Oxidase-like nanozymes use dissolved O2 as the terminal electron acceptor and do not require exogenous H2O2, offering methodological advantages; however, conventional "one-pot carbonization" often causes concurrent carbonization and active-site formation, making the coordination environment difficult to control. Here, a sequential "pre-coordinate-polymerize-pyrolyze" site-engineering route was developed. On carbon black, OPD-Fe3+ pre-coordination and in situ oxidative polymerization were carried out, followed by thermal treatment and purification, by which Fe-N moieties were immobilized within the shell region of the material to afford highly dispersed Fe-Nx moieties predominantly featuring Fe-N4-like coordination (Fe-N4@CBd). Multiscale characterization (XRD/XPS/XANES/EXAFS) consistently showed that iron resided predominantly in a first coordination sphere dominated by Fe-N (coordination number CN ≈ 3.7; R ≈ 2.01 Å), with no resolvable Fe-Fe scattering and only minor, non-dominant Fe-containing phases. ROS-trapping and time-dependent EPR measurements further confirmed continuous O2 activation with the generation of O2•-, •OH, and 1O2 in the Fe-N4@CBd/O2 system. DFT calculations additionally supported Fe-N4-like Fe-Nx sites as the most plausible dominant active structures for O2 activation. Under a unified TMB/O2 system, steady-state enzyme kinetics exhibited outstanding performance, with Vmax = 351 nmol L-1 s-1 and Km = 0.56 mM, which are competitive among reports using the same substrate/readout. An H2O2-free colorimetric platform for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was constructed on this material, achieving a low limit of detection and good linearity; acceptable accuracy and precision were verified by standard additions in diluted serum. This sequential strategy predefines the Fe-N neighborhood and topology at the precursor stage, reduces uncertainty in site formation, and avoids metal-organic framework (MOF)/hard-template/ionic-liquid multi-step procedures, thereby providing a strong basis for reproducible Fe-N4-like/Fe-Nx oxidase-like nanozyme preparation and streamlined, robust bioanalysis.

This study investigates the co-pyrolysis behavior of pinewood biomass (PWB) and bituminous coal (CB) in a micro-fluidized bed reaction analyzer (MFBRA) under an argon environment at 800-1000 degrees C to enhance the efficiency of fuel gas production. Gas yields (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) along with their reaction rates. The reaction kinetics were studied through the Volume reaction model (VRM) and kinetic parameters; activation energy(Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were evaluated using the Arrhenius model during the process. For PWB, the maximum gas yield was observed at 1000 degrees C for H2 and for CO it was observed at 850 degrees C, while the maximum gas yield of H2 and CO for CB was observed at 1000 degrees C. For all the PWB-CB blends, the maximum gas yield of H2 and the maximum gas yield of CO for PWB-CB (1:1) and PWB-CB (1:3) were observed at 1000 degrees C, while for PWB-CB (3:1), it was observed at 850 degrees C. Co-pyrolysis significantly reduced Ea and A with the lowest value of (8.15 kJ/mol and 0.31 s-1) observed for the PWB-CB (1:1) blend compared to (22.44 kJ/mol and 0.77 s-1) and (15.18 kJ/mol and 1.39 s-1) for pure CB and PWB which revealed significant synergetic effects. Synergistic effect existence in the PWB-CB blends showed that interactions between biomass volatiles and coal-derived radicals enhanced devolatilization and gas evolution during co-pyrolysis. The PWB-CB (3:1) and PWB-CB (1:1) blends were optimal blends that demonstrated improved gas yields and lower energy barriers based on their individual and overall Ea implying better thermochemical performance. This study provides a solid basis for optimizing blend ratios and operating conditions in thermochemical conversion systems.

