Recent geopolitical events have exposed critical gaps in the ability of peace and conflict psychology (PCP) to engage with conflicts beyond intractable or post-war contexts. This paper introduces the concept of "naïve pacifism" to describe underlying assumptions in PCP that hinder its ability to address complex modern conflicts effectively. Three pillars of naïve pacifism are identified: (1) the homeostatic view of peace as the natural state and violence as a dysfunction, (2) the belief in the reactive nature of violence, and (3) a perspectivist approach that overlooks objective features of conflicts. These assumptions lead PCP researchers to oversimplify, perpetuate pseudoscientific views of and promote ineffective interventions to solve violent conflicts. By challenging these pillars and proposing a more nuanced framework, this paper aims to advance PCP toward a true science of peace-making that is better equipped to address contemporary global conflicts.

Despite the prevalence and significance of territorial disputes in human history, psychological research on territorial decision-making in high-risk contexts remains sparse. This study investigates the applicability of Prospect Theory in the context of territorial decision-making under risk, replicating and extending the seminal work of Kahneman and Tversky (1979), recently replicated by Ruggeri et al. (2020). To do so, we conducted two pre-registered replication studies in the US (N = 149) and the UK (N = 253), based on Ruggeri et al. (2020)’s protocol. Problems were modified by replacing the original financial dilemmas by territorial ones. Across studies, most responses to individual items were replicated, despite between-study variability (replication rate of 69% in Study 1, 81% in Study 2). More importantly, replication rates from theoretical contrasts probing into each of the five heuristics predicted by Prospect Theory were statistically identical to those of Ruggeri et al. 2020 (77% in Study 1, 92% in Study 2). These confirmed the presence of certainty, framing, isolation and overweighting of small probabilities effects while providing evidence against the robustness of the reflection effect. These findings suggest that the cognitive biases and heuristics identified by Prospect Theory extend to territorial decisions as well. This research provides valuable insights into strategic decision-making in conflict contexts and underscores the robustness of Prospect Theory's predictions across different problem contexts. Future research could build on these findings to develop more effective strategies for deterrence, negotiation, and resolution in geopolitical conflicts.

The transition to a circular economy critically depends on promoting consumer behaviours thatextend product lifespans and reduce waste. This contribution investigates the psychosocialdeterminants of individuals’ intentions to donate and resell unused sports and leisure articles,an underexplored but environmentally significant product category. Building on the Theory ofPlanned Behaviour, and extending it with perceived behavioural efficacy and habits, twostudies were conducted using second-hand data from a national French survey. Study 1examined donation intentions (N = 781), and Study 2 focused on resale intentions (N = 819).The Theory of Planned Behaviour explained 50% and 52% of the variance in donation andresale intentions, respectively. Attitudes and perceived behavioural control were consistentpredictors of both behaviours. However, social norms exhibited distinct patterns: injunctivenorms predicted donation intentions, while descriptive norms predicted resale intentions.Incorporating habit significantly improved explanatory power (to 54% and 57%), identifyingit as the strongest predictor of intentions. Perceived behavioural efficacy enhanced donation,but not resale intentions. These findings highlight that both reflective and automatic processesshape these behaviours. Practical implications are discussed for designing interventions thatfoster positive attitudes, supportive social norms, and sustainable habits to increase reusethrough donation and resale.

Despite the proven effectiveness of COVID-19 preventive measures (social distancing, frequent hand washing, vaccination, etc.), these remain inoperative if individuals do not adopt them. In this research, we sought to investigate the effectiveness of a novel type of intervention to foster compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures. Drawing upon the model of action phases and recent evidence linking social motives to compliance with recommendations from health authorities, we extended implementation intentions to the realm of social goals (Social Goals Implementation Intentions, or SGII). In a first study in France (N = 161), we show that a brief writing task requiring participants to implement a future hypothetical encounter with a close one at risk for severe symptoms of COVID-19 increased compliance intentions by 6.38% 95%CI[1.56, 11.24], d = .42, relative to a deliberation-only control condition. No moderating role of conspiracy beliefs and mentality was found in exploratory analyses. These results were exactly replicated in a pre-registered study conducted among US participants (N = 223), where the increase caused by SGII was 7.18% 95%CI[2.10, 12.27], d = .40. Vaccine intentions were not affected in both countries. Taken together, our results suggest that SGII is a viable theoretical mechanism to design and implement health behavior change interventions. Generating a sense of ‘skin in the game’ may be more effective to bypass irrational beliefs and foster greater adherence to evidence-based health recommendations.

Research over the past decade has shown that endorsement of conspiracy theories (CTs) is shaped by motivated cognition processes. Accordingly, CTs are theorized to stem from compensatory processes, as individuals attempt to cope with existential threats (i.e., uncertainty, loss of control). Based on the meaning maintenance model, we investigated whether this compensatory effect could follow from epistemic threats in domains unrelated to CTs in the form of uncanniness. Feelings of uncanniness were experimentally manipulated through exposure to absurdist art and literature in a set of five studies, followed by a mini meta-analysis (Ntotal  = 1,041). We conducted a final, preregistered sixth study (N = 266) manipulating uncanniness through autobiographical recall. No robust evidence for a compensatory effect was found. We discussed methodological and conceptual limitations of the meaning maintenance model, as well as boundary conditions under which conspiracy theories could have a compensatory function to deal with threats.

