Escherichia coli is a major inhabitant of the intestinal tract of most mammalian species, including humans and animals. This bacterium is classified into four main phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2, D), with pathogenic strains primarily belonging to group B2 and, to a lesser extent, group D. This study investigated the correlation between E. coli phylogenetic groups and antibiotic resistance by analyzing 144 strains (95 clinical, 49 food-derived). Species identification was confirmed via uidA gene PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was determined through the double synergy test, and phylogenetic classification was performed using triplex PCR. Clinical isolates exhibited high resistance to cephalosporins (up to 56

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. AGE in children is associated with a wide range of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of infectious agents responsible for AGE in hospitalized children under five years of age at Bogodogo University Hospital. A prospective, descriptive study was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018. A total of 90 stool samples were collected from hospitalized children under 5 years of age presenting with AGE. Samples were analyzed for the presence of 22 pathogens using the FilmArray® gastrointestinal panel. At least one pathogen was detected in 74.4

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are major contributors to antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Data from Burkina Faso remain limited, despite growing concerns about multidrug resistance in urinary pathogens. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study using microbiological records from three medical laboratories in Ouagadougou between January 2018 and December 2022. All urine culture isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were included. Patient demographics, hospitalization status, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were extracted. ESBL production was confirmed phenotypically using the double disk synergy test. Statistical analyses were performed to compare prevalence and resistance patterns across species and patient groups. A total of 4,234 isolates were analyzed, comprising 3,084 E. coli (72.8

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant public health issue. The increasing prevalence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) significantly limit treatment options. This study investigated the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL-producing GNB isolated from urine specimens processed across Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 252 non-duplicate Gram-negative bacilli isolates were collected from four clinical laboratories in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed via disk diffusion following European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) guidelines. ESBL production was screened using double-disk synergy testing, and polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV genes. Phenotypic ESBL production was detected in 20.6

Food security remains a major public health issue in Burkina Faso, where the rapid expansion of small and semi-industrial food businesses as well as drinking water units (sachet & bottle) far outpaces investments in hygiene and safety management (WHO, 2015; World Bank, 2019). We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of health inspections carried out in food production and processing units in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, between 2016 and 2020 (ANSSEAT, 2016–2020). All units inspected at least once during each period from January to December were included.Data were extracted from standardized, internally validated checklists and inspection reports used by the Health Inspection and Surveillance Service of the National Agency for Environmental, Food, Occupational Health and Health Products Safety (ANSSEAT), and analysed using descriptive statistics (ANSSEAT, 2016–2020). A total of 140 units were inspected at least once, including 118 packaged drinking water units, of which 84 (approximately 71%) underwent at least one sanitary inspection during the study period (ANSSEAT, 2016–2020). Only about one‑third of units complied with forward‑flow layout requirements and had acceptable environmental arrangements, while adequate wastewater evacuation systems were observed in just over half of establishments. Protection and hygiene of boreholes used as water sources were frequently inadequate (ANSSEAT, 2016–2020). Personal hygiene measures, periodic medical examinations and use of personal protective equipment among workers were inconsistently applied, and the hygiene of production circuits and equipment was often suboptimal. More than 95% of units lacked structured internal quality control systems, and 67.15% did not comply with basic storage rules, while many products failed to meet labelling requirements (ANSSEAT, 2016–2020). These findings indicate systemic weaknesses in food and packaged drinking water safety in Ouagadougou, in line with previous reports of frequent non‑compliance of sachet water with national and WHO standards (ANSSEAT, 2017; Zongo et al., 2022; Ouedraogo et al., 2024; WHO, 2015). Strengthening training on Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and simplified Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) approaches, upgrading infrastructure and environmental management, and promoting the establishment of internal quality control systems are essential to improve the safety and quality of food and packaged water (Codex Alimentarius Commission, latest revision year; ISO, 2018; FAO & WHO, 2005). Sanitary inspection, combined with supportive measures and risk‑based regulatory enforcement, remains a key tool for guiding corrective and preventive actions in line with Codex Alimentarius and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (FAO & WHO, 2005; WHO, 2017–2023; World Bank, 2019).

