In this work, MoS 2 @NiFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites were engineered as electrode materials for both asymmetric (ASSC) and symmetric supercapacitors (SSC). The hybrid electrode combines the layered structure of MoS 2 and the redox‐active spinel framework of NiFe 2 O 4 , offering better electrochemical performance. In the asymmetric configuration, the device demonstrated dual‐potential‐window functionality over –1.2 to 1.2 V, yielding strong redox activity and pseudocapacitive behavior with a specific capacitance of 102.36 F g − 1 at 10 mV s − 1 . In addition, the ASSC attained an energy density of 12.08 Wh kg − 1 at a power density of 750 W kg − 1 , exhibiting a Coulombic efficiency of 97.1% and a capacitance retention of 97.22% over 10,000 cycles. A high specific capacitance of 517.57 F g − 1 was achieved at a scan rate of 10 mV s − 1 , and 483.42 F g − 1 was recorded using galvanostatic charge–discharge at 1 mA. The SSC achieved an energy density of 67.14 Wh kg − 1 at 750 W kg − 1 and maintained 99.25% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles, exhibiting remarkably nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. Mechanical flexibility tests confirmed the device's outstanding structural integrity under bending and twisting, indicating its applicability for flexible energy storage applications.

The study investigates the effect of a multifunctional, green-synthesized silver zeolite (Ag-Zeo) coating on AISI 316 L stainless steel, fabricated using an immersion assisted hydrothermal technique, for potential applications in bone tumor treatment and antifungal therapy. The formation of the Mobil-type five zeolite (MFI) phase with a hierarchical pore structure, along with the incorporation of silver into the green zeolitic framework, was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, diffuse reflectance UV-visible (DRS UV-vis) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) structure, while BET analysis revealed a surface area of approximately 474 m2/g and an average pore size of 2.24 nm. Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-ray (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the formation of micron-sized zeolitic structures and a homogeneous deposition of the Ag-Zeo coating as a thin film on stainless-steel substrate. EDX elemental mapping further demonstrated the uniform distribution of Ag Si, Al, and O throughout the coating. The corrosion resistance of the coated implant was investigated using DC polarization measurements. The Ag-Zeo coated stainless steel demonstrated stable behavior with a corrosion-resistive interface. Furthermore, the Ag-Zeo coating exhibited pH-responsive release of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (CP) under acidic tumor-mimicking conditions (pH 5.6). The coating was also tested for its antibiofilm efficacy against implant-associated fungi, specifically Candida albicans, and showed significant anti-adhesion activity in adhesion assays.

Designing advanced electrode nanostructures is crucial for overcoming the limits of conventional supercapacitors and obtaining high energy density while maintaining long-term stability. In this study, a copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocomposite was created by combining hydrothermal and ultrasonic techniques, and it was employed as an electrode material for high-performance symmetric supercapacitors with an H2SO4-based gel electrolyte. The interaction between the layered MoS2 nanosheets and the spinel CuFe2O4 nanoparticles provided abundant active sites, enhanced ion diffusion pathways, and increased electronic conductivity. As a result, the device exhibited a high specific capacitance of 473.75 F g-1 at 10 mV s-1, along with strong rate performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a low series resistance (Rs = 3.41 Omega) and charge-transfer resistance (Rct = 1.9 Omega), together with a high phase angle of 77.49 degrees, indicating excellent electrical conductivity and rapid ion transport within the MoS2@CuFe2O4 electrode. The relaxation time constant (tau 0 approximate to 9.81 s, f0 = 0.1019 Hz) further confirmed fast charge-transfer kinetics. Outstanding durability was demonstrated by long-term cycling, maintaining 96.94% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles with 98% Coulombic efficiency. The device also delivered a high energy density of 58.75 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 750 W kg-1, highlighting its strong practical potential. These results highlight the cooperative combination of MoS2 conductivity and CuFe2O4, making MoS2@CuFe2O4 a promising electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors.

Biodegradable polymer–based hybrid nanocomposite membranes have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional non-degradable polymeric membranes that contribute to long-term microplastic pollution. This mini-review highlights the latest advances in natural and synthetic biodegradable polymer systems reinforced with metal/metal-oxide, carbon-based, and bio-derived nanomaterials for environmentally compatible water purification. The incorporation of nanomaterials markedly enhances hydrophilicity, mechanical stability, antifouling resistance, and pollutant removal through synergistic mechanisms such as adsorption, size-exclusion, and photocatalytic degradation. Reported studies consistently demonstrate high removal efficiencies for dyes and heavy metals, in addition to improved permeance and operational stability, underscoring the strong synergistic contribution of polymer–nanofiller interactions. Unlike previous reviews, this work delivers a focused and critical assessment of biodegradable membrane technologies, emphasizing key challenges such as the durability–biodegradability trade-off, fabrication limitations, and the limited adoption of green synthesis routes and life-cycle assessment considerations. From an environmental polymer science perspective, future opportunities toward scalable production, reduced environmental burden, and circular-economy membrane design are discussed, providing sustainability-oriented and polymer-relevant guidance for next-generation water treatment membranes.

