OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and severity of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions in dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS), and to compare the prevalence and severity of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions in dogs with IHPSS before and after treatment with percutaneous transvenous coil embolization (PTCE) based on capsule endoscopy (CE). METHODS A prospective clinical trial was performed from June 1, 2020, to March 1, 2022. Ten client-owned dogs diagnosed with IHPSS by use of CT angiography were included. Dogs were administered a capsule endoscopy device prior to and 1 month following PTCE. Outcomes compared before and after PTCE included gastrointestinal mucosal lesions as observed via CE, serum biochemistry changes, and client-reported clinical metrology data. RESULTS All dogs underwent pre- and postprocedure CE without adverse events. Six and 5 dogs each had gastric and intestinal mucosal lesions on pre-PTCE CE images, whereas 8 and 4 dogs each had gastric and intestinal mucosal lesions after PTCE. Six of 7 dogs with pre-PTCE lesions had post-PTCE lesions, and 3 of 4 dogs without pre-PTCE lesions had post-PTCE lesions. There was no significant difference in mucosal severity scores of gastric or small intestinal segments before PTCE or 1 month after PTCE. There was significant improvement in owner-reported symptom assessment scores 1 month after PTCE compared to before PTCE. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities of the gastric and small intestinal mucosal surface were common on the basis of CE images within this population of dogs with IHPSS. Severity of mucosal lesions was not associated with PTCE treatment short-term. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with IHPSS prior to and following PTCE may require ongoing management for subclinical gastrointestinal lesions. Further investigation to understand clinical relevance of these lesions is indicated.

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide in men, with over 3 million men currently living with prostate carcinoma. In men, routine screening and successful treatment schemes, including radiation, prostatectomy, or hormone therapy, have allowed for high survivability. Dogs are recognized as one of the only mammals to spontaneously develop prostate neoplasia and are an important translational model. Within veterinary medicine, treatment options have historically been limited in efficacy or paired with high morbidity. Recently, less invasive treatment modalities have been investigated in dogs and people and demonstrated promise. Below, current treatment options available in dogs and people are reviewed, as well as a discussion of current and future trends within interventional treatment for canine PC.

Veterinary minimally invasive surgery continues to grow as a specialty. With increasing experience in this field, comes improved accessibility as well as progressive complexity of procedures performed. Advancement in technology has been both a response to the growth and a necessary driver of continued refinement of this field. Innovative research leading to advancements in surgical equipment has led to the development of novel image acquisition platforms, cannulas, smoke evacuation systems, antifog devices, instrumentation, and ligating/hemostatic devices. These innovations will be reviewed and potential clinical applications are discussed.

ObjectiveTo report technical feasibility and describe procedural details of a novel single incision minimally invasive approach to the mediastinum in cadaver dogs.Study designCadaveric study.AnimalsLarge breed (25-40 kg) cadaver dogs (n = 10).MethodsThree of 10 cadavers were used for preliminary technique development without data recording. Cadaver specimens underwent pre- and postoperative thoracic computed tomographic scans. Seven dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency and mediastinoscopy was performed via a SILS port placed cranial to the thoracic inlet with CO2 insufflation of the mediastinum at 2-4 mmHg. Retrieval of all CT and visually identified mediastinal lymph nodes (LN) was attempted; endoscopic compartmental and individual LN dissection times and subjective operative challenges were recorded. Procedural success scores for visualization and dissection as well as NASA-task force index scores were recorded per lymph node, per cadaver.ResultsMedian time required for initial approach including SILS placement was 5 min (range 5-10 min). Individual LN retrieval times ranged from 2 to 32 min. Mediastinoscopic retrieval of LNs was most commonly successful for the left tracheobronchial LN (7/7), followed by the right tracheobronchial LN (4/7), the left and right sternal LNs (3/7 each), and the cranial mediastinal LNs (1/7). Post-procedure pleural gas was identified on CT in 4/7 cadavers.ConclusionsMediastinoscopy as reported was feasible in large breed canine cadavers and retrieval or cup biopsy of a variety of lymph nodes is possible from the described approach. Application in living animals and its associated challenges should be further investigated.Clinical significanceMediastinoscopy may provide a novel minimally invasive approach to the evaluation and oncologic staging of the cranial mediastinum in dogs.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) occurs uncommonly in cats and no association has previously been observed with long-term indwelling urinary implants. An 18-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat initially was presented for hematuria, leading to the diagnosis of a right-sided ureterolithiasis and severe pyelectasia on ultrasound examination, prompting right-sided subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device placement. The cat subsequently had intermittent hematuria and dysuria, without ultrasonographic abnormality of the bladder or positive urine culture. Thirteen months later the patient developed refractory lower urinary tract signs, azotemia, a proliferative mass in the region of the cystostomy tube component of the SUB device and evidence of left ureteral obstruction. Cystostomy tube revision and left-sided SUB device placement were performed, as well as a partial cystectomy for removal of the mass. Upon histopathology, the mass was diagnosed as a UC. To our knowledge, UC associated with a long-term indwelling cystostomy catheter component of a SUB device has not been reported in veterinary medicine.

