This study sought to evaluate the genetic variation among forty-nine different genotypes of barley, comprising both exotic and indigenous lines, In addition to incorporating four check varieties (BH 902, RD 2552, RD 2035, and DWRB 92). The analysis of variance unveiled noteworthy discrepancies among the genotypes across a range of traits, except for 1000-seed weight. Block-wise analysis indicated no significant differences, suggesting comprehensive inclusion of factors influencing seed yield. The genetic coefficient of variation was highest for the number of productive tillers per plant (GCV) at 16.62, followed by peduncle length at 14.83, with phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values at 17.14 and 15.33, respectively, suggesting minimal environmental influence on trait expression. The non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis grouped all genotypes into eight clearly defined non-overlapping clusters. Cluster III comprised the highest number of genotypes (17), whereas Cluster VI contained only one genotype (IBYT-HI-4). Intra-cluster distance analysis revealed cluster I as having the highest value, followed by Clusters V, III, VIII, and VII. Notably, inter-cluster distances were notably high between clusters II and VI (59.26) and clusters VI and VIII (49.95), suggesting potential for obtaining superior segregants through mating between genotypes of these clusters.

Climate change has resulted in extreme temperature and drought around the globe, which poses serious threat to food security. Both heat and drought stress affects the production and productivity of wheat crop. The present study was undertaken to evaluate 34 landraces and elite cultivars of Triticum spp. for phenological and yield-related traits under optimum, heat, and combined heat-drought stress environments during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The pooled analysis of variance showed significant genotype × environment interaction, suggesting an influence of stress on trait expression. The trait performance of genotypes exhibited significant reduction under combined heat-drought stress as compared to optimum and heat stress environments. The maximum seed yield penalty was observed under combined heat-drought stress environment as compared to heat stress alone. Regression analysis indicated significant contribution of number of grains per spike towards stress tolerance. Based on Stress Tolerance Index (STI), genotypes Local-17, PDW 274, HI-8802, and HI-8713 were identified to be tolerant to both heat and combined heat and drought stress at Banda, whereas genotypes DBW 187, HI-8777, Raj 4120, and PDW 274 were tolerant at Jhansi location. The genotype PDW 274 showed stress tolerance under all treatments at both the locations. The genotypes PDW 233 and PDW 291 showed highest stress susceptibility index (SSI) across the environments. The number of grains per spike and test kernel weight were positively associated with seed yield across the environments and locations. The selected genotypes Local-17, HI 8802, and PDW 274 were identified to be the potential sources of heat and combined heat-drought tolerance, which may be utilized in hybridization to develop tolerant wheat genotypes and also for mapping of underlying genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs).

Abstract Genetic diversity among 43 genotypes of chickpea for 11 quantitative characters; in which Seed yield/plant exhibited positive and highly significant correlations coefficients with biological yield/plant (0.9447), pods/plant (0.7559), seeds/pod (0.5475), harvest index (0.5400) and secondary branches/plant (0.3766). Path coefficients analysis identified biological yield/plant (0.7963g) followed by harvest index (0.2792%), pods/plant (0.0435), 100 seed weight (0.0430g) and days to maturity (0.0417) important direct components for seed yield/plant. Pods/plant (0.6259), seeds/pod (0.4434), secondary branches/plant (0.3307), primary branches/plant (0.3132), days to 50% flowering (0.2431) and days to maturity (0.2339) via biological yield/plant were found important indirect components for seed yield/plant. The characters identified above as important direct and indirect components merit consideration in the formulation of an effective selection strategy in chickpeas for developing high-yielding varieties. So, plant breeders can utilize this germplasm for further crop improvement.

Black gram is one of the most important short duration grain legume, which contributes significantly towards nutritional security and environmental sustainability. The virus specific primers confirms the presence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) in representative samples. A total of 27 cultivated and two wild species were found as highly resistant (HR) to MYMIV and validated through molecular markers. The start codon target (SCoT) markers analysis revealed that the SCoT loci, namely, SCoT-4 (2200 bp), SCot-9 (1150/ 1200 bp), SCoT-15 (1150/1100 bp), SCoT-16 (700 bp), SCoT-24 (2500 bp), SCoT-25 (700 bp), SCoT-33 (900/1000 bp), and SCoT-34 (600 bp), were found unique, able to distinguish HR and highly susceptible (HS) genotypes. Biochemical characterization and gene expression profiling revealed the higher expression of antioxidants and R-genes just after pathogen inoculation indicated the activation of defence mechanism in both cultivated and its wild relatives, which modulates the resistant responses in cultivated and wild accessions. These information will be really helpful in accelerating resistance breeding in black gram.

