Biogeographic barriers are well known to structure animal and plant diversity, but whether they are associated with variation in host-associated microbiomes, especially in tropical pollinators, remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated gut bacterial community variation in the stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps (Apidae: Meliponini) collected from Bali and Lombok, two Indonesian islands situated on opposite sides of the Wallace Line. Using 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 amplicon sequencing, we analyzed 12 colony-level samples collected from forest and agroforestry habitats on both islands. Alpha-diversity analysis revealed variation in bacterial richness and diversity among colonies and sampling groups, with the highest richness observed in the Lombok agroforestry group. The gut microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota, with several bee-associated genera, including Lactobacillus, Bombilactobacillus, Apilactobacillus, Bombella, Commensalibacter, Snodgrassella, Bifidobacterium and Bartonella, varying in relative abundance among island and habitat groups. Beta-diversity analyses showed significant group-associated differentiation in bacterial community composition (ANOSIM R = 0.444, p = 0.001), indicating that gut microbiome structure differed across the sampled island-habitat groups. Differential-abundance analyses identified candidate bacterial taxa associated with specific groups, suggesting that microbiome divergence was driven mainly by shifts in the relative abundance of shared bacterial lineages rather than complete replacement of dominant taxa. Predicted functional profiling further indicated that the taxonomic variation was accompanied by differences in putative functional potential. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota of T. laeviceps carries a detectable island and habitat-associated signal and highlight host-associated microbial communities as an underexplored dimension of tropical island biogeography. Because island identity and position relative to the Wallace Line are not independent in this design, these results should be interpreted as island associated microbiome variation within a Wallace Line context, not as direct evidence of a causal Wallace Line effect.

The genus Isaria is a group of abundant and widely distributed entomopathogenic fungi that plays an important role in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Entomopathogenic fungi with medicinal value were collected from the field, and optimal temperature and growth media compositions were investigated to establish a theoretical foundation for the future development of these strains. A strain of Isaria cateniobliqua, designated ICF, was isolated from soil in the Hualongshan National Nature Reserve in southern Shaanxi. The optimal cultivation temperature and nutrient solution were screened, and the effects of subcultivation on mycelium production, metabolite production, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of strain ICF were investigated. The optimal growth temperature for strain ICF was determined to be 21 °C, with the ideal culture medium consisting of glucose and tussah silkworm pupa powder supplemented with KH2PO4 and MgSO4. Mycelium production and cordycepin content peaked in the fourth generation (G4), whereas peak metabolite production and cordycepic acid production occurred in the fifth generation (G5). Polysaccharide content was highest in the first generation (G1), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was optimal in G4. Exploring the optimal culture conditions of the strain provides a theoretical basis for its development, utilization, and industrial production for medicinal applications.

Clothianidin (CLO) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide in agricultural systems and may pose risks to non-target aquatic organisms, including amphibians. Here, we evaluated acute and sublethal effects of CLO on Fejervarya cancrivora tadpoles, an important predator of insect pests in rice paddy ecosystems. Acute toxicity tests (96 h) yielded an LC50 of 50.41 mg a.i./L (with LC10, LC25 and LC30 values of 15.35, 31.96 and 36.07 mg a.i./L, respectively). Sublethal exposure at these concentrations significantly reduced body weight, whole-body length, and hindlimb length during metamorphosis. CLO also altered thyroid hormone regulation, with T4 showing a dose-dependent increase, while T3 was elevated relative to controls but showed comparatively limited additional sensitivity to concentration and exposure duration. Locomotor activity was impaired under sublethal CLO exposure, reflected by reduced swimming distance and speed. In addition, frogs that developed from CLO-exposed tadpoles exhibited decreased feeding efficiency on brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) across developmental stages 46-48. Together, these findings demonstrate that CLO can affect amphibian development, endocrine regulation, and behavior at sublethal levels, highlighting the need to incorporate sublethal endpoints into ecological risk assessment and to promote pest management strategies that reduce impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Pathogen manipulation of host behavior is a widespread evolutionary strategy to enhance its transmission, yet whether different pathogens elicit distinct behavioral and molecular responses in the same host remains poorly understood. We performed parallel behavioral assays and comparative transcriptomic analyses on third-instar Lymantria dispar larvae infected with Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV, virus), Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) and Metarhizium anisopliae (fungus). Climbing height was recorded over 72 h post-infection, and gene expression pattern was profiled using RNA-seq at 72 h. Only LdMNPV infection induced significant, sustained upward climbing behavior among the three pathogen infection groups. All three pathogens activated Toll and IMD immune pathways, but LdMNPV triggered substantially broader transcriptomic reprogramming. Notably, the virus specifically upregulated multiple energy metabolism pathways (nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway—a pattern absent in bacterial and fungal infections. LdMNPV drove tree-top disease through a virus-specific, multi-system manipulation strategy that couples metabolic activation with neural signaling modulation. This comparative study reveals fundamental differences in behavioral manipulation across pathogen kingdoms and provides candidate pathways for functional validation.