OBJECTIVE To report the perioperative outcome and complications in cats undergoing minimally invasive splenectomy. ANIMALS 17 client-owned cats. METHODS Perioperative data were collected from cats undergoing minimally invasive splenectomy from September 2010 to June 2023. Data included history, signalment, preoperative examination and diagnostic testing results, operative technique and time, perioperative outcomes, complications, hospitalization duration, histopathological diagnosis, and outcome. RESULTS 13 spayed females and 4 neutered males were included, with a median age of 144 months (48 to 196 months). Seven cats underwent total laparoscopic splenectomy (TLS), with 1 cat requiring conversion from TLS to laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy (LAS) due to splenomegaly and an additional cat requiring conversion from TLS to open splenectomy due to uncontrollable splenic capsular hemorrhage. Ten cats underwent LAS, with 1 cat requiring conversion to open splenectomy due to splenomegaly. Additional procedures were performed in 13 cats, with the most common being liver biopsy in 10 cats. Median operative times were 50 minutes (45 to 90 minutes) for TLS and 35 minutes (25 to 80 minutes) for LAS. An intraoperative complication occurred in 1 cat. All but 1 cat survived to discharge. Median follow-up time was 234 days (18 to 1,761 days), with 15 of 16 cats confirmed alive at 30 days and 9 of 16 cats alive at 180 days postoperatively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Minimally invasive splenectomy in this cohort of cats was associated with short operative times and a low perioperative complication rate. Veterinary surgeons may consider minimally invasive splenectomy as an efficient and feasible technique in the treatment of splenomegaly or modestly sized splenic masses for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cats.

OBJECTIVE:To conduct a retrospective multi-institutional study reporting short- and long-term outcomes of adrenalectomy in patients presenting with acute hemorrhage secondary to spontaneous adrenal rupture.ANIMALS:59 dogs and 3 cats.METHODS:Medical records of dogs and cats undergoing adrenalectomy between 2000 and 2021 for ruptured adrenal masses were reviewed. Data collected included clinical presentation, preoperative diagnostics, surgical report, anesthesia and hospitalization findings, histopathology, adjuvant treatments, and long-term outcome (recurrence, metastasis, and survival).RESULTS:Median time from hospital admission to surgery was 3 days, with 34% of surgeries being performed emergently (within 1 day of presentation). Need for intraoperative blood transfusion was significantly associated with emergent surgery and presence of active intraoperative hemorrhage. The short-term (≤ 14 days) complication and mortality rates were 42% and 21%, respectively. Negative prognostic factors for short-term survival included emergent surgery, intraoperative hypotension, and performing additional surgical procedures. Diagnoses included adrenocortical neoplasia (malignant [41%], benign [12%], and undetermined [5%]), pheochromocytoma (38%), a single case of adrenal fibrosis and hemorrhage (2%), and a single case of hemangiosarcoma (2%). Local recurrence and metastasis of adrenocortical carcinoma were confirmed in 1 and 3 cases, respectively. Overall median survival time was 574 days and 900 days when short-term mortality was censored. No significant relationship was found between histopathological diagnosis and survival.CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Adrenalectomy for ruptured adrenal gland masses was associated with similar short- and long-term outcomes as compared with previously reported nonruptured cases. If hemodynamic stability can be achieved, delaying surgery and limiting additional procedures appear indicated to optimize short-term survival.