Emergency situations are generally described as combining both threat and time pressure. Creative solutions to deal with such situations are important. The present studies (N-total = 1190) investigated how people are able to produce creative solutions in an emergency. Our first study was correlational, and assessed individual creativity and reactions to emergency situations using self-report questionnaires. It was complemented by three experimental studies. In those, critical features of emergency situations were manipulated (i.e., time pressure and/or threat level) to examine their putative impact on individual performance on creative tasks (Alternate Uses Task and Real Life Problem). Three dependent variables systematically qualified individuals' creative performance: fluency (i.e., the number of ideas proposed), originality (i.e., the average rarity of the ideas proposed), and originality adjusted for fluency (i.e., the rarity of the most original idea proposed). Taken together, the results observed tend to indicate that increasing emergency (i.e., increasing time constraint or threat importance) produced an average reduction in the originality of the ideas proposed. These results complement previously obtained results about the effect of stressful situations on creativity through the distinction made in this paper between two key components of emergency situations, namely time pressure and threat level.

The term "creative" is commonly used in everyday language and in academic discourse to discuss the nature of artistic and innovative productions. This usage inherently implies the existence of a variable of creativity that allows different creative works to be compared. The standard definition of creativity asserts that a production must possess both value and novelty in order to be considered truly creative. However, previous psychometric studies aimed at establishing the existence of such a creativity variable based on these two dimensions have produced results that seem to demonstrate their independence or even negative association, based on a weak to negative correlation between value and novelty. These widely replicated empirical results seem to call into question the notion of a single creativity variable associated with productions, leading to a paradoxical use of the term "creative" to describe the object produced. In our study, we aimed to reproduce these results while addressing methodological errors made in previous efforts to establish construct validity. This work led us to test the existence of a common cause for the observed variations in novelty and value. The higher order factor we obtain in our analysis encompasses subtle differences from the conventional creativity axis and interacts negatively with novelty, while correlating positively with value.

Why do individuals confronted with a specific situation act creatively or not? To answer this question, the psychology of creativity needs to rely on comprehensive behavioral models allowing researchers to better identify the determinants of creative behavior and to be able to efficiently foster this behavior. Behavioral sciences precisely developed behavioral models that allow us to understand and influence a wide variety of behaviors. The present contribution argues for the use of behavioral sciences models in creativity research, and describes three main functions for creativity research: (1) a heuristic function (supporting the development of scientific knowledge about goal-directed creative behavior), (2) an interventional function (supporting the elaboration of efficient behavioral interventions to foster creative behavior), and (3) a categorization function (providing a clearer view of the types of interventions designed to foster specific creative behavior and of the behavioral drivers used).

How can scientific creativity be fostered or encouraged among researchers ? The present contribution proposes a critical and constructive review of programs or methods designed to develop the creative abilities of individuals, the so-called ‘creativity trainings’. More specifically, it examines whether these trainings can be used in the specific context of scientific disciplines, and how efficient they are. At first glance, the literature seems to indicate that creativity trainings are effective when it comes to stimulating individual creativity, including scientific creativity. However, these general conclusions should not overshadow the serious limitations of these studies. Some of these theoretical and methodological limitations are common to all creativity trainings (e.g., difficulties in defining creativity itself), while others are specific to scientific creativity trainings (e.g., linked to specificities of scientific work). In a nutshell, all trainings are not made equal and do not look as efficient as they seem to be. This contribution also proposes some recommendations that would allow researchers to produce more valid results and to make it easier to interpret the results of creative training studies in the scientific domain and beyond.

Cet article propose d’intégrer la méthode du design-fiction, basée sur les imaginaires et les prototypes science-fictionnels, dans l’approche des sciences comportementales. Cette intégration a deux objectifs : (1) rendre compte des mécanismes cognitivo-comportementaux qui fondent cette méthode de plus en plus prisée par les organisations, et (2) en saisir précisément les objectifs afin de pouvoir en évaluer les effets, en questionnant non seulement sa fonction épistémique (i.e., les types de connaissances que le design-fiction vise à créer), mais également sa fonction conative (i.e., les types de comportements qu’il cherche à initier ou à modifier). Ainsi, nous proposons un cadre applicatif rigoureux qui envisage le design-fiction comme une modalité d’action sur des dimensions qui favorisent le changement de comportement, à savoir les opinions, les normes subjectives et la perception du contrôle.

To measure conspiracism, researchers have created various scales. Generally, these scales aim to measure the adherence to more or less specific conspiracy beliefs or the presence of a conspiracy mentality among the respondents. The information from the studies carried out in terms of understanding of the conspiracy phenomenon (fundamental research), and their consequences for application (applied research), are totally dependent on the validity of the measures used. In particular, it is essential to have confidence in the validity of these measures if we want to fight effectively against conspiracism. However, it must be said that they are not without criticism.The present contribution identifies some problems associated with the different measures of conspiracism used in our studies, considers the implications of these measurement issues for the results reported in the scientific literature, and proposes concrete solutions leading to research perspectives.