This study aims to elucidate the soil fungal community structure, the distribution of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) resources, and their driving mechanisms in the alpine grassland of the northern side of the eastern Tanggula Mountains in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Five representative sites were established along an elevational gradient of 4000-5100 m, and 15 soil samples were collected. High-throughput sequencing (ITS region) and an insect baiting method were combined to analyze fungal community composition and diversity. LEfSe analysis, random forest modeling, redundancy analysis (RDA), and network analysis were employed to reveal the environmental driving mechanisms of community assembly. A total of 412 fungal species belonging to 303 genera were annotated, with Ascomycota as the dominant phylum. At the high-elevation site Jie-duo Town, Zaduo County (ZD-JD), the cold-tolerant ectomycorrhizal fungus Inocybe was absolutely dominant (17.18%). The low-elevation site Dong-ba Town, Nangqian County (NQ-DB), was enriched with the saprotrophic genus Mortierella (10.34%) and EPF taxa. The mid-elevation site Zhuo-xiao Town, Nangqian County (NQ-ZX), was characterized by Solicocozyma (11.88%) and exhibited the highest network complexity. Alpha diversity decreased with increasing elevation. A total of 35 EPF strains were isolated via the baiting method, predominantly Metarhizium anisopliae, M. brunneum, and M. robertsii, with the highest number of isolates (16 strains) recovered from NQ-DB. Elevation indirectly drove community assembly by regulating temperature and plant productivity. The soil fungal community structure in the alpine grassland of the eastern Tanggula Mountains exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity along the elevational gradient. Low-elevation habitats serve as hotspots for EPF resources, while high-elevation isolates harbor potential stress-resistance genes. The combination of culture-dependent and sequencing-based approaches provides a reliable strategy for microbial resource surveys in extreme environments.

Totally eight fungal strains from Beauveria were collected in Hualong Mountain National Nature Reserve (HLMNNR) in western China. Among these eight strains, five of them were identified as Beauveria bassiana, two isolates as B. pseudobassiana, and one isolate as B. brongniartii, belonging to three distinct species. This aim off this study is evaluation on antioxidant potential of polysaccharides extracted from these fungal strains. After the polysaccharides were extracted from the fermentation of these 8 strains by chitosan flocculation, the highest polysaccharide yield and concentration were observed in B. bassiana LH10 and B. pseudobassiana LY8 respectively. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides of each strain was evaluated by the scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radical (-OH), superoxide anion (O2-) and protective effects on the H2O2-induced cell oxidation. The results showed that all the tested fungal polysaccharides had substantial antioxidant ability, and the highest bioactivity was observed in the B. bassiana LH11-derived polysaccharide (LH11P). LH11P had excellent scavenging ability of -OH and O2- while a low cytotoxicity of 293T cells, indicating the polysaccharide from LH11 has the potential to be used as an antioxidant source.

Viral infection triggers an immune response in insects, causing a shift in energy resources to immune defense mechanisms‌. Although sugar transporters are known to be involved in carbohydrate transport in insects, their specific function in metabolic process of viral defense has not been well understood‌. The genes encoded Lymantria dispar sugar transporter proteins (LdSTs) were characterized and functionally analyzed for their roles in sugar transportation in response to viral infection to this insect host by Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). Totally, 82 LdSTs were identified from the transcriptomic data. Expression levels for most of these sugar transporter genes significantly changed during LdMNPV infection determined by post-infection temporal analysis. The ‌trehalose and glucose were transported significantly from peripheral tissues (e.g., fat body) to the hemolymph‌ of host insect during the viral infection. Interestingly, silencing LdST59 impaired glucose enrichment to hemolymph and suppressed expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes, which led to increased lethality and the DNA replication levels of LdMNPV from viral infection. These results suggest that LdST59 is involved in the redistribution of glucose between different larval tissues after viral infection and that this shift in energy supply pattern plays an important role in the lethality of LdMNPV to larvae.