Abstract Genetic diversity among 43 genotypes of chickpea for 11 quantitative characters; in which Seed yield/plant exhibited positive and highly significant correlations coefficients with biological yield/plant (0.9447), pods/plant (0.7559), seeds/pod (0.5475), harvest index (0.5400) and secondary branches/plant (0.3766). Path coefficients analysis identified biological yield/plant (0.7963g) followed by harvest index (0.2792%), pods/plant (0.0435), 100 seed weight (0.0430g) and days to maturity (0.0417) important direct components for seed yield/plant. Pods/plant (0.6259), seeds/pod (0.4434), secondary branches/plant (0.3307), primary branches/plant (0.3132), days to 50% flowering (0.2431) and days to maturity (0.2339) via biological yield/plant were found important indirect components for seed yield/plant. The characters identified above as important direct and indirect components merit due to consideration in the formulation of effective selection strategy in chickpea for developing high yielding varieties. So, plant breeder can utilize this germplasm for further crop improvement.

A SSR-based linkage map of linseed constructed based on 154 individual lines of F2 mapping population derived from JRF-4 (disease-resistant) and Chambal (disease susceptible) genotypes. QTLs for Alternaria blight and other yield related traits identified. Out of 1720 SSRs, 216 SSRs were found polymorphic among the parents but due to segregation distortion 18 SSRs could not be used for linkage map construction. Total 191 SSRs were used to construct the linkage map and distributed in 15 linkage groups covering genome length of 1802.4 cM. A total of 10 QTLs were identified for 4 phenotypic traits including 4 QTLs for capsules/plant, 2 for capsule weight/plant, 2 for seed weight/plant and 2 for Alternaria blight resistance. This study laid a foundation for further validation and fine mapping with more advance and large set of marker for different QTL identification and marker-assisted selection in linseed.

Malaria in humans is caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted to humans by female Anopheles mosquito when they take a human blood meal. There are four types of human malariaPlasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale of which the first two types are the most common, and P. falciparum is the most virulent as it causes the condition known as cerebral malaria, which is often fatal. The male Anopheles feeds on nectar and fruit juices while female primarily on blood and takes a blood meal in order to lay eggs. This feeding occurs every 2 to 3 days thereby allowing the transmission of malaria: initial ingestion of gametocytes, parasite development over 10 to 14 days and subsequent release of sporozoites from salivary gland occurs throughout repeated mosquito blood feeding known as the ovaposition cycle. Transmission of malaria can be interrupted by reducing the lifespan of the adult female so that parasite development (i.e. the sporogonic cycle) can be completed (Day 1999). The sporozoites circulate for a short time in the blood stream, then invade liver cells, where they develop into exoerythrocytic schizonts during the next 5 to 15 days. P. vivax, P. ovale and P. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-10 pp. 345-358 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

The total angiospermic floral biodiversity of Lucknow district including indigenous, naturalised and cultigens comprises over 1263 plant species covering 705 genera and 140 families of which 989 species are dicotyledons and 274 species are monocotyledons. The monocotyledons are poorly represented except Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Of the 274 species of monocotyledons, 176 species belong to these two families while 98 species represent 23 different families. Poaceae is the largest family followed by Leguminosae (s.l.), Asteraceae, etc. and Euphorbia is the largest genus followed by Cassia, Cyperus, etc.