Biomass-derived hard carbon is rapidly emerging as an outstanding anode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, its commercialization is severely hindered by issues such as low initial Coulombic efficiency and short cycle life. Compared to other biomass feedstocks, durian shells offer unique advantages, including wide availability, low cost, and naturally high carbon content, making them an ideal material for this application. In this study, through simple processes such as pre-oxidation, functionalization modification, and high-temperature carbonization, the nitrogen and sulfur co-doped functionalized biomass hard carbon (NS-DC) derived from durian shells, is successfully prepared. The NS-DC anode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries, which delivers an initial discharge capacity of 270.59 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C, with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 85.90 %. Moreover, a stable specific capacity of 232 mAh g-1 is maintained after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Combined evidence from ex-situ XPS and XRD analyses supports the adsorption-intercalationfilling mechanism in the NS-DC anode. This study provides a significant paradigm for the innovation of lowcost, functional biomass-based hard carbon materials and their structural performance optimization.

Highly efficient and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are essential for the development of alkaline hydrogen fuel cells. Herein, an advanced medium-entropy FeCoCuNiSe2/N-doped carbon nanotube supported Pt catalyst (Pt/ME-FeCoCuNiSe2/N-CNT) was rationally designed and synthesized via hydrothermal treatment, selenization, and ethylene glycol reduction. Benefiting from the structural and electronic synergy among Pt nanoparticles, the medium-entropy selenide, and the conductive N-doped CNT network, the as-prepared catalyst with a Pt loading of 29 wt% exhibits superior ORR activity and enhanced durability compared with commercial 40 wt% Pt/C in alkaline media. In particular, the optimized Pt/ME-FeCoCuNiSe2/N-CNT delivers a higher onset potential, half-wave potential and improved long-term stability, indicating more efficient Pt utilization and strengthened metal-support interactions. More importantly, a hydrogen fuel cell assembled with commercial 40 wt% Pt/C as the anode and Pt/ME-FeCoCuNiSe2/N-CNT as the cathode achieves a higher peak power density than the symmetric 40 wt% Pt/C || 40 wt% Pt/C cell under identical operating conditions. These results demonstrate that medium-entropy selenide-carbon hybrid supports provide an effective strategy for constructing high-performance Pt-based ORR catalysts toward practical alkaline hydrogen fuel cell applications.

This paper reports a novel lightweight physics-driven variational level set autoencoder (Phys-AE) for efficient contour recognition and feature extraction in SEM cross-sectional images from deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) processes for the first time. By embedding physical etching constraints via the Hamilton-Jacobi equation into the neural network architecture, Phys-AE achieves high-efficiency feature recognition with reduced computational overhead, marking a pioneering advancement in automatic SEM analysis. Leveraging scallop layer segmentation along the etching depth, the model dynamically extracts critical etching parameters, including trench depth, scallop depth, scallop width and others, with high precision, forming a tailored multi-parameter dataset of nine distinct feature types encompassing wafer-side data. A three-dimensional feature recognition framework maps time, linewidth, and etching depth, enabling precise quantification of contour features and supporting 3D morphology simulation. Experimental validation using 5-fold cross-validation demonstrates a test loss of $0.012 \pm$ 0.002, an average feature recognition error of 2.3% across nine critical dimensions (e.g., scallop depth: 2.29%, profile angle: 0.56%, trench depth: 5.46%), and 94.3% accuracy, establishing Phys-AE as a transformative tool for automated SEM profile analysis and precision optimization in DRIE-based MEMS manufacturing.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have significant potential for large-scale energy storage, driving increased demand for hard carbon materials. It is vital to explore the environmental, economic, and sustainability value of biomass carbon. Herein, we propose peony shell-derived hard carbon (PHC) as an easily accessible anode material for SIBs. Utilizing the water solubility of p-toluene sulfonic acid, the lignocellulose content in peony shells can be accurately regulated, and the macromolecules are cleaved into shorter fragments. As a result, the PHC exhibits enlarged interlayer spacing, reduced carbon microcrystal size, and optimized pore structure, which enable the PHC to showcase a 333 mAh g-1 reversible capacity at 0.1C and 90.39% capacity retention after 100 cycles. More importantly, such a transformation not only enhances the value of peony shells but also reduces environmental pollution. This finding provides significant insights into the construction of a low-cost, sustainable hard carbon anode and injects new vitality into the large-scale application of SIBs in energy storage systems.