Background:This study investigates the gene expression dynamics and biocontrol effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana against Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm, a notable agricultural pest. Our objectives were to analyze the B. bassiana gene expression variation during insect infection compared to grow on artificial media and to evaluate the effects of different spore concentrations on larval mortality, development, and reproduction. Methods:A combination of bioassays and transcriptome analysis was employed. S. frugiperda larvae were exposed to different spore concentrations, and mortality rates were recorded at various developmental stages. RNA sequencing was performed on fungal samples from infected larvae and those grown on 1/4-strength Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) media. Differential gene expression libraries were constructed at 48, 96, and 144 hours' post-infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were used to identification of biological processes and pathways that differentiate infection from growth on artificial media. Results:The highest spore concentration (1 × 107 spores/mL) significantly increased larval mortality, prolonged developmental stages, and reduced reproductive success, particularly in pupation, adult emergence, and female fecundity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed substantial differences in gene expression between B. bassiana grown on artificial media and during host infection at three-time points. At 48 hours' post-infection, genes involved in adhesion and cuticle penetration, such as serine/threonine-protein kinases (STPKs) and lipases, were upregulated, indicating adaptation to host invasion. GO analysis revealed enrichment in cellular and catalytic activities, while KEGG pathways highlighted early-stage metabolic adaptations related to nutrient acquisition and energy metabolism. In contrast, fungal growth on artificial media showed minimal expression of infection-related genes. At 96 hours, genes associated with ABC transporters and detoxification were significantly upregulated, supporting fungal survival and immune evasion. GO terms were enriched in membrane components, and KEGG pathways focused on energy metabolism and stress responses. At 144 hours, genes related to secondary metabolism were upregulated, indicating the production of compounds vital for continued invasion and immune suppression. The activation of these pathways were minimal or absent during growth on artificial media. Conclusions:This study provides new insights into the molecular adaptations of B. bassiana during host infection, revealing key virulence factors and infection dynamics. The identified gene expression signatures enhance our understanding of fungal infection mechanisms and could inform more effective biocontrol strategies for managing agricultural pests.

Certain parasites manipulate host behavior following infection to enhance their own dispersal and transmission. Lepidopteran larvae infected with baculoviruses exhibit increased locomotion, ascending to the apex of their host plant where they ultimately die in a characteristic inverted, liquefied posture suspended by their prolegs—a phenomenon termed “tree-top disease”. Although numerous studies have investigated the underlying causes of this behavior, the precise mechanism governing tree-top disease formation remains unresolved. In this study, Lymantria dispar larvae were infected with Metarhizium anisopliae and Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). We compared symptom profiles across infection modes and assessed virulence, demonstrating that M. anisopliae infection alters the hyperactive state induced by LdMNPV in larvae exhibiting tree-top disease. Specifically, M. anisopliae promoted tree-top disease behavior during early infection stages but suppressed it during later stages. Furthermore, the symptomatology of larvae co-infected with both pathogens differed significantly from that observed in larvae infected with either M. anisopliae or LdMNPV alone. Co-infected larvae also exhibited accelerated mortality compared to those infected with a single pathogen. The above findings indicate that L. dispar larvae, when co-infected with LdMNPV and M. anisopliae may change behavioral responses that could further modulate the pathogenesis of LdMNPV-induced tree-top disease. Furthermore, a synergistic interaction between M. anisopliae and LdMNPV was observed in the biocontrol of L. dispar.

