in the considered structure. Numerical calculations have been carried out to study the impact of initial stresses on the phase velocity of Rayleigh wave against wave number in all the considered directions of wave propagation for both electrical cases. A comparative study has also been carried out to unfold the impact of initial stresses in all the directions of Rayleigh wave propagation in electrical open- and short-circuit cases and manifested graphically. The obtained result is well-matched with the classical case of the Rayleigh wave for validation and is discussed as one of the problem's special cases. This study may help to improve the design of electrically generating and detecting acoustic devices.

Dactylellina phymatopaga is a nematode-trapping fungus which traps, kills and parasitizes nematodes. The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is an important plant-parasitic nematode that threatens rice production worldwide. Therefore, it is most important to find new substitute for chemical control of M. graminicola. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro trapping, germination and nematophagous ability in soil and fungus efficacy to reduce the number and biomass of developing stages of M. graminicola in rice roots. Isolates of D. phymatopaga were found to produced sessile adhesive knobs on growing hypahe to trap and paralyze M. graminicola J2 up to 98.8 % within 120 h of inoculation, in in-vitro conditions. Test for germination and nematophagous activities in various soils showed that spores of D. phymatopaga frequently germinate in soil with formation of adhesive sessile knobs on their germ lings, capturing and parasitizing nearby free living nematodes. Application of D. phymatopaga in M. graminicola-infested soil at the time and prior to rice sowing showed significant reduction in the number of root galls, number and biomass of developing stages of M. graminicola in rice roots (62.65–80.73 %) increasing plant health as compared to plants grown in nematode infested soil. Application of D. phymatopaga 7 days before sowing showed the highest biocontrol ability by decreasing in the nematode biomass in the associated rice roots per plant and the expended nematode-to-root biomass ratio (NB:RB). The results showed that the nematode-trapping behavior of D. phymatopaga yields a bio-management potential in reducing the number of developing stages of M. graminicola and their biomass in rice roots.

Cyber-Physical Security (CPS) of critical infrastructure comprises of securing interacting digital, analog, physical, and human components engineering for functioning in an integrated manner (E.g. ADMS/ SCADA, Smart Meters, Field Force Automation devices, etc.). These solutions are required to be exposed to networks or environments which have normally functioned in an isolated environment with minimal cybersecurity controls in place. This new security challenge demands for an appropriate risk assessment of Cyber-Physical Systems and development of a unified framework addressing taxonomy of threats, vulnerabilities, attacks and controls on device controllers (RTU’s, FRTU’s, PLC’s), plant-level distributed control, and system-wide SCADA components spanning wide geographic areas. Cyber-Physical Systems must often meet strict timing requirements during normal operation as well as during recovery. Cyber-Physical security is crucial to maintain stable and reliable operation during the contingency situation in-case of failure of any critical system component. Due to the cyber-attacks, Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) may face operational failures and loss of synchronization, damaging critical physical system components that may interrupt the services and make the system unstable resulting in a debilitating impact on the national economy, public health, and safety. To ensure CII operates in a safe, secure and reliable manner, cybersecurity is required to be implemented at each layer of cyber-physical systems and hence it demands in-depth analysis of data transmission and storage procedures.

Alternaria blight is an important disease of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L) that hampers its productivity and oil content. Symptoms first appears on lower leaves as black point that gradually increased in size to become circular to oval or irregular in shape. During severe infections, spots coalesce and cover the large area of the leaves. The pathogen also attack on the other foliar part of the plant. Alternaria linicola Groves & Skolko and Alternaia lini Dey are two fungi known to cause Alternaria leaf blight in linseed. Studies of relative dominance of pathogens associated with the diseased tissue revealed the dominance of Alternria linicola in infected tissue in comparison to A.lini. Evaluation of genotypes against Alternaria leaf blight under artificial epiphytotic condition revealed that resistance and tolerance is present in the linseed germplasm. Various number of plant protection chemicals were tested during the past years and Rovral @ 0.2% and mancozeb @ 0.2% was found most effective in many experiments. propiconazole @ 0.1% and hexaconazole @ 0.1% were found effective to combat against the Alternaria blight. Iprodione, Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, Difenconazole, Carbendazim 0.10%, Capton 0.20%, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% and iprobenphos have been noted to manage the disease economically. Early sowing was also found effective for reduction of Alternaria. Aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Lawsonia inermis was also found suppressive to disease. Spray of Salicylic acid and Benzoic acid was reported to reduce the disease by enhancing the immunization in the linseed plant.

