In this study, the biostimulant potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was investigated to enhance sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed response to salt stress. Controlled applications were conducted at different NaCl (0-200 mM) and TiO2 (0-1,800 ppm) levels, and eight key morphological and physiological parameters were evaluated. In the first stage, the individual and interactive effects of the factors were examined using a two-way analysis of variance. Then, various machine learning-based regression models, primarily the Gradient Boosting algorithm, were used to numerically model plant responses. Based on the high-accuracy models, optimal application combinations were determined for each parameter and visualized using graphical surface analyses. Additionally, the most suitable overall TiO2 dosage for each salt level was calculated using a multi-criteria scoring system that assigned equal weight to all parameters. The results revealed that TiO2 exerts a regulatory and protective effect on plants against salt stress, with this effect varying with both dosage level and environmental stress severity. The study demonstrates that nanotechnological initiatives can be integrated into data-driven agricultural strategies to optimize stress management.

Increased plant population causes more in-row stress in plants, potentially reducing yield. Narrow row spacing can reduce stress by increasing plant-to-plant spacing within a row. Therefore, it is important to standardize plant row spacing according to various characteristics to achieve higher yield and quality. The purpose of the 2014-2015 study was to ascertain the impact of varying sowing distances (20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) between rows on the yield and agronomic traits of coriander genotypes (Gamze, Kudret, Telci). Four replications of the field research were set up using a "Randomized Blocks Experimental Design." The results indicated that genotype, row spacing, and the genotype x row spacing interaction had a statistically significant impact on seed output, but the years had no discernible influence on seed yield. The production of seed and oil decreased as row spacing increased, while oil content increased. With 20-40 cm row spacing and 1683.4-1846.5 kg da(-1), the genotypes of Kudret and Telci produced the maximum seed production. Although the decrease in the number of branches and umbrellas in narrow row spacing had a negative effect on seed yield, the increase in the number of seeds per umbrella and the number of plants per unit area led to an increase in seed yield. When evaluated based on genotypes, although the Kudret and Telci genotypes gave the best results in terms of seed yield, the Kudret genotype gave the best results regarding essential oil ratio and essential oil yield.

Global climate change, which is increasingly evident today, leads to significant fluctuations in the yield and quality parameters of sugar beet varieties, particularly due to its direct impact on semi-arid regions. Therefore, the adaptation capacity of varieties especially in the semi-arid areas of eastern regions and their responses to drought and temperature stress are of critical importance. This study was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing seasons to evaluate the yield and quality performance of ten sugar beet varieties (Seranada, Lider, Mohican, Terronova, Aranka, Turbata, Bernache, Setenil, Tisserin, and Chevalier) within a continental agro-ecological zone characterized by high altitude and a semi-arid climate. The results revealed significant differences among the varieties in terms of all examined traits. The highest root yield was obtained from Chevalier (95.30 ton/ha) and Mohican (94.17 ton/ha), while Tisserin produced the lowest (71.34 ton/ha). In terms of sugar yield, Terronova ranked highest (16.18 ton/ha), whereas Tisserin (12.44 ton/ha) and Setenil (12.34 ton/ha) showed the lowest performances. The Lider variety recorded the highest sugar content (18.22

Background: This study specifically investigated how different combinations of row spacing and sowing norms affect the yield and agronomic traits of the oilseed crop, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Methods: The study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 using the ‘Dinçer’ and ‘Yenice’ safflower genotypes. A factorial experiment was performed involving three different row spacing treatments (20, 40 and 60 cm) and three different sowing norm treatments (20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1. The parameters examined included plant height, number of branches, number of heads, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. The effects of the treatments were statistically evaluated across different planting distances. Result: The row spacing treatment significantly affected all the examined parameters. The 40 cm row spacing was particularly effective, causing a decrease in plant height and branching while significantly increasing 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil yield compared to the 20 and 60 cm spacings. Similarly, the sowing norms significantly affected all measured characteristics. The combination of 40 cm row spacing and 60 kg ha-1 sowing norm yielded the best results for seed yield, indicating that frequent sowing practices can significantly boost safflower productivity and optimize oil yield under irrigated, semi-arid conditions.