The increasing global demand for agricultural production is threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797), a highly polyphagous pest. The biocontrol of this pest is beneficial over chemical control. The new Metarhizium lepidiotae (Driver & Milner) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), strain ML was isolated from Mount Heng, Hunan Province in China. The biocontrol potential of ML on FAW was evaluated through laboratory bioassays, while physiological effects were examined via histopathological assays. Enzyme activity assays were conducted to assess fungal enzyme activity levels, and the relative expression levels of fungal virulence-related genes were analyzed using RT-qPCR. This study explored that the strain ML caused a high larval mortality of 97.92% at 1 × 109 spores/ml, with an LC50 of 1.26 × 104 spores/ml. The pupal mortality was 87.5% at 1 × 108 spores/ml, with an ST50 of 8.33 d. The results showed that the high virulence was driven by elevated expression of fungal virulence-related genes and enzymes. The histopathological assays proved that the extensive hyphal invasion by ML disrupted larval tissues such as cuticle, epidermis, hemolymph, fat body, and muscles, damaging the respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems. The elevated levels of chitinase (35.82 µg/h/g), protease (3,844.02 nmol/min/g), and lipase (2,288.50 nmol/min/g) activities were synergized with the expression of M. lepidiotae elastase-like serine protease gene (MLpr1), chitinase gene (Mlchit1), secreted lipase gene (MlSecL), and lipase A gene (MlLIPA) throughout the infection. These findings provided valuable insights into the pathological mechanisms driving the high virulence of M. lepidiotae against FAW, offering potential for sustainable biocontrol.

The Asian long-horn beetle (ALB) is a serious wood-boring insect. Continuous isolation of different fungal strains is vital for using fungi for the control of ALB. The virulence and pathological characteristics of a new Metarhizium anisopliae strain DES3 isolated from the desert afforestation stands against the larvae of ALB were assessed in this study. The corrected mortality reached 100% at the conidial concentration of 109 and 108 conidia/mL, and 91.11 ± 4.44% at 107 conidia/mL. Similarly, the LC/LT showed high virulence as well. Meanwhile, the virulence of a commercial M. anisopliae strain against the ALB larvae was evaluated. The corrected mortality was only 33.33% at 109 conidia/mL, and less than 10% at 108 conidia/mL. The pathological characteristics after infection by the M. anisopliae strain DES3 were evident, mainly embodied in the rupture of the adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and midgut. But there was no obvious change after infection by the commercial M. anisopliae strain. In conclusion, these results establish that the M. anisopliae strain DES3 has high virulence in a dosage-dependent manner against ALB larvae, indicating the potential of fungal strain DES3 to be developed as biopesticide for biocontrol of A. glabripennis.

Monochamus alternatus is a serious trunk-boring pest. The isolation and utilization of entomopathogenic fungi to manage M. alternatus is important. Here, a new strain GQH6 of Metarhizium robertsii, isolated from the Loess Plateau, was identified morphologically and molecularly. The virulence of the strain GQH6 against the third-instar larvae of M. alternatus was studied. Then, the pathological process, including symptom observation and histopathological observation, was also researched. The corrected mortality was 100% at 109 and 108 conidia/mL, and 88.89 ± 5.88% at 107 conidia/mL. The LC50 was 1.93 × 106 conidia/mL and the LC90 was 1.35 × 107 conidia/mL. And the LT50 of the strain GQH6 was 3.96 days at 109 conidia/mL, and 4.99 days at 108 conidia/mL. These virulence indices showed high virulence against M. alternatus larvae. In addition, the symptoms of the infected M. alternatus larvae were obvious. After one day, dark spots appeared and increased in number. By four days, white mycelia appeared. Finally, the larvae body became green. Similarly, the histopathological changes after infection were obvious, mainly manifested in muscle tissue rupture, adipose tissue fracture and midgut disintegration. These results demonstrated that the M. robertsii strain GQH6 isolated from the Loess Plateau was highly virulent against M. alternatus larvae of the third instar.

Till now, the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in subtropical mountain forest was less studied. Here, the vertical distribution of forest soil fungi, entomopathogenic fungi, and their environmental influencing factors in a subtropical mountain in western China were investigated. Soil samples were collected from four elevations in a subtropical forest in Shaanxi. The results indicated a greater richness of soil fungi at middle elevations and soil fungi were more even at low elevation. Soil pH, available iron, available potassium, total potassium, and available zinc were the most important influencing factors affecting this vertical distribution of fungi. Interestingly, the Isaria genus was predominant while Metarhizium and Beauveria showed decreasing abundance. The presence of Isaria showed a significant positive correlation with both total phosphorus and available iron, while, available zinc was negatively correlated. Metarhizium was influenced by elevation, pH, available phosphorus, and available copper and Beauveria was influenced by soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, available potassium, and available zinc. Overall, as environmental factors affecting soil fungi, elevation, and plant species diversity were less important than soil physical and chemical properties. The virulence of isolated entomopathogenic fungi were tested against larvae of Tenebrio molitor , with mortality ranging from 31.11% to 100%. The above findings provide valuable data to deepen our understanding of the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in subtropical mountain forests.