The analysis of the wave propagation phenomenon on magnetoelastic fiber-reinforced (MEFR) composites has not yet been much explored. The present paper investigates the dispersive behavior of SH waves in a MEFR crustal layer lying over an inhomogeneous viscoelastic half-space under the action of corrugated boundary surfaces. The MEFR material is polarized in the x(1)-axis direction. The exponential variation of the space variable, which is pointing positively downward, causes inhomogeneity in the inhomogeneous viscoelastic half-space. The frequency relation of SH-wave propagation on the considered composite structure is obtained by employing a variable-separable technique, Whittaker's equation, and nontraditional boundary conditions. The profound effect of material parameters, corrugation, undulatory, inhomogeneity, and viscoelasticity on the phase velocity of SH waves is discussed with the help of numerical calculations and shown by graphical illustrations. The obtained result is well-matched with the classical case of a Love wave for validation, and is discussed as one of the problem's special cases. The findings of this research may be useful in interpreting geomechanical, geological, and geodynamical applications within the Earth's crust, which contains natural resources.

More than two billion people living in underdeveloped countries, the bulk of whom reside in rural areas, do not have access to electricity. Kerosene and animal dung are used to provide many of the region's energy needs in addition to traditional and non-electric energy sources, such as human and animal muscle power. There has been a rise in recent years in environmental concerns due to fossil fuel consumption and the global warming phenomenon. For these reasons, renewable energy hybrids have been proposed as a possible option. Wind energy is supposed to contribute to the global state of the environment because of its purity. Also, every year, metric tons of residential garbage is collected, mostly being dumped in spread areas. In India, paper and plastic make up the majority of municipal solid waste (MSW), accounting for 80 percent of total MSW. Using anaerobic digestion or direct combustion, the waste of the municipality can be transformed into power for use. Employing a windmill to power a biomass generator is the topic of this paper. For a windmill that operates on an intermittent basis, a sufficient number of battery banks are installed. Biomass and windmills are used to generate electricity, and a battery bank can also be employed to store excessive and deficit power. All of the biomass generator's operations can be scheduled to save on costs. As part of this article, a compact wind farm with biomass energy and a battery backup is described. Proficient assessments of a wind-bio energy hybrid power plant with an output of 6 kW are provided. The paper's goal is to determine the feasibility of the system and optimize it.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss (non-scarring) in single areas of the scalp. The disease affects hairs on the head or other parts of the body. A case of a man with alopecia areata treated successfully with Homoeopathy is reported here. He presented with single bald spot on scalp with hair fall and itching without any concomitant organ-specific autoimmune disorder. He was treated with homoeopathic medicines following holistic concepts of homoeopathy. Lycopodium clavatum was given and the potency was selected as per the response of the medicine upon patient. The result was full recovery in period of treatment of approximately 5 months.

The present study entitled “Preparation of Sandesh enriched with mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp cv. Keshar” was carried out using different levels of mango pulp with a view to optimize the process for its manufacture and to study its chemical, sensory and microbiological qualities. Initially the preliminary trials were conducted by blending of different levels of mango pulp @ 7.5, 15, 22.5 & 30 % in the Sandesh. Experimental (Sandesh) samples were analyzed for sensory, chemical and microbiological qualities. It was observed that samples under different treatments showed significant differences for total solid, fat, protein, acidity, moisture and ash. The values were ranged from 45.14 to 37.10, 23.16 to 22.88, 16.81 to 16.57, and 0.85 to 0.68%, 54.85to 62.89 and 2.42 to 2.04%, respectively. Total solid, fat, protein, acidity, moisture & ash differed significantly among the different types of Sandesh. Significant difference was observed within the smell and taste score and the body and texture score of different types of Sandesh. In case of sensory evaluation, flavour found to be significant over the other treatments, whereas, colour and appearance, body and texture, flavour and overall acceptability did not differed significantly. The microbial results of SPC, yeast and mould count and coli form were within the acceptable limit up to 15 days. This may be due to adequate cleaning and aseptic condition. So, it was suggested that Sandesh could be prepare successfully using mango pulp adding different proportion of mango pulp. It was suggested to incorporate mango pulp @ 22.5% in treatment T3 which showed better overall acceptability and results among the all treatments.

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and relative insulin deficiency, resistance or both. This case represents a case of Diabetes mellitus treated with homoeopathic remedy Lycopodium. A 48 year old male patient visited OPD on 15/02/2019. He was complaining of polyuria, polyphagia and polydipsia along with weight loss and generalized weakness. There was burning and dryness in the whole body along with itching. This patient improved with Lycopodium 1M, single dose.