Pulses are rich source of protein (20 to 25%) ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (30-150 kg ha -1 ) and consistent source of income and employment to small and marginal farmers; and thus hold a premier position in the world agriculture [1]. The United Nations declared 2016 as “International Year of pulses” with the objectives of increasing production and consumption of pulses by 10% by 2020 and creating awareness of benefits of pulses by utilizing social media. In India, pulses constitute a group of 12 crops that include International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 04 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Agriculture is a primitive science as well as art being practiced over the globe since unmemorable time. Agriculture sector is facing intolerable population pressure due to its exponential growth and additive growth in agriculture production. It resulted continuous increase in inputs to achieve more and more yield due to which great ecological imbalance and diminishing return have been realised after green revolution. In spite of various positive all efforts production was enhanced significantly but long term effect was deterioration of soil health, nutritional security problems and problem of marketability. Slowly and slowly share of agriculture in gross domestic produce (GDP) was also reduced. In the history of India, there was an year of dissatisfaction for agricultural development in 2002-03 where contribution of agriculture in GDP became negative. Whereas, during 2008-09 it was maximum i.e. near to 4% against 10% from non-agricultural sector. In Indian scenario as per census of 1980-81 only 66.4% share of marginal farmers were prevailing whereas, as per senses of 201-11 this figure enhanced up to 67%. It means land holding size is decreasing very fast in one hand whereas, number of holding increasing in another hand confirming that there is no scope for horizontal expansion in agriculture and the vertical enhancement is the only way out. It is clear that agriculture is becoming non-profitable venture which insisted youth from villages to move towards cities in search of employment. Agriculture is presently not a means of sustainability of life but it has to produce more from less and high value commodities therefore, mandate of agriculture needs to be redefined in modern era resulting food and nutritional security along with sustainability, expanding upon the production exponentially. Various strategies has been proposed as per the vision of govt. of India including per drop more crop, improving seed replacement rate, distribution of soil health card, large investment in ware housing and cold chain, facilitation of processing and value addition industry, creation of national agriculture market, removing distortions and e-platforms, various crop insurance schemes like 'Pradhanmatri Fasal Bima Yojna' with minimum premium and maximum security, promotion of ancillary activities like poultry, sericulture, bee-keeping and fisheries. Policy supports in recent cost revealed that growth rate in annual income of agriculture is only 3.9 % whereas, the maximum growth rate was achieved in livestock sector i.e. 14.9% as compared to cultivation including horticulture i.e. only 4.3%. Therefore, a balanced harmony among all sectors are necessary in the form of farming system module to double the farmers' income in our country.

Ionomics refers to the understanding of the dynamism of all the elements in an organism. It includes uptake, translocation, accumulation, compartmentalization, regulation, signaling and sensing and integration with other metabolic pathways at macro and micro levels, hence, constitute an important component of system biology. System biology unravels the way a living system functions and is currently a challenging avenue for scientists and more so for plant scientists. Thus, to understand the regulation of elements and related mechanisms, it is necessary to measure as many of the elements contained in a cell, tissue or organism (the ionome) as possible. The elements which share components of their network vary depending on the species and genotype of the plants that are studied and environment they are grown in. The advent of various techniques in ionomics with the availability of robust high-throughput platform and data resources for genotyping and molecular phenotyping has made the job of scientists easier to the point that multiple elements can easily be measured in a high throughput manner. Measuring multiple elements allows researchers to explore the dynamics of the ionome as a whole, not just individual elements in isolation. It also makes gene identification experiments more efficient, which should allow new genetic mapping techniques to identify hundreds of new loci that control this complex system. This chapter describes the understanding of ionome and how this technique can be combined with conventional and emerging genetics techniques to identify genes which control the ionome in organisms.

The present investigation aimed to explore the level of genetic diversity, determine the population structure in a larger set of germplasm of linseed using microsatellite marker and identify linked markers through association mapping. A total of 168 accessions of linseed were evaluated for major agro-economic traits and SSRs markers deployed for diversity assessment. A total of 337 alleles were amplified by 50 SSRs ranging from 2 to 13 with an average of 6.74 ± 2.8 alleles per loci. The neighbor joining based clustering grouped all the accessions into three major clusters that were also confirmed by scatter plot of PCoA. While model based clustering determined four sub-populations (K = 4). Further, analysis of molecular variance analysis considering three population showed that maximum variation (79%) was within the population. We identified one putative SSR marker (Lu_3043) linked with days to 50% flowering through both GLM and MLM analysis of association mapping. The results of this preliminary study revealed genetic diversity, population structure in linseed and linked marker which could be utilized in future breeding program.

Linseed is an important oilseed and fibre crop predominantly grown in India. The aim of the present research was to evaluate genetic diversity and patterns of relationships among the 58 genotypes through 10 morphological traits and 12 polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers. Euclidean analysis of agro-morphological traits grouped the 58 genotypes into four clusters of which cluster I was the largest with 20 accessions while clusters II and IV were most genetically diverse due to maximum inter-cluster distance. Principal component analysis revealed three traits accounted for more than 86% of the total variation. A total of 41 alleles were amplified with 12 SSRs having an average of 5.71 alleles per primer locus. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) varied between 0.18 to 0.78. Based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient, the genetic distance varied from 0.07 to 0.89 with an average of 0.54 +/- 0.10. The genotypes RKY-14, KL-213, LC-185 and Kartika were found to be the most divergent among all the genotypes studied on the basis of genetic distance. The most diverse genotypes identified in this study can be used in breeding programs to broaden the genetic base of the linseed germplasm.