Abstract A biopolymer blend composed of alginic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose was identified as a uniform and stable host matrix (BP) for developing redox-activated polymer electrolytes. However, biopolymer-based electrolytes often face challenges related to stability and large-scale fabrication for energy storage applications. To overcome these limitations, the BP matrix was modified with different concentrations of glycerol (G) and cobalt (Co), leading to mechanically robust electrolyte compositions. The resulting metal-ion-doped blend electrolytes exhibited remarkable ionic conductivity, flexibility, and a stable electrochemical window of 1.5 V. The redox-active contributions of the doped electrolytes at nanocomposite electrode interfaces delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 329 F g−1. Furthermore, the electrolyte system enhanced device performance, achieving a specific energy of 45 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 360 W kg−1. The flexible device demonstrated outstanding durability, retaining 90% of its initial performance even after 10,000 charge−discharge cycles. With compact dimensions of 5 × 4 cm, the assembled device powered an RGB LED under different structural configurations.

Nano-micro structures have significant potential for renewable energy, but optimization of surface qualities and long-term stability remains a difficulty. To address this, NiMoxWxCo2−2xO4 (Mo/W→NiCo2O4) microspheres were effectively prepared by a hydrothermal method to investigate the synergistic effects of multi-ion co-doping on the structural, magnetic and electrochemical characteristics. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) demonstrated a change from ferromagnetic to a predominant paramagnetic phase with increasing dopant concentration, which can be a powerful macroscopic probe of local lattice distortions and surface spin engineering. With the optimized electronic structure and defect states, the optimal x = 0.04 catalyst showed excellent HER activity in alkaline medium, requiring only an overpotential of 187.4 mV to achieve − 10 mA/cm2 along with a competitive Tafel slope of 95 mV/dec (following the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism) and strong durability for 24 h. Moreover, a symmetric solid-state supercapacitor (SSC) built with x = 0.04 electrode and a flexible quasi-solid polymer electrolyte attained an exceptional specific capacitance of 368.86 Fg− 1 at 10 mV.s− 1. Remarkably, the device retained 95.74

Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs), particularly magnetically recoverable systems with efficient regeneration capability, have emerged as highly efficient nanoadsorbents for water purification owing to their high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and facile magnetic separation. This review critically analyzes recent advances (2022-2025) in the multi-cycle use of MNMs, with particular emphasis on regeneration strategies. The major syn-thesis approaches and adsorption mechanisms are discussed in relation to their influence on long-term stability. Recent studies demonstrate that many MNMs retain 85-90% of their removal efficiency over 3-6 cycles, although performance degradation due to aggregation, leaching, and surface passivation remains a key challenge. Regeneration techniques, including chemical, solvent-based, and thermal methods, are evaluated in terms of efficiency and feasibility. Moreover, bibliometric analysis reveals the increasing research focus on recyclable nanomaterial design. Overall, this review elucidates the structure-performance-stability relationships governing multi-cycle operation, with a particular focus on reusable and magnetically separable systems and provides insights into the economic feasibility of regenerable MNMs along with future perspectives for sustainable and scalable water treatment applications.

In this work, MoS2@NiFe2O4 nanocomposites were engineered as electrode materials for both asymmetric (ASSC) and symmetric supercapacitors (SSC). The hybrid electrode combines the layered structure of MoS2 and the redox-active spinel framework of NiFe2O4, offering better electrochemical performance. In the asymmetric configuration, the device demonstrated dual-potential-window functionality over -1.2 to 1.2 V, yielding strong redox activity and pseudocapacitive behavior with a specific capacitance of 102.36 F g- 1 at 10 mV s- 1. In addition, the ASSC attained an energy density of 12.08 Wh kg- 1 at a power density of 750 W kg- 1, exhibiting a Coulombic efficiency of 97.1% and a capacitance retention of 97.22% over 10,000 cycles. A high specific capacitance of 517.57 F g- 1 was achieved at a scan rate of 10 mV s- 1, and 483.42 F g- 1 was recorded using galvanostatic charge-discharge at 1 mA. The SSC achieved an energy density of 67.14 Wh kg- 1 at 750 W kg- 1 and maintained 99.25% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles, exhibiting remarkably nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. Mechanical flexibility tests confirmed the device's outstanding structural integrity under bending and twisting, indicating its applicability for flexible energy storage applications.

