The American Gastroenterological Association gathered a group of interdisciplinary experts to develop an updated Clinical Care Pathway on how to best screen for, diagnose, and treat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. The complementary clinical application was also updated to reflect the changes in the clinical guidance: MASLD/MASH Clinical Care Pathway mobile application at gastro.org/MASLD.

Heart failure is a major complication of type 2 diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes often have to manage multiple comorbid conditions that increase the risk of heart failure, such as hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, management of cardiovascular risk factors through lifestyle modifications and pharmacological intervention is fundamental to prevent the progression of heart failure in patients with diabetes. Hospitalization is common in patients with heart failure, and hospitalizations represent the largest component of direct medical costs for heart failure. Therapies that reduce the burden of hospitalization for heart failure are greatly needed. In this podcast series of three episodes, a cardiovascular specialist, an endocrinologist, and a primary care physician will provide practical guidance for primary care physicians on optimal identification and management of heart failure in patients with diabetes. In this second episode in the series, we give an overview of the tools available to clinicians to reduce the risk of heart failure progression in patients with early-stage heart failure. This includes the discussion of lifestyle modifications as well as the cardiovascular benefits of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and other medications used at the intersection of diabetes and heart failure.

Although type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more common in adults than type 1 diabetes (T1D), over half of individuals with T1D are diagnosed as adults. The onset of T1D in adulthood leads to a high prevalence of misclassification of diabetes, resulting in delayed or inadequate treatment and increased risk of complications. This review uses case studies to highlight clinical features that can aid in identifying adults who may have T1D, including family history of T1D, family or personal history of other autoimmune disorders, lack of metabolic syndrome features, and poor response to non-insulin diabetes medications. Practical recommendations for confirmatory testing are described, including autoantibody and C-peptide testing, while noting important limitations of these tests, to support clinicians in accurately classifying T1D in adults.

A panel of experts in the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data in the treatment of diabetes met in Burlingame, California on October 27, 2025 to discuss the utility of the glycemia risk index (GRI) for clinical care research and population health management. The GRI composite metric is a single number (on a 0-100 percentile scale-lower is better) based on an expert-determined weighting of the seven individual components in the existing ambulatory glucose profile (AGP). The GRI describes the quality of glycemia based on glucose values collected in a 14-day CGM tracing, thus providing additional insights into CGM profiles beyond the AGP. During the meeting, the mathematical derivation of the GRI metric was presented along with its use for adult and pediatric individuals with diabetes and cancer who require medications that can adversely affect the glucose concentration. Examples where the GRI provided useful insights into the quality of CGM tracings were also discussed by the expert panel. In addition, a new smartphone application, the GRI Calculator, was presented. This app calculates the GRI of a CGM tracing and provides visualization of sequential CGM tracings for a specific individual. The GRI provides a reference measurement for the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) models assigning levels of glycemic quality to CGM tracings intended to match the assessments of clinicians. The GRI is now part of the data visualization panel for the Integration of Connected Diabetes Device Data into the Electronic Health Record (iCoDE-2) project, which standardizes both CGM and insulin dosing data. Further exploration of the potential value of the GRI for non-insulin users needs to be undertaken. The panel unanimously recommended that CGM manufacturers and developers of data visualization software for CGMs add the GRI to their data platforms for insulin users.

Heart failure is a growing major public health concern. Total medical costs for heart failure in the USA are expected to rise to more than US 70 billion by 2030, and this is expected to rise as the prevalence of heart failure increases owing to an aging population and the concurrent increase in risk factors for heart failure such as obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Heart failure affects 22

