OBJECTIVE:The present paper attempts to differentiate client involvement from other, similar process variables and presents a pan-theoretical conceptualization of client involvement.METHOD:A modified Delphi poll was conducted with 20 experienced clinicians and researchers. In two rounds of data collection, the experts completed a questionnaire designed to elicit their feedback on whether a variety of involvement items were representative of our pan-theoretical definition of client involvement.RESULTS:The results of the survey provide insight into which types of client activities are good representations of client involvement.CONCLUSION:We propose that client involvement can be understood as being comprised of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional elements, and we provide concrete examples of these activities.

Objective: Even though many young addicted smokers profess a desire to quit, majority of them are unsuccessful in their attempts. A major goal was to determine whether successful quitters are better equipped cognitively and behaviorally to deal with the adverse effects associated with the cessation process than unsuccessful quitters, because they possess a larger repertoire of learned resourcefulness skills.Method: Undergraduate university students, consisting of 69 never-smokers, 59 successful quitters and 61 unsuccessful quitters, completed Rosenbaum's (1980) Self-Control Schedule assessing one's general repertoire of learned resourcefulness skills. Daily smoking rate, age started smoking, years smoking, quit attempts, difficulty quitting, quitting importance, motivation, self-efficacy and use of smoking self-regulatory strategies also were compared for the smoking groups.Results: Never-smokers and successful quitters were significantly more resourceful than unsuccessful quitters. Even though both smoking groups smoked the same daily rate and started smoking at the same age, unsuccessful quitters in comparison to successful quitters viewed quitting smoking as less important and as more difficult, were more extrinsically motivated to quit, less efficacious, and used fewer self-regulatory strategies during their quit attempts.Discussion: The discussion highlights the prominent role that SCS scores, self-efficacy and especially perceived quitting difficulty play in the smoking cessation process.Conclusions and practical implications: Low resourceful smokers having difficulty quitting may find workshops on general life skills beneficial. Concurrently providing them with specific smoking cessation strategies may further serve to enhance these smokers' self-efficacy. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

(2006). Relations of social anxiety variables to drinking motives, drinking quantity and frequency, and alcohol-related problems in undergraduates. Journal of Mental Health: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 671-682.

The alpha-striated tropomyosin 3' untranslated region (TM UTR) promotes differentiation of fibroblasts into cells resembling skeletal muscle. To investigate the mechanism of this observation, RNA harvested from transfected primary fibroblasts was used for semiquantitative RT-PCR with primers specific for muscle transcription factors, showing that myoD and myogenin transcripts are detected in these cells, but that differentiation after TM UTR expression is independent of a detectable increase in these transcripts. Double immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to myoD family members and to titin confirms that muscle differentiation in TM UTR-transfected fibroblasts is independent of production of any transcription factor in this family. In contrast, the muscle transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (mef-2) is strongly expressed after transfection of fibroblasts with the TM UTR. The increase in mef-2 protein is due to an increase in the steady-state level of its mRNA, as shown by Northern analysis. The expression of p21 ordinarily observed in skeletal myogenesis before the expression of muscle-specific proteins is not seen in fibroblasts induced to differentiate by the TM UTR. These results demonstrate that post-transcriptional regulation of myoD family members is seen in fibroblasts, and that the TM UTR induces muscle differentiation independent of the myoD transcription factors and without expressing proteins characteristic of terminal withdrawal from the cell cycle. Finally, an increase in the steady-state level of mef-2 transcripts appears in the proximal pathway of myogenic activation in response to expression of the TM UTR. These results imply that fibroblasts can utilize an additional differentiation route upon TM UTR expression resulting in mature muscle other than that requiring myoD family members.

The alpha-striated tropomyosin 3' untranslated region (TM UTR) promotes differentiation of fibroblasts into cells resembling skeletal muscle. To investigate the mechanism of this observation, RNA harvested from transfected primary fibroblasts was used for semiquantitative RT-PCR with primers specific for muscle transcription factors, showing that myoD and myogenin transcripts are detected in these cells, but that differentiation after TM UTR expression is independent of a detectable increase in these transcripts. Double immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to myoD family members and to titin confirms that muscle differentiation in TM UTR-transfected fibroblasts is independent of production of any transcription factor in this family. In contrast, the muscle transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (mef-2) is strongly expressed after transfection of fibroblasts with the TM UTR. The increase in mef-2 protein is due to an increase in the steady-state level of its mRNA, as shown by Northern analysis. The expression of p21 ordinarily observed in skeletal myogenesis before the expression of muscle-specific proteins is not seen in fibroblasts induced to differentiate by the TM UTR. These results demonstrate that post-transcriptional regulation of myoD family members is seen in fibroblasts, and that the TM UTR induces muscle differentiation independent of the myoD transcription factors and without expressing proteins characteristic of terminal withdrawal from the cell cycle. Finally, an increase in the steady-state level of mef-2 transcripts appears in the proximal pathway of myogenic activation in response to expression of the TM UTR. These results imply that fibroblasts can utilize an additional differentiation route upon TM UTR expression resulting in mature muscle other than that requiring myoD family members.