IntroductionThe Global Laboratory Leadership Programme (GLLP) aims to foster and mentor current and emerging laboratory leaders to build, strengthen, and support national laboratory systems using a One Health approach. Six organizations, including the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, developed GLLP to address gaps in leadership and management skills, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This work highlights lessons from implementing GLLP in Burkina Faso, including the approach to sustainability.MethodsA participatory implementation model was adopted, engaging key international and national stakeholders across all One Health sectors. From 2021 to 2023, Burkina Faso implemented the full GLLP learning package, which encompasses all nine competencies, projects, and mentoring. Following the completion of the pilot cohort’s training, a sustainability plan was developed, leading to the creation of a University Diploma in Laboratory Leadership and Management (UD-LLM) in 2024, with the training of its first cohort completed in 2025. For both the pilot and the UD-LLM cohorts, a monitoring and evaluation framework was applied throughout the process.ResultsA total of 44 participants from Burkina Faso and Mauritania were trained in both the pilot (18) and the first cohort of the UD-LLM (26). Participants from Burkina Faso (43) were from all One Health sectors and worked in laboratories across 10 institutions (public, private, and military) located in nine of the country’s 13 regions. A total of 117 projects including 10 capstone projects, were completed to address gaps identified at institutional or national levels with support from mentors. A low representation of candidates from the animal and environmental sectors was noted. Overall satisfaction with the training was reported for both cohorts.ConclusionBurkina Faso is the first country in the French-speaking African region with a sustained GLLP full package integrated into a university curriculum. The early engagement of country stakeholders across sectors ensured the country’s ownership and a path to sustainability. Maintaining a monitoring and evaluation framework is essential for continued improvement. This work demonstrates how early multisectoral engagement and academic integration of the GLLP can create a sustainable model for laboratory leadership development in resource-limited settings.

An experimental study on the formulation of high-calorie foods from local raw materials was carried out for the benefit of military personnel involved in the fight against terrorism. The aim of this study was to provide this social stratum with food of high nutritional quality at a reduced cost. The Design of Experiments (DOE) method was used to formulate and optimize the food using Minitab version 21 software.The results of this experimentation yielded an optimal formula with ingredient incorporation rates in percentage (%) of 10.3263; 17.7273; 15.0; 10.0000; 10.0000; 15.6694; 10.3261; 3.3263; 5.2978 and 2.3268, respectively for corn, toned soy, pollen, peanut paste, moringa, monkey bread, fish meal, sugar, oil and salt. One hundred (100) grams of this food provided 450.0563 Kcal at a cost of USD 0.3213 with a satisfaction index of 0.9956; caloric intake of 450.0563 Kcal with a desirability index of 0.9988; cost of USD 0.3213 with a desirability index of 0.9919; carbohydrate intake of 39.9913 g/100 g with a desirability index of 0.9991, protein intake of 24.9033 g/100 g with a desirability index of 0.9879 and the fat intake of 21.1642 g/100 g with a desirability index of 1.0000.The obtained optimal formulation will considerably minimize the production cost of high-calorie food intended for physically active people. These results provide new information on high-calorie foods that could be used by military authorities.