AIMS:Efsitora is a novel once-weekly basal insulin. Efsitora demonstrated similar efficacy and safety compared with once-daily basal insulin comparators across four phase 3 clinical trials for type 2 diabetes. This exploratory safety analysis further characterizes hypoglycemia events in the efsitora and once-daily treatment groups in three of these trials (QWINT-2, -3, and -4). METHODS:Median duration of hypoglycemia events was assessed with masked continuous glucose monitoring. Incidence of persistent-recurrent (PR) hypoglycemia was assessed by investigators and by a pre-specified algorithm using SMBG e-diary data. Factors contributing to hypoglycemia, characteristics of hypoglycemia, and treatment methods were reported by participants and assessed across groups. RESULTS:Across the three trials, durations of hypoglycemic events for efsitora vs once-daily basal insulin comparators were: Level 1 and 2 [<70 mg/dL]: 40-42.5 vs 40 min; Level 2 [<54 mg/dL]: 35-39.9 vs 35 min. Few incidences of PR hypoglycemia were reported for efsitora or once-daily comparators. No major descriptive differences were observed between hypoglycemia contributing factors, characteristics, or treatment methods in efsitora and once-daily treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS:No clinically relevant differences were observed between the duration or characteristics of hypoglycemic events in efsitora and once-daily treatment groups in the QWINT-2, -3, and -4 trials.

Heart failure is a common and often underappreciated complication of type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes frequently have multiple interconnected comorbidities, including hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and obesity, which can culminate in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Effective management of cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes requires a comprehensive, coordinated approach to optimize treatment plans and improve overall patient care. Collaborative care models, involving multidisciplinary teams, can significantly improve patient outcomes by enhancing medication adherence, reducing hospitalizations, and preventing the progression of heart failure. This approach provides holistic care to patients and reduces risk from multiple directions. Costs and insurance coverage issues can limit access to collaborative care; however, digital health interventions, virtual collaboration, and community support can help to overcome these barriers for primary care physicians and patients, especially in rural areas. In this podcast series of three episodes, a cardiovascular specialist, an endocrinologist, and a primary care physician will provide practical guidance for primary care physicians on optimal identification and management of heart failure in patients with diabetes. In this, the third episode, we discuss practical approaches for physicians to work collaboratively to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, leveraging the skills of diabetes care and education specialists, dietitians, advanced practice providers, and others. They highlight the importance of patient education and shared decision-making, alongside therapeutic intervention, in enabling patients to manage their conditions effectively.

This real-world analysis compared adherence rates, total health care costs, and health care resource utilization of individuals receiving continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) supplies through durable medical equipment (DME) providers versus through pharmacies, according to insurance type. Patients in the DME cohort had higher adherence rates than those in the pharmacy cohort. Total costs were lower for Medicare/Medicare Advantage patients getting supplies from a DME than for patients getting supplies from a pharmacy. Among those with commercial insurance, health care utilization was lower in the DME cohort than in the pharmacy cohort. Sourcing CGM supplies from DME providers versus pharmacies may yield benefits on adherence, health care costs, and resource utilization.

This paper reports the expert opinions and recommendations made by primary care physicians (PCPs) to optimize screening and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with diabetes and presents algorithms to provide a practical and simplified guide for PCPs. Individuals living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) should be screened early and at regular intervals for CKD using both estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio testing. The risk of CKD assessed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes heatmap should be reviewed at least annually to optimize treatment to slow progression of CKD. Lifestyle modifications form the foundation of reducing CKD risk in individuals with T2D. A pillared approach to pharmacotherapy (renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist [finerenone], and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists) is recommended in individuals with CKD and T2D.