The shortage of vegetable oil in Turkey is escalating daily. Increasing the production of safflower oil seeds, which are particularly adapted to semi-arid climatic conditions, could reduce dependence on foreign sources for vegetable oil. In this study, the yield and quality characteristics of eight safflower varieties were evaluated under semi-arid ecological conditions in northern Turkey. Field trials were conducted over two years (2020–2021) with three replications, following the ‘’Randomized Block Experiment Design’’. Significant differences were observed between the varieties in terms of the examined parameters. The highest average grain yield (1730.9 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained from the Göktürk variety, the highest oil content (30.7

The storage of the harvested sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) before the processing stage is crucial, particularly regarding quality and durability. To maintain the quality of the beet prior to processing, appropriate storage conditions must be provided. Although siloing is a standard method for beet storage, this process may have some negative effects. Given the limited information on the impact of siloing on yield and quality, it is essential to determine the optimal duration of siloing. This study investigated the effect of different siloing periods on the root and weight and quality criteria of sugar beet in 2020 and 2021. Four siloing periods (immediately after harvest, ten days after harvest, 20 days after harvest, and 30 days after harvest) were analyzed. The siloing periods significantly affected both the root weight and quality criteria in both years of research. It was determined that the examined characteristics were significantly influenced by the treatments, with weight loss, dry matter content, sugar content, and sugar yield of roots increasing with the length of the siloing period. The results highlight the importance of the waiting time during the siloing period for sugar beet stored in silos after harvest. To minimize losses in the examined characteristics, it is recommended that the processing occur immediately after harvest. If it must be delayed processing is recommended between 10-20 days post-harvest.

This study aimed to determine the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2NP) pretreatment on seeds of different safflower cultivars (Balci, Dincer) under salt and heat stresses. The apparent effects on stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2 center dot-) content), as well as changes in germination and physiological parameters (radicle and plumula weight and length measurements), were investigated. TiO2NP pretreatment caused an increase in radicle length and plumula fresh weight for the Balci cultivar under salinity. Furthermore, plumula dry weight was alleviated with TiO2NP pretreatment for both cultivars. TiO2NP pretreatment improved plumula dry and fresh weights for both cultivars under heat stress. In addition, MDA content decreased for both cultivars under heat stress but only for Balci under salt stress. The amount of O2 center dot- radicals positively affected only the radicle for both cultivars under heat stress. This study is the first to document the alleviation of salt stress damage for the Balci safflower cultivar, and protection for both Balci and Dincer cultivars under heat stress, using 200 ppm TiO2NP pretreatment.

This study aimed to determine the effects of different types of fertilizers (organic and inorganic fertilizers) on plant growth, yield, and yield components of potatoes grown in the high-altitude plateau of eastern Turkiye in 2017 and 2019. In the experiment, single or combined doses of nitrogen (N; as ammonium sulfate) and phosphorus (P; as triple super phosphate) as inorganic fertilizers and leonardite (L) and vermicompost (V) fertilizers as organic fertilizers were used. In both years, different fertilizer treatments significantly affected plant growth, yield, and yield components. Tuber yield per hill (941.0 g), marketable tuber yield (32.71 t ha(-1)), total tuber yield (37.84 t ha(-1)), specific gravity (1. 077 g cm(-3)), chip productivity (35.9%), starch (13.03%) and protein (11.0%) ratios increased when N fertilizer was used in combination with vermicompost or leonardite. N fertilizer combined with V or L fertilizer increased tuber yield under harsh continental climates, short growth periods, and high altitudes.

It is known that salinity stress, one of the abiotic stress factors, significantly limits the germination, growth, development, and crop yield of plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity (control, 50, 100 ve 150 mM) on seed germination and the effect of salicylic acid (control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ve 1.00 mM) on seed germination to improve salt tolerance in cannabis seeds. The physiological characteristics of the plant, such as germination percentage, germination duration, germination index, radicle length, plumule length, wet radicle weight, dry radicle weight, wet plumule weight, and dry plumule weight, were analyzed. Depending on the salinity application dose, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the germination parameters of cannabis seeds compared to the control. It was observed that salicylic acid treatments under salinity stress positively affected all the characters examined and reduced germination arrest due to increasing concentration levels. Although it is recommended to prepare seeds with 0.5 mM salicylic acid pre-application dose against salt stress of the cannabis plant,it is essential to expand the studies on its transfer to practice. As a result, salicylic acid will provide positive results that can be transferred to practice by increasing the resistance of cannabis plants against salinity, especially in agricultural soils with salt problems, as it will be more sensitive to pests and diseases.