Water pollution due to dyes and heavy metals (HMs) demonstrate a global key challenge in the 21st century. Adsorption is considered one of the most competent techniques and metal/metal oxide nanoadsorbents have caught worldwide attention exhibiting several benefits including abundant active binding sites, tunable chemistry, functionalization, excellent regenerable capacity, and economic viability. Monometallic nanoadsorbents generally exhibit adsorption capacities between 10 mg g−1 to around 200 mg g−1 with slow kinetic rate, whereas, in comparison, bimetallic/complex nanoadsorbents depict significantly higher capacities (25 mg g−1 to around 2000 mg g−1) for the removal of dyes/HMs with rapid kinetics and > 90 % reusability over multiple cycles, depending on type of dye/metal ions, type of adsorbent and adsorption conditions. Overall, remarkable performance of binary/complex metals is evident owing to synergistic interactions between different metals of an adsorbent. Additionally, bibliometric analysis depicts a worldwide increase in interest for the exploration of bimetallic/complex nanoadsorbents, specifically after 2018. This review also facilitates deep insights into synthesis approaches, adsorption mechanisms and performances of these nanoadsorbents for the removal of dyes/HMs and proposes an eco-safe engineering roadmap for real-world deployment. The major research gaps identified from the consolidated research data involve lack of investigations under real water systems, absence of standardized characterization framework for correlation between structures and adsorption performances, and inadequate evaluation of leaching concerns, environmental impacts, and end -of-use management. Bridging these gaps through advanced modelling approaches and environmental assessment frameworks is very necessary to transform laboratory scale success into sustainable, real life water treatment applications.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) exhibits dielectric properties that vary significantly with its physical morphology and thermal history. This work evaluates the dielectric responses of calcined nanopowder, electrospun nanofibers before and after heat treatment. Utilizing TEM, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD allows for a detailed assessment of the morphological, and structure differences across the TiO2 samples. The uncalcined nanofibers exhibit an amorphous structure with significant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) content. Calcination transforms these amorphous precursors into crystalline fibers with a mixed anatase and rutile phase. Dielectric measurements carried out over a frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz demonstrated that the calcined nanofibers feature a dielectric constant (epsilon ') that is both reduced and mostly stable across the measured frequency range. At higher frequencies, the dielectric constant was found to approach free-space permittivity, with the material additionally exhibiting low dielectric loss (epsilon '', tan delta), and reduced low AC conductivity (sigma). The calcined TiO2 nanopowders, and uncalcined fibers by contrast revealed higher epsilon ' values and more substantial losses. The calcined TiO2 nanofibers thus exhibit superior insulating characteristics, demonstrating that nanostructuring combined with controlled thermal treatment can be effectively employed to alter dielectric performance. These findings carry meaningful implications for designing dielectric materials, particularly in enabling the optimization of low and stable dielectric permittivity alongside low-loss properties across a broad frequency range for electronic circuits applications.

With the rapid advancement of flexible electronics and wireless communication technologies, the development of lightweight, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials has become critically important. Pulsed laser ablation offers a clean, surfactant-free, and controllable synthesis route for integrating functional nanostructures into polymer matrices for efficient EMI shielding. This study presents a novel approach for fabricating a Bi₂O₃/MWCNTs/CAB flexible polymer via pulsed laser ablation for electromagnetic shielding applications. The developed materials were extensively characterized using different techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and contact angle measurements. The transmission amplitude and complex conductivity in the terahertz frequency range, along with the shielding effectiveness (SE) in the X-band microwave regime, were systematically evaluated. Compared to pure CAB, which showed resonance SE peaks of ∼3 dB at 9.08 GHz and 11.52 GHz, the CNTs/CAB nanocomposite exhibited broadband SE improvements reaching ∼2.7 dB across the X-band. Interestingly, the addition of Bi₂O₃ led to a more uniform but lower SE (∼0.6 dB), suggesting potential for electromagnetic-induced transparency-tunable applications. Given its facile fabrication process and ultrathin structure, the pulsed laser-fabricated MWCNTs/CAB nanocomposite film demonstrates strong potential for next-generation electromagnetic shielding applications.