Torenia fournieri L. is a popular ornamental plant in the genus Torenia, widely used in commercial landscaping, especially during the summer. Additionally, Torenia has served as a model ornamental plant in many studies exploring ornamental characteristics and pest control through genetic engineering. To date, no research has been reported on developing insect-resistant Torenia expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In this study, a recombinant vector carrying the Cry1Ab gene from Bt, pBI121-Cry1Ab, was constructed and transferred into T. fournieri via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A total of 13 shoots survived on the kanamycin selection medium, among which four putative transgenic lines, designated L1, L2, L7, and L11, were molecularly confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis, indicating successful integration of the Cry1Ab gene into the genomes of these lines. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA results further verified the successful expression of the Cry1Ab gene in the leaves of all four transgenic lines. Insect bioassay results demonstrated that all four transgenic lines showed strong resistance to the insect pest, Mythimna separata, with mortality rates ranging from 59.9% to 100.0%, in contrast to a larval mortality rate of 16.2% in the wild-type Torenia. Additionally, these transgenic lines significantly decreased in larval survival rates compared to those fed on wild-type plants. Furthermore, these transgenic lines activated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at 12 and 24 h, and catalase (CAT) activity at 72 h, while suppressing SOD activity at 72 h, and peroxidase (POD) activity over time. Our findings indicate that these transgenic lines exhibit high resistance to the insect pest and provide new insights into controlling insect pests in ornamental plants through genetic approaches.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play essential roles in defending against various invading pathogens. Although antibacterial or antifungal properties of AMPs have been well characterized, the contribution of AMPs to immune defenses against viruses especially baculoviruses is still unclear. In this study, four full-length AMP genes (Ldcec, Ldatt, Ldglo and Ldmor) that encode the cecropin, attacin, gloverin and moricin, respectively, were characterized in Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy moth). All four AMPs were cationic peptides and exhibited hydrophilicity. Structural analysis showed that the Ldcec and Ldmor were α-helical peptides. Tissue-specific Ldcec expression was the highest in fat body, while expression of Ldatt, Ldglo and Ldmor was the highest in epidermis. All four AMP genes were expressed during all developmental stages with the highest expression in the pupa and adult. Compared to mock infection, expression of these four AMP genes were significantly induced following Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) challenge and sharply increased at 72 h post infection. After Ldglo gene silencing, the DNA replication levels of LdMNPV in L. dispar larvae significantly increased at 48 and 72 h post infection, indicating that the Ldglo could suppress the DNA replication of LdMNPV. Our results suggest that four AMPs of L. dispar may play important roles in antiviral immunity against LdMNPV.

The natural distribution of Cordyceps cicadae in Sichuan Province was investigated and its correlation with environmental factors was analyzed with altitude, forest type, sunlight intensity, temperature, slope and humidity.The C.cicadae in Sichuan naturally distributed in mountainous regions in Anzhou District and Beichuan County of Mianyang City, Qianwei County of Leshan City, Peng-an County and Jincheng Mountain of Nanchong City.Totally 20 isolates were collected and isolated.The identification indicated that the isolates belonged to two species, Cordyceps cicadae and Ophiocordyceps sobolifera.Among environmental factors, the altitude was not correlated with C.cicadae distribution density while the sunlight intensity, temperature, slope and humidity were significantly correlated with the density.The distribution density was positively correlated with the sunlight intensity and it increased and then decreased following the raising of temperature, slope and humidity.This study first reported of natural distribution and its environmental factors for C.cicadae resource and it might provide a basis for understanding the biology and artificial culture of C.cicadae.