OBJECTIVETo document outcomes of thoracoscopic treatment of idiopathic chylothorax (IC) in dogs with and without constrictive pericardial physiology (CPP) and evaluate patterns of chyle flow redistribution after thoracic duct ligation (TDL).ANIMALS26 client-owned dogs.PROCEDURESIn this prospective cohort study, echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were performed to document CPP in dogs with IC. Thoracoscopic TDL with pericardiectomy was performed if CPP was present (TDL/P group). Dogs without evidence of CPP underwent thoracoscopic TDL alone (TDL group). Dogs underwent preoperative, immediate postoperative, and 3-month postoperative CT lymphangiography studies when possible. Perioperative morbidity, resolution and late recurrence rates, and long-term outcome were recorded.RESULTS17 dogs underwent TDL, and 9 underwent TDL/P. Twenty-five of 26 (96%) survived the perioperative period. One dog died from ventricular fibrillation during pericardiectomy. Resolution rates for TDL and TDL/P were 94% and 88%, respectively (P = .55), with 1 late recurrence occurring in the TDL group in a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 4 to 60 months). On 3-month postoperative CT lymphangiography studies, ongoing chyle flow past the ligation site was demonstrated in 5 of 17 dogs, of which 1 dog developed recurrence at 13 months postoperatively. In 15 of 17 dogs, chylous redistribution after TDL was principally by retrograde flow to the lumbar lymphatic plexus.CLINICAL RELEVANCEIn dogs without evidence of CPP, TDL alone was associated with a very good prognosis for treatment of IC. In the absence of CPP, the additional benefit of pericardiectomy in the treatment of IC is questionable.

OBJECTIVE To report the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for resection of unilateral adrenal masses and to document risk factors for conversion and peri- and postoperative morbidity. ANIMALS 255 client-owned dogs. METHODS Dogs were included if LA was attempted for resection of a unilateral adrenal mass. Medical records were evaluated and relevant data were reported, including complications, conversion, perioperative death, and long-term outcomes. Signalment, clinicopathological data, and surgical experience were factors statistically evaluated for possible associations with capsular penetration during surgery, conversion, surgical time, duration of hospital stay, death prior to discharge, mass recurrence, and survival time. RESULTS 155 dogs had left-sided tumors, and 100 had right-sided tumors. Conversion to an open approach was performed in 9.4% of cases. Capsular penetration (19.2%) and major hemorrhage (5.4%) were the most prevalent intraoperative complications. Of the dogs operated on, 94.9% were discharged from the hospital. Lesion side, portion of the gland affected, and surgeon experience influenced surgical time. Conversion rate increased with increasing body condition score and lesion size. Risk of death prior to discharge increased with increasing lesion size. Risk of conversion and death prior to discharge were lower when performed by more experienced surgeons. Capsular penetration during LA increased the risk of tumor recurrence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE LA for resection of unilateral adrenal masses is associated with excellent outcomes in experienced centers. Surgeons with greater experience with LA have lower surgical times, conversion rates, and risk of death prior to discharge.