Deviance Punishment is an important issue for social-psychological research. Group members tend to punish deviance through rejection, ostracism and – more commonly – negative judgments. Subjective Group Dynamics proposes to account for social judgement patterns of deviant and conformist individuals. Relying on a group identity management perspective, one of the model’s core predictions is that the judgment of a deviant target depends on group membership. More specifically, the model predicts that deviant ingroup members should be judged more negatively than outgroup ones. Although this effect has been repeatedly observed over the past decades, there is a current lack of sufficiently powered studies in the literature. For the first time, we conducted tests of Subjective Group Dynamics in France and the US to investigate whether ingroup deviants were judged more harshly than outgroup ones. Across six experiments and an internal mini meta-analysis, we observed no substantial difference in judgment between ingroup and outgroup deviant targets, d = -0.01, 95% CI[-0.07, 0.06]. The findings’ implications for deviance management research are discussed.

In this paper, we test and quantify the link between online searches for the term "protest" and subsequent offline protest counts. Multilevel analyses of two large datasets spanning multiple years and countries reveal a robust positive association between online search activity and real-world protest attendance. A 1% increase in online searches for the term "protest" is associated with a subsequent rise in the number of offline protests of 1.21 in the US the same week. This relationship replicated across 23 English-speaking democracies. Overall, a 1% increase in online searches for the term “protest” was linked with 1.14 more offline protest counts and was associated with 1.33 more riot (i.e. violent protest) counts. Our results demonstrate the predictive validity of generic online search terms offering researchers, policymakers and activists a valuable indicator for monitoring and forecasting shifts in civic engagement.

One of the more important questions about creativity is what makes a creative production a revolution ? The present contribution follows the analysis of the development of scientific knowledge proposed by Thomas Kuhn in ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions’ to propose a typology that may contribute to an answer. This typology, based on a retrospective analysis of a given domain of productions, distinguishes between two types of creativity: normal creativity and revolutionary creativity. Creative revolutions refer to ‘game changing’ productions in the domain, creating a turning point in the development of this domain. These creative revolutions constitute major disruptions within the domain since they display both a high degree of novelty, and sufficiently high value for future creative productions to take them as a new point of reference. The proposition to distinguish between normal and revolutionary creativity is explored as a complementary view to other typologies on creativity.

Where are the observations in psychology ? Recurrent criticisms have been addressed to psychology for its excessive focus on hypothesis testing, and its disregard for the descriptive, exploratory and observational approaches commonly found in the other natural sciences (e.g., zoology, ethology, behavioral ecology, behavioral biology, primatology). The dominant belief in the discipline is that science only progresses by testing theories. We first gather these criticisms. Then, we present some major benefits to the use of such observations (e.g., stimulating discovery, stimulating theory building, improving experimental designs, producing more ecologically valid research). Finally, we propose concrete ways to conduct systematic observations of human behaviors in psychology (e.g., direct observation, official statistics and big data, descriptive exploratory studies, preliminary surveys, interviews, testimonies). Thus, the present contribution supports the idea according to which the primary question for psychologists should be ‘what is it that I study’ rather than ‘what is my theoretical framework?’.

The 7C's of creativity (Lubart, 2017) summarize scientific contributions in seven categories as a function of their main object of interest in relation to creativity: Creators, Creating, Collaboration, Context, Creations, Consumption, and Curricula. In its attempt to grasp these different dimensions of the phenomenon of creativity, the psychology of creativity seems to have lost sight of its main object of interest: creative human behavior. This contribution constitutes a short plea to restore "Creating" (i.e., the creative behavior), to its central place in the psychology of creativity. Indeed, the study of the C's of creativity only makes sense in the articulation with the "why" and the "how" of creative behavior. This means focusing on behavioral measures, or at least explicitly considering a direct link between the variables under study and actual creative behaviors. Not all C's are equal, and "Creating" should be the main phenomenon of interest for the discipline. This proposition echoes the various calls to refocus on the study of behavior and behavioral measures in psychology. Research in the field of the psychology of creativity, and especially in the Journal of Creative Behavior, cannot ignore the need to focus on creative behavior.

In line with the social cure literature, the present preregistered study aimed to test the extent to which group identification could have beneficial effects for PhD candidates, in particular by promoting their mental health, mitigating their feelings of imposture, and promoting their work. An online questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of 124 French PhD candidates, and assessed participants’ identification to the group of PhD candidates, psychological health (i.e., stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, obsessive passion), imposter thoughts, and work related variables expected to favor career success (i.e., self-efficacy, perceived competence, harmonious passion). As expected, group identification showed negative associations with stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, and obsessive passion. A contrario, group identification also showed positive associations with self-efficacy, perceived competence, and harmonious passion. However, no association was observed between group identification and imposter thoughts. Taken together, these results highlight the beneficial effects of social identification for PhD candidates’ mental health and work. Theoretical and practical perspectives are discussed.