Next-generation energy-storage systems require the development of high-performance, wide-temperature tolerant supercapacitors. The current study focuses on bimetallic Ni-Co phosphide (NiCoP) nanoparticle synthesis as electrode materials and their integration with a flexible quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte (SPE) to deliver high energy, prolonged cycling stability, and reliable operation under extreme conditions. The NiCoP device shows exceptional electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 322.98 F g(-1) at 10 mV s(-1) and excellent rate capability. It also demonstrates remarkable long-term durability, maintaining stable performance over 25,000 cycles and outperforming both Ni2P (19,000 cycles) and Co2P (14,344 cycles) devices, thereby proving the substantial synergistic benefit of the dual-metal phosphide structure. The device exhibits stable functionality across a broad temperature range (-20 to 60 degrees C), retaining nearly 80% of its room-temperature capacitance at 0 degrees C and attaining capacitive behavior even at 20 degrees C. A fabricated pouch cell device shows superior performance, maintaining 90.43% capacitance retention with 98% Coulombic efficiency after 200 cycles at 0 degrees C, while consistently powering an LED in subzero environments. These results demonstrate that the SPE system with NiCoP electrodes facilitates a thermally stable, high-performance supercapacitor capable of reliable low-temperature functionality, rendering it highly suitable for wearable and cold-environment electronics.

This study presents a facile hydrothermal-ultrasonication synthesis of MoS2@CoFe2O4 hybrid nanocomposites (NPs) for constructing symmetric supercapacitor electrodes. The electrodes were fabricated with 5, 10, and 20 wt % of the hybrid nanocomposite as the active material, and their electrochemical properties were evaluated in both aqueous and a gel electrolyte system with H2SO4 (0.5 M). The supercapacitor device incorporating 10 wt% of the composite material and tested with the gel electrolyte demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance (Cs) of 528.60 F g-1 at 10 mV s-1 . Additionally, the cell exhibited exceptional stability over 10,000 cycles, with a Coulombic efficiency of 98.9 % and a high energy density of 66.94 Wh kg-1 at 500 W kg-1 . The superior performance of the proposed supercapacitor can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the MoS2@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite and gel electrolyte, which collectively enhanced charge storage capacity and durability. Given its outstanding cyclic stability, energy density, and specific capacitance, this system holds great promise for advanced energy storage applications.

In this work, a novel Co0.5Ni0.5CrxV2-xO4 (x <= 0.04) electronanocatalyst was prepared using a facile hydrothermal approach for the first time. Impressively, the Co0.5Ni0.5CrxV2-xO4 electronanocatalyst greatly regulates electron reconfiguration by varying the composition ratio and enhances the reaction kinetics. It also ensures superior hydrogen adsorption energy and an improved number of catalytic species in the material. Profiting from the merits described above, the configured Co0.5Ni0.5CrxV2-xO4 (x = 0.02) electronanocatalyst has showed exceptional HER activity and produced an overpotential of 227 mV at -10 mA/cm2 with a small Tafel value of 86 mV/dec in a 0.5 M H2SO4. The catalyst's durability is maintained at a steady current rate of 10 mA cm- 2 even after 18h of operation. The overall experimental findings showcase a feasible approach for exploring the potential of the nonprecious metal-based Co0.5Ni0.5CrxV2-xO4 (x <= 0.04) elecronanocatalyst towards alkaline HER.

In this study, seeded zinc oxide (Z-ZnO) thin films were fabricated by a two-step electrochemical deposition process. Different annealing temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) were investigated to determine the most effective temperature for the photocatalytic activity. Comprehensive analyses were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–visible spectrophotometry. The XRD results confirmed the formation of a wurtzite hexagonal structure, with the highest crystallinity observed at 400 °C. The lowest band gap value, 3.29 eV, was also recorded for Z-ZnO thin film annealed at 400 °C. SEM images revealed that the thin film treated at 400 °C exhibited a well-defined and uniform structure, contributing to its enhanced properties. The photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO (without seeding layer) and Z-ZnO thin films annealed at 400 °C was evaluated through the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) to prove the effect of the presence of a primary seeding layer on ZnO 400 °C thin film efficiency. The degradation efficiency of ZnO thin film without seeding layer was 69.8%. By applying a seeding layer in Z-ZnO 400 °C thin film, the degradation efficiency has been increased to 75.8%. On the other hand, Z-ZnO 400 °C thin film achieved a high degradation efficiency of 82.6% over 300 min in the photoelectrocatalytic system. The obtained Z-ZnO thin films annealed at 400 °C are highly effective photocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts, offering a significant potential for the degradation of pharmaceuticals and other pollutants in water.