Background: Clinical interpretation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for people without diabetes has not been well established. This study aimed to investigate concordance among CGM experts in recommending clinical follow-up for individuals without diabetes, based upon their independent review of CGM data. Methods: We sent a survey out to expert clinicians ( n = 18) and asked them to evaluate 20 potentially challenging Dexcom G6 Pro CGM reports (and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] and fasting venous blood glucose levels) from individuals without diabetes. Clinicians reported whether they would recommend follow-up and the reasoning for their decision. We performed Fleiss Kappa interrater reliability to determine agreement among clinicians. Results: More than half of expert clinicians (56-100%, but no clear consensus) recommended follow-up to individuals who spent >2% time above range (>180 mg/dL), even if HbA1c <5.7% and fasting glucose <100 mg/dL. There were no observed trends for recommending follow-up based on mean glucose or glucose management indicator. Overall, we observed poor agreement in recommendations for who should receive follow-up based on their CGM report (Fleiss Kappa = 0.36). Conclusions: High discordance among expert clinicians when interpreting potentially challenging CGM reports for people without diabetes highlights the need for more research in developing normative data for people without diabetes. Future work is required to develop CGM criteria for identifying potentially high-risk individuals who may progress to prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Both glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) , continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) have been shown to improve glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c) levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, a US real- world study found statistically significant improvements in A1c levels among patients using GLP-1 RA and a CGM device, compared with a matched cohort receiving only GLP-1 RA. OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness from a US payer perspective of initiating CGM (FreeStyle Libre Systems) in people living with T2DM using a GLP-1 RA therapy, compared with GLP-1 RA alone. METHODS: A patient-level microsimulation model was run for 10,000 patients over a lifetime horizon with 3.0% discounting for costs and utilities. Patient characteristics were based on the overall population of the US real-world study and the subgroup of patients not using intensive insulin. The effect of CGM was modeled as a persistent reduction in A1c compared with GLP-1 RA alone (overall = 0.37%; patients not using intensive insulin = 0.34%). Costs ($2,023) , disutilities were applied to diabetes complications and acute diabetic events. Outcomes were assessed as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). RESULTS: The base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (incremental costs/incremental QALYs) for GLP-1 RA plus CGM vs GLP-1 RA alone was $40,968/QALY in the overall cohort (cost = $484,180 vs $473,938; QALYs = 13.37 vs 13.12). Among patients not using intensive insulin, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $43,095/QALY. Scenario analysis showed that the model results were robust to changing assumptions. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that GLP-1 RA plus CGM had a 64% probability of being cost- effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS: From a US payer perspective, CGM is cost-effective when added to GLP-1 RA therapies for the treatment of T2DM, includ- ing for patients not using intensive insulin.

Background and Aim: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) therapy provides glycemic benefits to individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the effects of GLP-1 RA therapy in combination with FreeStyle Libre systems (FSL) are unknown. This study aimed to compare changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between people acquiring GLP-1 with FSL (GLP-1+FSL) versus GLP-1 without FSL (GLP-1). Methods: This real-world study used Optum's de-identified Market Clarity Data, a linked electronic health records (EHR)-claims database, and included adults with T2D and HbA1c ≥8% who acquired their first GLP-1 RA medication between 2018 and 2022. GLP-1+FSL subjects acquired their first FSL within ±30 days of their first GLP-1 acquisition. Cohorts were matched 1:5 on baseline insulin therapy, age, sex, baseline HbA1c, and GLP-1 type. Paired changes in HbA1c were compared between unmatched and matched groups at 6 months. Results: The study included 24,724 adults in the unmatched cohort (GLP-1+FSL, n = 478; GLP-1, n = 24,246). The matched cohort included 478 GLP-1+FSL users and 2,390 GLP-1 users: mean age 53.5 ± 11.8 and 53.5 ± 11.3 years, HbA1c 10.25 ± 1.68% and 10.22 ± 1.69%, respectively. HbA1c reduction was greater in the GLP-1+FSL group compared with the GLP-1 group in the unmatched cohort (-2.43% vs. -1.73%, difference 0.70%, P < 0.001, respectively) and in the matched cohort (-2.43% vs. -2.06%, difference 0.37%, P < 0.001). GLP-1+FSL vs. GLP-1 treatment was associated with greater HbA1c reduction in the intensive insulin (-2.32% vs. -1.50%), nonintensive insulin (-2.50% vs. -1.74%), and noninsulin group (-2.46% vs. -1.78%), as well as in patients using semaglutide (-2.73% vs. -1.92%) and dulaglutide (-2.45% vs. -1.71%) GLP-1 RA, all P < 0.001. Conclusions: Adults with suboptimally controlled T2D, initiating GLP-1 RA with FreeStyle Libre, had greater improvement in HbA1c compared with those treated with GLP-1 RA only. These results suggest an additional glycemic benefit of FSL when used with a GLP-1 RA in T2D treatment.