The symbiotic bacteria–insect interaction is considered to be associated with immunity and drug resistance. However, the wide variety of insect species and habitats is thought to have a significant impact on the symbiotic community, leading to disparate results. Here, we demonstrated that symbiotic bacteria regulated the immune response by changing the proportion of the Gram-positive and the Gram-negative bacterial community in Lymantria dispar (L. dispar) after infection with its viral pathogen, L. dispar Nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). After oral infection, the immune deficiency pathway was activated immediately, and the expression of Relish was up-regulated to promote the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Gram-negative bacterial community increased at the same time. Moreover, the Toll pathway was not regulated in the same way as the Imd pathway was after infection. However, the change in the Toll pathway’s expression remained positively correlated to the abundance of Gram-positive bacteria. This finding implied that the ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria in the LdMNPV infected larvae had an effect on the immune response. Our findings revealed that the immune regulation of L. dispar was regulated by the relative abundance of its symbiotic bacteria at different infection times with LdMNPV, which provides a new way to understand symbiotic bacteria–insect interactions.

Historically, some edible insects have been processed into a complex of insect and fungus, such as Antherea pernyi and Samsoniella hepiali. Until now, the dynamics of the nutritional changes due to this infection were unclear. This study reveals the dynamic changes in nutritional components of Antherea pernyi pupa after infection with Samsoniella hepiali at post-infection time points of 0 d, 10 d, 20 d, and 30 d. The dynamic analysis of the components at different post-infection times showed that the content of polysaccharides and cordycepin increased with time while the content of fats and chitin decreased. The content of proteins showed a trend of decreasing at the beginning and then increasing. The essential amino acids (EAAs) decreased at the beginning and then increased, and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) changed similarly. The essential amino acid index showed a slight continuous decrease. Although the crude fat decreased dramatically due to the infection, from a value of 30.75% to 7.2%, the infection of S. hepiali produced five new fatty acids (14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid, docosanoic acid, succinic acid, arachidonic acid, and myristic acid) while the content of the seven fatty acids was greatly reduced after infection. Therefore, after being infected by S. hepiali and combined with it, the nutritional profile of A pernyi pupa was changed significantly and there were different characteristics at different infection stages. The above findings provide scientifically fundamental data to understand the nutritional value of the insect-fungus complex as human food and animal feed.

Baculoviruses are capable to acquire insect host transposable elements (TEs) in their genomes and are hypothesized as possible vectors of insect transposons between Lepidopteran species. Here, we investigated the host origin of two TEs, namely the Tc1/mariner-like element TCp3.2 and a 0.7 kbp insertion sequence (IS07), found in the genome of different isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV), a member of the Betabaculovirus genus. The sequences of both TEs were searched for in the full genome sequence database of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella L.). A total of eleven TCp3.2 TE copies and 76 copies of the IS07 fragments were identified in the CM genome. These TEs were distributed over the 22 autosomes and the Z chromosome (chr1) of CM, except chr6, chr12, chr16, chr23, chr27 and the W chromosome (chr29). TCp3.2 copies with two transposase genes in opposite direction, representing a novel feature, were identified on chr10 and chr18. The TCp3.2 transposase was characterized by DD41D motif of classic Tc1/mariner transposons, consisting of DNA-binding domain, catalytic domain and nuclear localization signal (NLS). Transcription analyses of uninfected and CpGV-infected CM larvae suggested a doubling of the TCp3.2 transposase transcription rate in virus infected larvae. Furthermore, IS07 insertion into the CpGV genome apparently added new transcription initiation sites to the viral genome. The global analysis of the distribution of two TEs in the genome of CM addressed the influx of mobile TEs from CM to CpGV, a genetic process that contributes to the population diversity of baculoviruses.

利用白僵菌Qin-21和绿僵菌YYC-091等2株生防菌及二者的混合菌剂对广食性森林害虫舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar L.)进行了生物防治研究.研究发现,白僵菌Qin-21、绿僵菌YYC-091和混合菌剂对舞毒蛾具有较强的毒力,室内毒力依次为白僵菌和绿僵菌复合菌剂＞绿僵菌YYC-091＞球孢白僵菌Qin-21.选用混合菌剂在林间防治实验结果表明,施用混合菌剂后第9天即可达90％以上致死率,最终致死率高达93.6％.结果表明,该混合菌剂具备研发为舞毒蛾微生物杀虫剂的潜力.