In the present study, to promote sustainable nano-farming, the apparent effects of different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2NPs) solutions on the germination percentage, index and duration of seeds belonging to Balcı, Dincer, Hasankendi, Koc, Olas, and Zirkon safflower varieties were investigated. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze TiO2NPs in germinated safflower varieties. Germination performance was TiO2NPs concentration and variety depended. It was determined that the seed samples displayed different responses to TiO2NPs concentrations; germination percentages were between 20.0±1.15 and 82.9±0.44%, germination durations were between 2.01±0.021 to 3.82±0.017 days, and germination indices were between 9.97±0.606 and 38.97±0.959. While the highest germination percentage (82.9±0.44%) was obtained from Dincer variety with 100 ppm TiO2NP pre-application, the lowest germination percentage (20.0±1.15% and 20.0±1.92%) was obtained from Balcı and Hasan Kendi varieties with 100 and 300 ppm TiO2NP pre-application. According to this result, although the highest germination percentage based on variety was obtained from the Dincer variety, the Balcı variety with the lowest germination percentage provided the most significant increase in the 200 ppm TiO2NPs application dose compared to the control. According to the germination percentage, it can be said that the most effective TiO2NPs application dose in Safflower varieties is 200 ppm. Further research on nanoparticles is needed to determine both the economical doses of TiO2NP pre-application and its uptake by the plant.

Since sunflower oil is popular cooking oil around the world, the demand for sunflower oil has been increasing recently. The investigation wsas carried out to study the interaction of diverse cultivars with environmental factors on sunflowers' yield components (Helianthus annuus L.). The seed yield and its components significantly varied depending on the variety and location. The maximum seed yield (3700.5 kg ha(-1)) was recorded from Erzurum region in Bosfora cultivar while the minimum seed yield (3450.8 kg ha(-1)) was obtained from Igdir region in Tunca cultivar. Correspondingly Tunca gave a maximum (1620.0 kg ha(-1)) oil yield in Igdir region and a minimum (1550.6 kg ha(-1)) oil yield in Erzurum region. Correlations among seed yield and plant height, head diameter, 1000-seed weight, hectoliter weight, oil concentration and oil yield also showed differences with regards to statistical significance and value at both locations as per the environmental conditions that influenced the individual traits. The results suggested the selection of suitable genotypes must consider the type of soil, local climate, and environmental conditions, which play an important role in oil concentration and seed yield of sunflower. The identified genotypes with high yield and oil content could be used in a breeding programme for the enhancement of genetic potential in sunflowers.

Sunflower is an oil plant grown in many parts of the world, capable of growing in many different climatic conditions. It is of great importance to carry out studies on the adaptation of new varieties and to determine the varieties suitable for the ecology of the region in areas where sunflower cultivation is intense. This study was carried out to determine some sunflower cultivars' yield and quality characteristics (SANBROMR, BOSFORA, SYBARBATİ, ROSETTA, LG5485, P64LL62, SYGIBRALTAR, P64LC108 P64LE119, P64LP130, P63LE113, 11TR077, ESNIEGARA, ADELYA, and DERAY) in 2020-2021 Bayburt conditions. It has been determined that there are significant differences between the cultivars in terms of the parameters examined. The highest average seed yield (4194.2 kg ha-1) and average linoleic acid content (65.09%) were obtained from the BOSFORA variety, the highest average oil content (48.78%) and average oil yield (186.02 kg ha-1) were obtained from ESNİEGARA variety, and the highest average oleic acid content (41.78%) was obtained from 11TR077 variety. The results obtained from the research emphasize the importance of varieties in sunflower plants. They show that BOSFORA and ESNIEGARA varieties come to the fore regarding yield and quality elements in ecologies with a semi-arid climate.