Introduction & Objective: People with T2D may require higher total daily doses (TDD) of insulin with progression to MDI. Study aim was to examine impact of different insulin reservoir sizes for adults with T2D on MDI transitioning to a patch pump. Methods: Adults (≥18 yr) with T2D on MDI (≥3 daily insulin injections) were included from the US IQVIA ambulatory electronic medical record dataset (01/2017 - 07/2022). Using mean TDD per person, we estimated number (%) of people for whom 200-unit (u) and 300u insulin reservoirs would be sufficient for different wear times and the number of patch pumps needed over time. Results: Mean ±SD TDD was 96±58u (median 80u) among 41,215 adults with T2D on MDI (52% women; mean age 58±13 yr, mean BMI 34±7 kg/m2). For 72-hr wear, 200u and 300u reservoirs were sufficient capacity for 15,612 (38%) and 26,290 (64%) adults, respectively (Figure). For 48-hr wear, 200u and 300u were sufficient for 64% and 85%, respectively, and for 24-hr wear, 94% and 99%. Number of patches needed with 200/300u reservoirs were estimated at 15/10 per mo, 176/122 per yr at mean TDD of 96u; 12/10 per mo, 147/122 per yr at median TDD of 80u; 23/15 per mo, 274/183 per yr at TDD 150u; 30/20 per mo, 366/244 per yr at TDD 200u. Conclusions: Findings provide a solid rationale for larger insulin reservoir size, providing longer wear times and fewer patches for adults with T2D on MDI transitioning to a patch pump. Disclosure E.E. Wright: Advisory Panel; Abbott. Consultant; Abbott. Speaker's Bureau; Abbott. Consultant; Abbott Diagnostics. Advisory Panel; ADA/ACC Diabetes by Heart Program, Bayer Inc. Consultant; Bayer Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Bayer Inc. Advisory Panel; Boehringer-Ingelheim. Consultant; Boehringer-Ingelheim. Speaker's Bureau; Boehringer-Ingelheim. Advisory Panel; Lilly Diabetes. Consultant; Lilly Diabetes. Speaker's Bureau; Lilly Diabetes. Advisory Panel; embecta. Consultant; embecta, GlaxoSmithKline plc. Speaker's Bureau; GlaxoSmithKline plc. Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Renalytix. Consultant; Renalytix. Speaker's Bureau; Renalytix. Advisory Panel; Sanofi. Speaker's Bureau; Sanofi. Advisory Panel; Stability Health. Consultant; Up-To-Date. V.N. Shah: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation. Research Support; Insulet Corporation. Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk. Research Support; Novo Nordisk. Advisory Panel; Sanofi, Medscape. Consultant; embecta, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. A.V. Thach: Employee; embecta. Research Support; dQ&A. Employee; AbbVie Inc., Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. P. Javadi: Employee; embecta, Insulet Corporation. S. Davies: None. R. Sieradzan: Employee; embecta. Stock/Shareholder; embecta.

People living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk of CKD progression and kidney failure. This is a summary of the FIDELITY pooled analysis where two clinical trials (FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD) were performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of finerenone in people with T2D and CKD. The data from these two studies were combined and analyzed and it was found that those who took finerenone on top of standard-of-care medicine had a 14% reduced risk of having a cardiovascular event and 23% reduced risk of having a kidney event versus those who took placebo. Those who took finerenone were also more likely to have high blood potassium, but this was mostly manageable.A graphical abstract and translations of all content (Chinese, Japanese, German, Spanish, Brazilian-Portuguese, French) are available for this article.