Abstract Background Canine intrarenal cystic lesions (ICLs) are infrequently reported in the veterinary literature. Several treatment options have been described including cyst fenestration (partial nephrectomy/deroofing) +/− omentalization, sclerotherapy using alcohol as a sclerosing agent, percutaneous cyst drainage (PCD), and ureteronephrectomy. Information regarding presenting clinical signs, physical examination findings, histologic diagnosis and outcomes of dogs with ICLs treated by different methods is limited. Medical records of 11 institutions were retrospectively reviewed to identify dogs that underwent PCD, sclerotherapy, surgical deroofing +/− omentalization, or ureteronephrectomy for management of ICLs from 2004 to 2021. Six weeks postoperative/post-procedural follow-up was required. Cases suspected to represent malignancy on preoperative imaging were excluded. The study objective was to provide information regarding perioperative characteristics, complications, and outcomes of dogs undergoing treatment of ICLs. Results Eighteen dogs were included, with 24 ICLs treated. Ten had bilateral. There were 15 males and 3 females, with crossbreeds predominating. PCD, sclerotherapy, deroofing and ureteronephrectomy were performed in 5 (5 ICLs treated), 7 (11 ICLs), 6 (6), and 7 (7) dogs, respectively, with 5 dogs undergoing > 1 treatment. Seven dogs experienced 8 complications, with requirement for additional intervention commonest. PCD, sclerotherapy and deroofing resulted in ICL resolution in 0/5, 3/11 and 3/6 treated ICLs, respectively. Histopathology identified renal cysts (RCs) in 7/13 dogs with histopathology available and neoplasia in 6/13 (4 malignant, 2 benign). Of 5 dogs diagnosed histopathologically with neoplasia, cytology of cystic fluid failed to identify neoplastic cells. Among 7 dogs with histologically confirmed RCs, 4 had concurrent ICLs in ipsilateral/contralateral kidney, compared with 2/6 dogs with histologically confirmed neoplasia. Conclusions Benign and neoplastic ICLs were approximately equally common and cystic fluid cytology failed to differentiate the 2. Among renal-sparing treatments, deroofing most commonly resulted in ICL resolution. Presence of concurrent ICLs in ipsilateral/contralateral kidney does not appear reliable in differentiating benign from malignant ICLs.

Primary hepatic neoplasia is uncommonly reported in dogs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent neoplasia identified in dogs and considerable effort has been committed towards identifying definitive and palliative treatment options. HCC is well recognized in humans as a sequelae of liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, while in dogs a similar link has failed to be fully elucidated. Management of HCC in people may be curative or palliative dependent on staging and transplant eligibility. Despite differences in etiology, there is substantial similarity between treatment options for liver neoplasia in human and veterinary medicine. The below summary provides a comparative discussion regarding hepatic neoplasia in dogs and people with a specific focus on HCC. Diagnosis as well as descriptions of the myriad treatment options will be reviewed.

OBJECTIVE To report the fluoroscopic removal or repositioning of urinary tract implants in dogs and cats by use of an endovascular snare system (ESS) and to report procedural usefulness and complications in dogs and cats. ANIMALS 3 cats and 14 dogs. PROCEDURES A medical records review was performed to identify dogs and cats that underwent removal or repositioning of urinary tract foreign bodies or implants by use of an ESS with fluoroscopic guidance at a veterinary teaching hospital from 2013 to 2019. RESULTS Dogs had a median weight of 25 kg (55 lb) with a range of 3.5 to 60.6 kg (7.7 to 133.3 lb), and cats had a median weight of 5 kg (11 lb) with a range of 4.2 to 5.4 kg (9.2 to 11.9 lb). By use of an ESS, 12 patients (2 cats and 10 dogs) underwent transurethral retrieval of retained vesicourethral implants or ureteral stents, 2 dogs underwent transurethral ureteral stent repositioning, 1 cat and 2 dogs underwent transnephric retrieval of ureteral stents, and 1 dog underwent cystoscopic-assisted transureteral ureteral stent retrieval. All procedures were successfully performed, and there were no associated procedural complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Retained vesicourethral implants or ureteral stents were successfully retrieved by use of an ESS in dogs and cats transurethrally or with an open or percutaneous transnephric approach and fluoroscopic guidance. These techniques should be considered as an alternative or adjunct to more invasive methods for implant retrieval or manipulation.

An 8-year-old 28-kg male castrated rough collie was evaluated for persistent chylothorax secondary to right atrial mass. Cardiac ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a right atrial intra- and extraluminal mass with partial obstruction of the cranial vena cava and secondary chylothorax. Vascular stent placement was elected to alleviate cranial vena cava obstruction and secondary chylothorax. An 18 mm × 180 mm self-expanding stent was deployed in the region of the stricture, spanning the cranial vena cava and right atrium. An intrathoracic drainage catheter and subcutaneous port were placed within the right hemithorax, and antiplatelet therapy was initiated. Four weeks later, the dog underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy. Three months following treatment, the dog was diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia and received antiarrhythmic therapy and antiangiogenic/antiproliferative medication (Palladia™). Subsequent evaluations confirmed the resolution of arrhythmia and pleural effusion. Combined vascular stent placement and stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of a right atrial intraluminal and extraluminal mass leading to cranial vena cava compression and subsequent chylothorax may lead to long-term survival. A good outcome was achieved in this patient due to resolution of pleural effusion, as well as cytoreduction and presumably delayed progression of tumor growth.