Food contamination by mold is a serious and difficult problem to manage, leading to enormous economic losses. Mycotoxins have been recognized as one of the most dangerous contaminants in food. They can be toxic to humans and animals when they reach a certain ingestion threshold. These mycotoxins include aflatoxins, produced mainly by Aspergillus section Flavi, the most frequently isolated from food being A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Current control methods, mainly physical and chemical, are showing their limitations due to the environmental problems caused, resistance developed by pathogens, and the food organoleptic quality deterioration. Other control alternatives based on biocontrol can be explored. This present study aimed to isolate Lactobacillus spp. from local foods that can inhibit aflatoxigenic molds' growth and reduce aflatoxins production. To this end, four (04) strains (04) collection namely GNc, GNd, F3a, and G3Lab1 from fura and gapal, selected on the basis of their high antifungal potential, were co-cultured with fungi reference strains (UBOCC-A-111042, UBOCC-A-106031, T1, and T2) and on maize aflatoxigenic molds (AF1, AF2, AF3, AP1, and AP2). Bioassays in vitro demonstrated that Lactobacillus spp. strains significantly inhibited fungal radial growth. Further tests were conducted on eleven (11) highly contaminated maize samples, showing a maximum reduction rate of 68% in the fungal flora. Analysis and quantification of residual aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in maize grains using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed a decrease and, in some cases, complete suppression of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 production in grains detoxified with Lactobacillus extracts.

The assessment of the nutritional status of the hospitalized person is often considered secondary to the pathologies justifying hospitalization. A multicenter study conducted in six Belgian hospitals showed a risk of malnutrition in just over one in five patients. This malnutrition during hospitalization is more frequent in the elderly and those with chronic pathologies. However, malnutrition is a very serious prognostic factor for hospitalized people because it multiplies the risk of infectious pathologies by two to six and the duration of hospitalization by two to four. This study is part of the promotion of better holistic care at the Yalgado OUEDRAOGO University Hospital Center (YO UHC) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, which includes the assessment of the nutritional status of hospitalized people. A descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical aims over a period of nine (09) months was conducted. The study population consisted of people aged 50 and over in outpatient or hospitalized patients, recruited in the internal medicine department of YO UHC. Study variables included anthropometric parameters, blood count, specific nutritional and inflammatory proteins such as transthyretin, albumin, orosomucoid and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as nutritional indexes such as the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and the Prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI). Statistical analysis was performed using Epi info version 7.2.1.0. Were included 102 individuals consisted of 42 men and 60 women with a male/female sex ratio of 0.7. The mean age was 63±9 years with extremes ranging from 50 to 72 years. The mean values of the various anthropometric parameters were significantly lower in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients (p<10-3) with 50% of hospitalized patients having a BMI<21 kg/m2. The mean value of the MNA score was 13.67±4.83 in hospitalized patients compared to 21.57±3.24 in outpatients (p<10-4). The mean values of nutritional proteins were significantly lower in hospitalized patients with 55.9% having albuminemia <35 g/L and 47% having transthyretin <200 mg/L. For inflammatory proteins, the mean values were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with 29.4% having CRP >20 mg/L. The combined assessment reports that 50% of hospitalized patients had a PINI>1, of which approximately 15% had a vital risk (PINI>30). The results show a high frequency of protein-energy malnutrition accompanied by inflammatory syndrome in hospitalized people. Therefore, it is important to monitor the nutritional status of hospitalized people in order to avoid complications and an increase in the length of hospitalization.

Introduction: Fructosamine is a stable ketoamine, formed by the reaction between glucose and the amino group of proteins (mainly albumin, but also globulins and lipoproteins). It indicates average blood glucose concentrations of 2 to 3 weeks for monitoring and controlling diabetes. However, studies on fructosamine based on the characteristics of Burkinabè are still rarely documented. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to investigate the fructosamine profile in regular blood donors from the town of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Material and methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study with a collection period from 10 August 2024 to 10 September 2024. The study population consisted of fasting adult regular blood donors from Burkina Faso residing in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso, collected at the Bobo-Dioulasso Regional Blood Transfusion Centre. Fructosamine was determined by the colorimetric method using the Cobas® 6000 analyser. The data were analysed using R studio 4.3.3 software so that medians were calculated and reference values were determined at the 2.5 thand 97.5 thpercentile. Results-discussion: A total of 60 regular blood donors, equally distributed by gender, were selected. The mean age of the regular blood donors was 28.28±7.72 years (min = 19 years and max=52 years) while the mean number of donations was 6.97±8.50 (min=2 and max=61). Median fructosamine values were 272.5 µmol/L while the 2.5 thand 97.5 thpercentiles were 247.9 µmol/L and 314.77 µmol/L. The fructosamine ranges in our study population were higher than the reference values proposed by the reagent kit manufacturer and those proposed in the literature. There was no significant difference between the mean fructosamine concentrations according to sex, according to the age groups 19 to 36 and 37 to 55 and according to BMI (normal, overweight, obese). Conclusion: In a context of limited resources, this study contributes to providing reference ranges with a view to improving the control and monitoring of diabetes mellitus in Burkinabe subjects.