Background: Connected insulin pens capture data on insulin dosing/timing and can integrate with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices with essential insulin and glucose metrics combined into a single platform. Standardization of connected insulin pen reports is desirable to enhance clinical utility with a single report.Methods: An international expert panel was convened to develop a standardized connected insulin pen report incorporating insulin and glucose metrics into a single report containing clinically useful information. An extensive literature review and identification of examples of current connected insulin pen reports were performed serving as the basis for creation of a draft of a standardized connected insulin pen report. The expert panel participated in three virtual standardization meetings and online surveys.Results: The Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) Report: Connected Insulin Pen brings all clinically relevant CGM-derived glucose and connected insulin pen metrics into a single simplified two-page report. The first page contains the time in ranges bar, summary of key insulin and glucose metrics, the AGP curve, and detailed basal (long-acting) insulin assessment. The second page contains the bolus (mealtime and correction) insulin assessment periods with information on meal timing, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, average bolus insulin dose, and number of days with bolus doses recorded. The report's second page contains daily glucose profiles with an overlay of the timing and amount of basal and bolus insulin administered.Conclusion: The AGP Report: Connected Insulin Pen is a standardized clinically useful report that should be considered by companies developing connected pen technology as part of their system reporting/output.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and heart failure (HF)-along with their associated risk factors-have overlapping etiologies, and two or more of these conditions frequently occur in the same patient. Many recent cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) have demonstrated the benefits of agents originally developed to control T2D, ASCVD, or CKD risk factors, and these agents have transcended their primary indications to confer benefits across a range of conditions. This evolution in CVOT evidence calls for practice recommendations that are not constrained by a single discipline to help clinicians manage patients with complex conditions involving diabetes, cardiorenal, and/or metabolic (DCRM) diseases. The ultimate goal for these recommendations is to be comprehensive yet succinct and easy to follow by the nonexpert-whether a specialist or a primary care clinician. To meet this need, we formed a volunteer task force comprising leading cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and primary care physicians to develop the DCRM Practice Recommendations, a multispecialty consensus on the comprehensive management of the patient with complicated metabolic disease. The task force recommendations are based on strong evidence and incorporate practical guidance that is clinically relevant and simple to implement, with the aim of improving outcomes in patients with DCRM. The recommendations are presented as 18 separate graphics covering lifestyle therapy, patient self-management education, technology for DCRM management, prediabetes, cognitive dysfunction, vaccinations, clinical tests, lipids, hypertension, anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, antihyperglycemic therapy, hypoglycemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), ASCVD, HF, CKD, and comorbid HF and CKD, as well as a graphical summary of medications used for DCRM.

Clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are designed to assist healthcare professionals with clinical decision making by providing recommendations on the screening, detection, management, and treatment of these conditions. However, primary care practitioners (PCPs) may have clinical inertia when it comes to routinely enacting CKD and T2D guideline recommendations in their clinical practices. Guideline developers have published a range of resources with the aim of facilitating easier access to guideline recommendations to support efficient and consistent implementation into clinical practice of PCPs. Challenges remain in providing strategies to reduce inertia in the application of guideline recommendations in primary care. In this review, we explore reasons behind the low level of awareness and poor uptake of published evidence-based care approaches to the optimal management of patients with T2D and CKD. Finally, we present suggestions on strategies to improve the implementation of guideline-directed recommendations in primary care.

Both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improve glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unknown whether adding CGM to GLP-1 RA therapy further improves A1c. We evaluated changes in A1c levels 6 months after initiation of FreeStyle Libre (FSL) in adults with sub-optimally controlled T2D already on GLP-1 RA therapy. This retrospective, observational study used Optum’s de-identified Market Clarity Data, a linked electronic health record-claims database to assess changes in A1c after FSL acquisition. Inclusion criteria were T2D diagnosis, ≥ 18 years, baseline A1c ≥ 8