Abstract A 6‐year‐old neutered male German shepherd dog was evaluated for obtundation, blindness, and bilateral exophthalmos. A magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain was performed and identified an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with several feeding arterial branches, and venous drainage through the cavernous sinus. Venous vessels rostral to the AVM were severely distended and extended into the retrobulbar spaces. Liquid embolization by injection of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer was performed from access points in the maxillary arteries and internal carotid arteries. No intraprocedural complications were encountered, and the dog was discharged the next day. Bilateral enucleation eventually was performed because of exposure keratopathy. At 31 months post‐embolization, owners reported that the dog was doing very well clinically with high activity level and normal appetite, and the dog also appeared to be pain free. Although intracranial AVMs are very rare in companion animals, successful treatment using liquid embolization is possible and should be considered.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) for submucosal rectal resection in large breed dogs. Study design Cadaveric study. Sample population Canine cadavers (n = 6) weighing between 37.5 and 60 kg. Methods Dogs were positioned in sternal recumbency. After rectal cleansing, a transanal access platform was placed in the rectum, and a pneumorectum was established. An area of ventral rectal wall approximately 2 x 2 cm was resected in a submucosal plane by using laparoscopic instruments and submitted for histopathological evaluation. The rectal wall defect was closed with a single-layer continuous suture pattern with barbed suture. Postoperatively, the rectum was removed en bloc and evaluated for suture or surgical penetration of the serosal surface. Results Submucosal rectal resection was successfully completed by using TAMIS in all dogs. The median length of resected specimens after fixation was 24.5 mm (range 9.8-26.5). In two of six dogs, suture was macroscopically visible on the serosal surface, but no dogs had evidence of iatrogenic full-thickness surgical penetration of the rectum. The median distance from the aborad extent of the suture closure line to the anocutaneous junction was 35 mm (range, 35-105). Conclusion Submucosal resection of the canine rectal wall was feasible in large breed dogs by using TAMIS. No evidence of full-thickness penetration of the rectal wall was seen in these cadaveric specimens. Clinical significance Transanal minimally invasive surgery may provide an alternative minimally invasive approach for resection for benign adenomatous rectal polyps in large breed dogs that might otherwise require a rectal pull-through.

CASE DESCRIPTIONAn 11-month-old mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of a 2-day history of acute-onset, intermittent vocalization and collapse several days after ingesting metallic wire foreign material.CLINICAL FINDINGSPhysical examination findings were initially unremarkable. After a brief period of hospitalization, the patient acutely developed non-weight-bearing lameness with signs of severe pain localized to the left thoracic limb and inability or refusal to rise. Results of cervical, thoracic, and abdominal radiography revealed a linear metallic foreign body at the thoracic inlet and a single metallic foreign body in the cranial aspect of the abdomen. Neuropathic pain at the level of the left brachial plexus was suspected. Results of a subsequent CT scan were consistent with a metallic foreign body in the left axilla with associated abscess formation and neuritis and an additional metallic foreign body within the omental fat near the pyloroduodenal junction.TREATMENT AND OUTCOMEIntraoperative fluoroscopy was used to facilitate localization and surgical removal of the axillary foreign body. The intra-abdominal foreign body was removed laparoscopically. Complete resolution of clinical signs was observed before discharge from the hospital the following day. On telephone follow-up 8 months after surgery, the owners reported the patient had no signs of lameness or complications.CLINICAL RELEVANCEMigrating metallic foreign bodies may be identified as incidental findings with the potential to cause harm in the future or may be a cause for severe clinical signs. Migrating foreign bodies should be considered as a differential diagnosis for patients reported to have acute collapse or lameness and consistent clinical history.