Many external factors, such as climatic conditions, geographical differences, and altitude, directly affect the primary and secondary metabolites and therapeutic use of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), an important plant in alternative medicine. This study was carried out to identify the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the content of proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and total phenolic in the St. John's Wort growing naturally in different regions of Bayburt. The St. John's Wort samples were collected from 11 different locations. As a result of the analyses carried out on the plant samples, it was found that the content of proline was within the range of 4.6-8.2 mu mol g-1 DW, the amount of malondialdehyde was within the range of 0.69-1.10 nmol g-1 DW, the amount of hydrogen peroxide was within the range of 79.89-155.49 mu mol g-1 DW, the amount of flavonoids was within the range of 91.38%100.27%, the amount of anthocyanin was within the range of 0.15-1.11 mkmol g-1 DW, the total phenolic content was within the range of 15.82-45.22 mg GAE g-1, and the antioxidant activity was within the range of 6.07-105.60 mu g mL-1.In conclusion, although the biochemical contents and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities showed a wide variety, the antioxidant activity was found to be higher in samples 5, 8, and 11. According to the antimicrobial activity results, some plant extracts were effective on bacteria and fungi, especially samples 5, 6, 8, and 11 showed an effect at the concentration of 200 mu g mL-1. This study, the first regional study on this subject, will contribute to future research and clinical trials in the health field.

Sunflower is an oil plant grown in many parts of the world, capable of growing in many different climatic conditions. It is of great importance to carry out studies on the adaptation of new varieties and to determine the varieties suitable for the ecology of the region in areas where sunflower cultivation is intense. This study was carried out to determine some sunflower cultivars' yield and quality characteristics (SANBROMR, BOSFORA, SYBARBATİ, ROSETTA, LG5485, P64LL62, SYGIBRALTAR, P64LC108 P64LE119, P64LP130, P63LE113, 11TR077, ESNIEGARA, ADELYA, and DERAY) in 2020-2021 Bayburt conditions. It has been determined that there are significant differences between the cultivars in terms of the parameters examined. The highest average seed yield (4194.2 kg ha-1) and average linoleic acid content (65.09%) were obtained from the BOSFORA variety, the highest average oil content (48.78%) and average oil yield (186.02 kg ha-1) were obtained from ESNİEGARA variety, and the highest average oleic acid content (41.78%) was obtained from 11TR077 variety. The results obtained from the research emphasize the importance of varieties in sunflower plants. They show that BOSFORA and ESNIEGARA varieties come to the fore regarding yield and quality elements in ecologies with a semi-arid climate.

This study was carried out in 2018 to examine the yield and yield components of 8 potato genotypes (Kanursu, Aşkar, Çamlı, Akbulut, Yukarıkızı, Incili, Erikdibi, and Nisantası) and 2 potato varieties (Agria and Lady Olympia) procured in the ecological conditions of Bayburt, Turkey. The experimental work was conducted in trial ground at the Experimental Station of the University of Bayburt (Turkey). The research was designed in random blocks with three replications. As a result of the study, the highest number of stems per plant (6.7), tuber yield per hectare (15.19 tons), number of tubers per plant (8.47), and tuber yield per plant (357.01 g) were found to be in the genotype Akbulut; the highest ratio of large tuber (28.27%) in the genotype Konursu; and the highest ratio of medium tuber (85.22%) in the genotype Çamlıkoz. This study; Although the best potato yield was obtained from the Akbulut genotype on a regional basis, these data are a pioneer for other future studies to determine the cultivar candidates needed in the development of domestic potato cultivars.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), has the potential to be an important oilseed crop in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In this region with a semi-arid climate, there is no scientific study about row spacing and planting rate in safflower. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of row spacing and planting rate on yield and agronomic properties of safflower cultivars (Dinçer and Yenice) in dry conditions, in the years 2013 and 2014. Three different row spacings (20, 40 and 60 cm) and planting rates (20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) were tested. In both study years, it was determined that seeding rate, row spacing and cultivars have significant effects on plant growth, yield and yield components. The cultivars responded similarly to both treatments that row spacing and planting norm in terms of seed yield in both research years. It was determined that the examined plant characters were significantly affected by the treatments, and the oil concentration, seed, and oil yield increased with increased row spacing and planting rate. The results obtained from this study emphasize the importance of the choice of suitable row spacing and planting rate in safflower production in semi-arid environments and the seed yield in safflower could be increased by narrow plantings (i.e.the 20 and 40 cm row spacings with 60 kg ha-1planting rate.