Highlights•Carbon footprints (CFs) of battery-grade NiSO4 and CoSO4 in China are updated.•Average CFs of nickel sulfate and cobalt sulfate are 5.57 tCO2/t and 5.07 tCO2/t.•Energy consumption is the major contributor to carbon footprints.•Ore grades, fuel types, production routes, and types of co-products are key factors.

To intensify heat transfer and regulate pyrolysis reaction, two types of internals were designed, namely heat conduction plate and central gas collection channel. Four reactor configurations, including reference (R-A), plates only (R-B), channel only (R-C), and a combined design (R-D), were used to examine biomass pyrolysis from 600 degrees C to 1000 degrees C. The pyrolysis characteristics in heat transfer, product distribution, and the yield and quality of pyrolysis gas and bio-oil were systematically compared. The internals markedly increased the heating rate, having a clear synergistic effect in R-D with highest heating rate. Compared to R-A, all modified reactors (R-B, R-C, R-D) reduced char yield and increased the yields of pyrolysis gas, bio-oil, and pyrolysis water. R-D provided the strongest and most stable enhancement across the temperature range, whereas R-B and R-C were more temperature dependent. The internals also improved gas quality by increasing the concentrations and yields of H2 and CO while decreasing CH4 and CO2. This improvement was most pronounced in R-D, having the highest HHV at 1000 degrees C. Simulated distillation indicated that R-C and R-D increased the light-fraction content and suppressed heavy fractions in turbid oil. GC-MS further showed that turbid oil was dominated by monocyclic aromatics, particularly phenol and its derivatives, with markedly higher abundances at >= 800 degrees C. Overall, these results demonstrate that the integrated design (R-D) was an effective strategy to intensify biomass pyrolysis for the coproduction of H2-rich gas and monocyclic aromatic compounds. Finally, the mechanism of heat and mass transfer enhancement and pyrolysis regulation in reactor with internals was analyzed.

This paper proposes an anchor design and fabrication method for high-$Q$ Lamé-mode resonators. It systematically investigates the various factors influencing anchor energy loss, with a first-time focus on the mechanism through which crystal orientation deviation impacts such loss. It is found that crystal orientation deviation is also a major contributor to energy loss in Lamé-mode resonators. By controlling crystal orientation deviation during fabrication, the resulting Lamé-mode resonator achieves a $Q$-factor of 772,600 at an operating frequency of 30 MHz, with an $f \times Q$ product of $2.36 \times 10^{13}$, which is among the highest values reported for silicon-based devices.

Optimizing the nickel-based heterojunction catalysts during overall water splitting remains a significant challenge. Herein, based on metastable ion etching engineering, a trace amount of Fe-doped Ni/Ni(OH)2 nanotube array coated with carbon (FNNA@C/NF) is successfully synthesized. Specifically, a small amount of Fe3+, generated from the partial oxidation of Fe2+, selectively etches the grain boundaries of the Ni metal substrate, resulting in the formation of a unique nanotube structure. Electrochemical test results demonstrate that it has exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction activity (29.7 mV-10 mA cm-2) and oxygen evolution reaction activity (300.1 mV-100 mA cm-2), along with stable operation for 100 h at a current density of 100 mA cm-2 during overall water splitting. The outstanding performance is primarily attributed to the Fe-doped Ni/Ni(OH)2 heterojunction, obtained through mild pyrolysis, optimizes electron transfer and enhances interfacial reaction kinetics. Meanwhile, the unique nanotube array structure increases the active surface area and improves interfacial mass transfer efficiency. This work offers novel insights and theoretical guidance for designing high-performance nickel-based heterojunction catalysts.