Améliorer l’accès à l’eau potable est un véritable défi des villes africaines du fait d’une croissance exponentielle de la population. Cette étude visait à déterminer la conformité aux normes de qualité des paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux préemballées de la ville de Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso. Une étude transversale a été menée au niveau de la Direction de Toxicologique du Contrôle de l’Environnement et d’Hygiène Publique (DTCE/HP) à Ouagadougou. Au total, 15 échantillons ont été prélevés dans quinze unités de production d’eau préemballée. Les analyses physico-chimiques ont été réalisées en utilisant des méthodes normalisées. La turbidité des eaux variait entre 0,1 et 0,4 NTU avec une moyenne de 0,25NTU. La conductivité électrique variait entre 13,4 et 203µ/cm avec une moyenne de 48,911 µ/cm. La concentration en ammonium variait de 0 à 0,2 mg/l avec une moyenne de 0,13 mg/l), nitrites (0 à 0,1 mg/l, moyenne 0,01), nitrates (0,44 et 4,84 mg/l, moyenne de 2,93 mg/l) et les sulfates (0 à 2 mg/l, moyenne de 0,2 mg/l). La dureté variait entre 0,4 et 5,8 mg/l et une moyenne de 2,18 mg/l ; la concentration en calcium (0 à 6,4 avec une moyenne de 2,24 mg/l), celle du magnésium (0,5 à 14,1 mg/l avec une moyenne de 3,91 mg/l). Les bicarbonates avaient une valeur moyenne de 39,63 mg/l. Les résultats ont montré que ces échantillons d’eau sont conformes aux normes de potabilité au Burkina Faso. Les eaux conditionnées de la ville de Ouagadougou sont des eaux de bonne qualité

In recent decades, interest in anthocyanin pigments has increased due to their possible use as natural food colorants, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to identify the major anthocyanins in ripe Ziziphus mucronata fruit harvested in the Niangoloko classified forest. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify anthocyanins. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the spectrophotometric method of Khan (2012) respectively. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) was obtained using a differential pH method. Total antioxidant potential (TAC) was carried out using DPPH and ABTS tests. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were major anthocyanins identified by HPLC-MS. Quantitative analysis showed that this fruit contains an average of 321 ± 11 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 3815 ± 15 mg quercetin equivalent (QE), and 9.64 ± 0.70 mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalent per 100 g fresh fruit. Total antioxidant contents ranged between 206.57 ± 7.00 and 88.72 ± 0.87 mg TE/100 g fresh fruit. Free radical scavenging activity of Ziziphus mucronata fruit was found to be 342.90 µg/mL, while that of standard Trolox was 21.8 µg/mL. Therefore, Ziziphus mucronata fruit could be a potential source of natural bioactive substances of great interest to consumers.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Infection remains a public health problem and a threat to blood transfusion safety. The aim of this study was to summarise the scientific literature on the seroprevalence of HBV and occult HBV among blood donors in Africa. Searches were carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, Global Index Medicus and African Journals Online from 2012 to 2022. Dersimonian and Laird's random-effects model-based method was used for statistical analyses to estimate pooled seroprevalence at a 95% confidence interval (CI) using STATA version 14 software. Heterogeneity was assessed on the basis of Cochran's Q test and quantified by the I2 index. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Joanna Brigg Institute's critical appraisal checklist. Among 90 articles included, 86 reported data in serological test that a pooled HBV seroprevalence of 5.53% (95% CI: 4.56-6.58; I2 = 99.94%) and 14 provided occult hepatitis B data. A high prevalence of 9.69% (95% CI: 8.42-11.03) was observed in the West African region. Lowest prevalence was 1.22% (95% CI: 0.74-1.83) in South Africa region. Prevalence in Africa among men was: 5.18% (95% CI: 3.97-6.54) and in women: 3.50% (95% CI: 2.45-4.71) (I2 = 99.76% and p < 0.01). While the overall pooled prevalence of occult hepatitis B was 3.18% (95% CI: 1.29-5.81). HBV seroprevalence is high in low-resource areas of Africa, and the data generated by this situation calls for constant epidemiological surveillance. Emphasis must be placed on building blood donor loyalty and integrating molecular testing into the biological qualification of blood donations.