Mustard grows in many parts of the world thanks to its ability to adapt to different climatic conditions. It has the potential to be an important oilseed plant especially in the east of Turkey. There is scarcely any information available about fertilization in mustard cultivation in Turkey. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, a good source of nutrients for the soil, have a positive effect on the growth, development, and yield of the plant in case they are applied at the optimum level. This study was carried out in 2015 and 2016 with the purpose of examining the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the yield and agronomic characteristics of mustard. Five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg ha(-1)) and phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 kg ha(-1)) were tested. It was found that the nitrogen and phosphorus applications had significant effects on the plant growth, yield, and yield components in both 2015 and 2016. The characteristics examined within the scope of the study were significantly affected by the applications, and the oil content and seed yield increased with the increasing fertilizer doses. The results of the study emphasize the importance of fertilizer applications for the mustard plants grown in semiarid climates. 200 kg ha(-1) of nitrogen and 120 kg ha(-1) of phosphorus were found to yield better results, and it was observed that the seed yield of mustard could be increased by increasing the doses of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Bitkisel üretimde kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde abiyotik streslerden biri olan tuzluluk, verimin azalmasına neden olan önemli bir etmendir. Biyoteknolojik gelişmeler ile tuzluluk gibi çeşitli stres koşullarına toleranslı bitki türlerinin seleksiyonu mümkün olmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışma ülkemizin bazı yörelerinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin (Kırik ve Siyez) olgunlaşmış embriyoları kullanılarak in vitro koşullarda tuz stresine olan tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada dört NaCl konsantrasyonları (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) kullanılmış ve Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Planına göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, kök uzunluğu, kök yaş ağırlığı, kök kuru ağırlığı, sürgün boyu, sürgün yaş ağırlık, sürgün kuru ağırlık, toplam su içeriği ve gerçek su içeriği incelenmiştir. Tuz dozlarındaki artışa bağlı olarak incelenen tüm parametrelerin değerleri azalmış ve çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak kök kuru ağırlığı hariç incelenen tüm parametrelerde Siyez çeşidinin tuz stresine Kırik çeşidinden daha toleranslı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Producers in semi-arid and highland regions have difficulty in increasing diversity in crop rotations due to unfavorable conditions imposed by cool temperatures, inadequate rainfall, and shorter growing periods. In such conditions, some cultural practices that increase productivity such as fertilization appear as a promising alternative. Fertilization and the form of fertilizer have a substantial influence on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine the responses of the oilseed sunflower to organic (vermicompost and leonardite) and inorganic (nitrogen and phosphorus) fertilizers, or their combinations in a highland environment. To this end, the field research was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in Erzurum, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In this study, it was found that the organic and inorganic fertilizers alone and their combinations significantly affected all the plant parameters. The highest seed yield (4854 kg ha-1) and oil yield (2114 kg ha-1) were obtained from the combined use of nitrogen and vermicompost. Moreover, the use of vermicompost alone yielded the highest oil content (46.8%). According to the results of this study, combined applications of organic (vermicompost) and inorganic (nitrogen) fertilizers had the highest yield and agronomic characteristics in oilseed sunflower production; so, these applications can be recommended for the similar ecological conditions, that is, short growing season and high altitude.

This research was carried out between the years of 2015-2016 in order todetermine the seed properties of some sunflower genotypes in Erzurum and Iğdır irrigated conditions. In this study seven type of (Coral, P4Ll62, Pactol, Lg5580, Tarsan, 08Tr003, Cadix) sunflower cultivars were used and grain length, width, thickness, dehulled seed (internal rate of grain) and shell ratio of the samples were examined. In this study significant were found the other features except seed width and thickness where some sunflower of grown in different location. In the designed location in Erzurum; grain length, width, thickness, dehulled seed were determined as 11.8–13.4 mm (Coral: P4Ll62), 5.8-6.2 mm (Coral: Lg5580 and Tarsan), 3.5-4.4 mm (Coral and Pactol: Cadix), 16.3-21.3 mm (Cadix: P4Ll62 and Tarsan 1018) and 56.3-76.3 mm (Tarsan and Cadix: P4Ll62). In the designated location in Iğdır, these values ranged between 11.5-14.2 mm (Coral: P4Ll62), 5.5-6.5 mm (Pactol: Tarsan 1018 and Cadix), 3.6-4.1 mm (Coral and Pactol: Cadix), 16.7-26.7mm (P4Ll62 and Pactol: Cadix) and 66.7-81.7 mm (Pactol: Cadix) respectively. According to these results, the designated location for this research in Iğdır come in to prominence in terms of the investigated properties.