Keeping in view the prime objective of the plant breeding programmes is to make an improvement in yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense), the present investigation was undertaken to work out the direct and indirect effects of characters on seed yield by path coefficient analysis and by non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis to study the genetic divergence among the one hundred twenty four field pea genotypes. Path coefficient analyses were estimated on phenotypic as well as genotypic levels to resolve the direct and indirect effects of different characters on seed yield of field pea. The overall review of the result obtained by genetic diversity study in present investigation revealed that the crosses between the entries separated by the large inter-cluster distances and having high cluster mean values for one or other character to be improved is likely to be more useful. The maximum contribution in manifestation of total genetic divergence were made by plant height (76%) followed by days to maturity (9%). The minimum contribution of days to 50% flowering (1%) and 100-seed weight (1%) toward genetic divergence. The role of number of pods/plant (2%), biological yield/plant (6%), harvest index (5%) were medium range in manifestation of total genetic divergence in the available germplasms

Combining ability studies helps in selection of appropriate parents for a cross and also indicates suitable breeding procedure for handling a cross to develop a cultivar.In the present investigation, combining ability estimates for yield and related traits have been analyzed in 45 F 1 and 45 F 2 progenies derived from 10 parent half diallel mating design.The analysis of variances showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied.Significant differences have been found for general combining ability (GCA) effects among the parents as well as specific combining ability (SCA) effects among the hybrids for all the studied traits.The GCA and SCA components of variance were significant for all the traits.However, the magnitude of GCA variance was higher than SCA suggested the preponderance of additive gene action for most of the traits.The GCA:SCA ratio revealed predominance of additive gene effects in both the generations except seed weight in F 1 and husk weight and oil content in F 2 generation.Among all the parents, EC-1392, JLS-9 and JWR-17 were the best general combiners for branches/plant, capsules/plant and seeds/capsule and average to high combiners for other traits in both the generations.Most of the specific crosses for yield related traits as well as oil content involved high/average, average/average and average/poor general combiners.These crosses combinations could be utilized for further use in breeding program in combination with the parents having good general combining ability for improvement in yield of linseed.

Chemical pesticides have strongly affected both the abiotic and biotic components of the environment. Due to the side effects of chemical pesticides, sustainable crop production through eco-friendly management is essentially required in the current scenario. Biopesticides are alternatives source of chemical pesticides and offer potent tools to create a new generation of sustainable agriculture products. Biopesticides are employed in agricultural and use for the purposes of insect control, disease control, weed control, nematode control and plant physiology and its productivity. biopesticides are pesticides derived from microorganisms, natural sources and genetic modified plants. With the rapid development of new techniques such as molecular biology, genetic engineering, protein engineering and other techniques are gradually improving the biopesticides productions that destroy crop pests. The development of biopesticides stimulates modernization of agriculture. Globally, the use of biopesticides has steadily increased by about 10% per year. This review paper describes different types of biopesticides and the potential use of biopesticides for the control of pest at global level.

Ascochyta Blight is a fungal disease caused by Ascochyta rabiei is a devastating disease of chickpea (C. arietinum) worldwide. A. rabiei completed its cycle in sporophytic and gametophytic both stages. Various approaches have been applied to determine genetics of resistance to Ascochyta Blight of chickpea and to map and tag the chromosomal regions using molecular markers. Mild resistance is present in many germplasms of chickpea but resistance clubbed with early flowering is the major breeding objective regarding this disease in chickpea. The RILs are scored for disease reactions in the field and genotyped for polymorphic molecular markers [isozyme, RAPD, SSR, ISSR, SNPs]. The disease occurrence scored quantitatively and QTLs have been analyzed. These DNA markers can be used for marker-assisted selection for Ascochyta Blight resistance in chickpea and to develop cultivars with durable resistance through gene pyramiding. This review reflects a status and strategy for molecular marker assisted breeding and widening of genetic base in chickpea for Ascochyta resistance for future use.

Fifty eight genotypes of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) were evaluated two consecutive years for variability and other genetic parameters based on various traits. Substantial amount of genetic variations were observed with low influence of environment indicated consistence performance of the genotypes. High heritability, GCV, PCV and GA was observed for number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, days to 50% flowering and capsule weight/plant. Oil content showed high heritability with low genetic advance indicating non-additive genetic behavior. Positive and significant correlations were observed among days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches/plant. Seed weight had significant and positive correlation with number of capsules/plant, capsules weight/plant, husk weight/plant and test weight. The branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, and plant height identified as important traits for selection in linseed breeding program.