Biological monitoring is an essential part of the management of HIV infection. The aim of this study was to assess serum amylase activity during follow-up of children living with HIV-1 (CLHIV-1) at the Charles de Gaulle Pediatric University Hospital (CHUP-CDG). This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Patients under 15 years of age who were being monitored for HIV-1 at CHUP-CDG and who had undergone a serum amylase assay during the study period were included. A total of 746 patients have been included, with a M/F sex ratio of 0.91 and a mean age of 8.52±4.08 years. Among CLHIV-1, 88.05% had a TCD4 lymphocyte count > 500/mm3 and 60.32% an undetectable plasma viral load (PVL). The incidence of hyperamylasemia in the study population was 57.64%. Hyperamylasemia was significantly more frequent in children aged 0-2 years (p<0.00001), in patients with a high PVL (p=0.0016) and in those on the protocol combining two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with a protease inhibitor. Several abnormalities in serum amylase activity were detected in CLHIV-1 during the course of the study. Clinical correlation and adequate follow-up of these abnormalities are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic damage in people living with HIV.

Among water treatment techniques, UV rays are mainly used to disinfect packaged drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of water disinfection by UV rays in packaged water production companies in the city of Ouagadougou. Fifty-four (54) packaged water samples were taken from 27 companies in the city of Ouagadougou. Detection of different microorganisms was carried out using the membrane filtration method. The identification of the isolated coliforms was made using the API 20E trips. Antibiotic resistance was assessed using the KIRBY BAUER agar diffusion method. using ampicillin, amoxiclllin, cetazidim, ceftriazone, imipenem, meropenem, kanamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The results of microbiological investigations showed the presence of bacteria in some packaged water from certain companies. Of the 27 companies investigated, total coliforms were detected in 20 companies, E. coli in one company, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one company, and sulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria in 4 companies. Of the 27 companies, the effectiveness of UV disinfection was observed in only 25.92% with a total absence of coliforms, E. coli, intestinal enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria. Twelve (12) species of coliforms including Enterobacter ssp, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter amnigenus, Serratia liquefaciens, Chryseomonas luteola, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Myroides spp, Pantoea spp, Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia ficaria and Enterobacter sakazakii have been detected. The resistance profile showed that some coliforms were resistant to β-lactams and aminoglycosides. This study shows that the technique of disinfection of water by UV rays is not effective in certain companies in Ouagadougou and could be explained by diverse reasons including UV systems defiances.

Raw vegetables irrigated with polluted water that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with foodborne viral disease outbreaks. The objective of this study is to investigate the possible transmission of enteric viruses from irrigation water to lettuce. Therefore, we performed a commercial multiplex real-time PCR assay to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in irrigation water samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated at market gardening sites in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Samples were collected from six market gardening sites located in Ouagadougou. RT-PCR was performed to detect norovirus GI, norovirus GII, rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses F (Serotype 40/41), astrovirus and sapovirus (Genogroups G1, 2, 4, 5). From the 10 irrigation water samples and the 80 lettuce samples, three (30%) and twenty-two (27.5%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. Norovirus GII, astrovirus and enteric adenoviruses F (Serotype 40/41) were the most frequently detected viruses in lettuce and irrigation water samples. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.