OBJECTIVETo describe a serious adverse event of gastrointestinal obstruction requiring surgery following routine administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal (AC) granules, which were prescribed for carprofen toxicosis.CASE SUMMARYA 2-year-old female neutered Airedale Terrier presented for ingestion of 207 mg/kg of carprofen. Decontamination was initiated with apomorphine to induce emesis. Along with additional supportive care, the dog received an initial dose of 75 mL of AC suspension containing sorbitol by mouth (15.6 g of AC, or 0.6 g/kg), followed by 50 g of AC granules every 8 hours for 4 additional doses. While hospitalized, the dog experienced clinical signs, including vomiting and black diarrhea, as well as bloodwork changes including mild to moderate elevations in kidney and liver enzymes. Given clinical improvement after 72 hours of hospitalization, the patient was discharged for monitoring and ongoing care at home. Two days later, the patient presented again for nausea, dark diarrhea with frank blood, and panting. Abdominal ultrasound showed findings suspicious for partially obstructive foreign material or atypical impacted fecal material partially occluding the distal ileum. Despite medical management overnight, recheck ultrasound the following day demonstrated persistent obstruction with ileal foreign material. Exploratory laparotomy and enterotomy revealed moderate distension and obstruction of the distal ileum with black granular foreign material consistent with charcoal granules. The patient remained in hospital for supportive care for 4 days following the procedure, and all clinical signs were resolved at the time of discharge.NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDEDThis report documents a serious adverse event of gastrointestinal obstruction associated with routine multidose AC administration, which has been occasionally reported in people but not in dogs. The potential for this complication should be taken into account when prescribing multiple doses of AC granules.

Four dogs with gastric foreign bodies were treated by laparoscopic-assisted gastrotomy. techniques included two-port technique (n=two dogs), single-port with Alexis wound retractor (one) and single-port Gelseal cap with three cannulae (one). Foreign bodies retrieved included gravel (n=two dogs), trichobezoar (one) and a ball (one). all dogs had foreign bodies successfully removed, and no complications were encountered associated with the surgical procedures. these results suggest that laparoscopic-assisted gastrotomy is a feasible treatment for dogs with gastric foreign bodies via standard two-port technique, single-port with Alexis wound retractor, or single-port with Gelseal device. the benefits of minimally invasive surgery have been well-established for veterinary patients, and further investigation into additional uses is essential; the findings of this series highlight the importance of considering laparoscopic assistance for procedures such as gastrotomy.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of bronchoscopy in dogs undergoing computed tomography (CT) and surgery for intrathoracic disease (pyothorax and pneumothorax) secondary to migrating plant awns (MPA) and to report outcomes in dogs that did and did not undergo bronchoscopy in addition to CT and surgery.STUDY DESIGN:Retrospective case series.ANIMALS:Thirty-seven client-owned dogs.METHODS:Medical records from 2008 to 2017 were reviewed for dogs with documented MPA in the thoracic cavity treated with CT and surgery with or without bronchoscopy. Information regarding diagnostics, treatments, complications, and outcomes relating to hospitalization was evaluated.RESULTS:At least one abnormal lung lobe was identified by CT in all dogs. Bronchial abnormalities were identified with bronchoscopy in 21 of 22 dogs (95.4%) with available reports. Agreement between CT and bronchoscopy findings ranged from 50% to 81.8%, depending on lung lobe. Thirty-six dogs had one or more lung lobes surgically removed. Thirty-seven MPA were retrieved via bronchoscopy in 10 of 27 (37%) dogs, and 39 MPA were retrieved at surgery in 26 of 37 (70.3%) dogs. Actinomyces spp. were cultured from surgical samples in 7 of 33 (21.2%) dogs. Thirty-five of 37 (94.6%) dogs survived to discharge.CONCLUSION:Migrating plant awns were successfully retrieved via bronchoscopy. Agreement between CT findings and bronchoscopy was inconsistent, so there may be roles for both modalities. Short- and long-term survival was excellent in this cohort.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Bronchoscopy may allow for diagnostic and therapeutic advantages compared with CT in dogs with endobronchial MPA. Actinomyces spp appear to be variably present in surgically acquired bacterial cultures in dogs with MPA.