This study presents the development of a flexible cobalt-doped biopolymer electrolyte for high-performance supercapacitors. By integrating carboxymethyl cellulose, alginic acid, and glycerol, the electrolyte achieves enhanced ion transport, improved charge storage, and long-term stability. The optimized formulation exhibits a high specific capacitance of 208 F g⁻1, an energy density of 41.67 Wh kg⁻1, and stable cycling performance over 15,000 charge–discharge cycles. The incorporation of cobalt ions (Co2+) enhances electrochemical properties by facilitating redox activity and improving ion conductivity, resulting in superior charge storage capabilities. Additionally, the synergistic effect of the biopolymer matrix and cobalt doping improves dielectric properties, thermal stability, and mechanical flexibility. These advancements position our system as a promising candidate for next-generation flexible and sustainable energy storage applications.

In advanced supercapacitor applications, redox‐based electrolyte systems, particularly the synergistic potential of benzoquinone, glycerol, and phosphoric acid, plays a crucial role. However, the poor electrochemical stability of these systems limits their practical use. Benzoquinone, known for its high redox activity, was incorporated into glycerol as a stable host‐gel matrix and combined with phosphoric acid to produce a high‐ion‐conductivity electrolyte. In this study high electrochemical stability and improved charge–discharge kinetics of redox‐mediated supercapacitors were systematically addressed. The findings highlight the potential of this unique electrolyte system to contribute to the development of high‐performance and environmentally friendly energy storage devices for diverse applications. In this regard, a comparative study was conducted on aqueous and nonaqueous glycerol (Gly)/phosphoric acid (P) systems, where benzoquinone (BQ) was introduced as a redox mediator in varying fractions. This research provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of electrolyte compositions for next‐generation supercapacitors with enhanced efficiency and sustainability. Furthermore, the devices assembled with Gly3P50BQ exhibited a high specific energy of 48 Wh kg⁻¹ at 150 W kg⁻¹ and demonstrated a superior capacitance retention rate of 95% after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles.

Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-saving kidney treatment process that requires a substantial amount of ultra-pure dialysate water to ensure patient safety. The global increase in prevalence of HD patients cases has led to a rapid rise in the demand for high-performing polymeric membranes used in HD process. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in polymeric membranes for hemodialysis (HD), highlighting their critical roles in ultrapure dialysate production, efficient HD treatment performance, and regeneration of spent dialysate within a closed-loop system. It also addresses dialysate quality standards and underscores the importance of reversed osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) polymeric membranes in advancing sustainable and integrated dialysate management system. Furthermore, the performance of osmotically and pressure-driven HD membranes and various synthesis approaches for their fabrication are explored. The review critically examines different polymeric materials used in membrane production and evaluates the contribution of advanced materials such as novel carbon and biobased materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), nanocomposites, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) etc to improve polymeric membranes performances for HD applications. Biocompatibility of HD membranes is highlighed as a crucial factor for dialysis treatment process, yet, efforts have been focused mainly, on hemocompatibility, despite broader biocompatibility landscape. Current limitations of RO and FO polymeric membranes applications in HD domain are enumerated while future research directions to overcome them are suggested. The need to develop sustainable closed-loop dialysate systems by integrating membrane technologies, material science, patient care, and environmental considerations is emphasized. More directed efforts are still required to create greener, higher biocompatible, and cost-effective membranes via integration of abundant, naturally occurring materials to meet the growing demands for achieving sustainable dialysate management.

Wearable and portable electronic devices have garnered significant interest, and the development of microsupercapacitors (MSCs) using flexible adhesive tapes and low-cost materials is crucial to expanding their applications in flexible electronics. In this study, we present an adhesive, flexible, planar-type graphite-based microsupercapacitor (PMSC) fabricated using the blade coating method, where a graphite-carbon black paste was applied onto adhesive tape. An alginate-based gel electrolyte was prepared by adding 1 M KOH to alginic acid in water to form a biodegradable electrolyte. PMSCs exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, achieving the highest reported volumetric specific capacitance of 213.2 F cm-3, areal specific capacitance of 639.5 mF cm-2, energy density of 7.4 mW h cm-3, (1.11 mW h cm-2), and power density of 266.5 mW cm-3 (39.98 mW cm-2) among all carbon-based PMSCs. Furthermore, they demonstrated excellent mechanical stability under various deformations, including twisting, parallel bending, and vertical bending relative to the electrode direction, maintaining a capacitance retention of over 95%. These results highlight the potential of our PMSCs for use in next-generation flexible and wearable energy storage devices.