To break the inherent limitations of poor conductivity and electrochemical activity in transition metal selenides, electronic structure engineering is regarded as the most feasible strategy. Herein, leveraging the advantage that high mobility of Cu2+ can easily form non-stoichiometric compounds, a rapid coordination-coupled one-step selenization strategy is employed to prepare Cys-CS-Se composite, which is Sb/S co-doped and rich in copper vacancies. The active groups of cysteine can coordinate with Cu2+ to fabricate a sulfur-containing precursor with an ordered stacked nanosheet. This unique nanostructure facilitates the exposure of active sites and electron transfer, thereby accelerating reaction kinetics. Notably, the simultaneous incorporation of Sb/S can not only modulate the electronic structure of Cu2-XSe, enhance its intrinsic electrical conductivity, and enable rapid charge transfer, but also provide additional sodium adsorption sites, thereby boosting sodium storage capacity. Furthermore, the formed Cu-vacancies further enhance sodium adsorption capability and create more adsorption sites. Based on these advantages, the optimized Cys-CS-Se offers an outstanding initial discharge capacity of 498.4 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1), excellent cycling performance (318 mAh g(-1) over 550 cycles at 3 A g(-1)), and rate capability. This work provides a reference for the design of novel transition metal chalcogenide anodes with dual doping.

Heterointerface engineering, especially the construction of heterointerfaces based on two highly active components, is an effective strategy to enhance the sodium storage capacity and accelerate the reaction kinetics of transition metal chalcogenide anodes. Herein, a series of SA-CoFe-S composites composed of two highly active metal sulfides, Co3S4 and Fe7S8, were fabricated through in situ chelation effects coupled with a one-step sulfurization strategy. The optimized SA-CoFe(1:4)-S is composed of fine nanoparticles encapsulated by uniformly distributed S-doped carbon. This unique carbon confinement effect and nano-sized active particles can alleviate volume expansion, shorten the ion diffusion distance, and accelerate electron transfer. In addition, the strong electric-field effect and rich heterointerfaces generated by the heterostructure provide more active sites for sodium storage and accelerate the sodium storage kinetics. The relevant theoretical calculation outcomes further confirm that the heterointerfaces formed between Co3S4 and Fe7S8 can enhance the adsorption energy toward sodium ions and boost the electrical conductivity of the composite material. As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, the initial discharge/charge capacities were 723/1010 mAh·g-1, exhibited at 1 A·g-1, and the coulombic efficiency (CE) corresponding to this current density was measured to be 71.6%. Even after 800 cycles, the reversible discharge specific capacity of the electrode can still reach 806 mAh·g-1 at 1 A·g-1. Additionally, at an elevated current density of 3 A·g-1, the electrode sustains stable cycling over 500 cycles, with its discharge capacity kept at 258 mAh·g-1 after the long-term cycling test.

This work proposes a novel I-beam coupled distributed Lame-mode resonator suitable for high-frequency timing reference applications, which simultaneously achieves a high quality factor (Q) and low motional impedance. The design couples the distributed Lame-mode resonator with a length-extensional (LE) mode resonator to expand the transduction area for motional impedance reduction while also incorporating structural optimization to suppress energy dissipation of the resonator. Experimental results demonstrate that at a resonant frequency of 30.63 MHz, the resonator achieves an ultrahigh Q-factor of 633575, yielding an f & times; Q product of 1.94 & times; 10(13) that approaches the theoretical limit of monocrystalline silicon. Furthermore, with a transduction gap of 1.2 -m, the resonator exhibits a low motional impedance of 38.83 k Omega. Theoretical predictions indicate that reducing the transduction gap to 200 nm can further decrease the motional to below 1 k Omega.

To address severe volume variation upon charge/discharge cycling and inherent low electronic conductivity of silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. A novel silicon-carbon composite anode denoted Si@C@FeCoNi is rationally constructed, which features a dual protective coating consisting of polydopamine-derived N-doped carbon and FeCoNi ternary alloy nanoparticles. Polydopamine first undergoes self-polymerization on the surface of nanosized silicon and subsequently adsorbs Fe, Co and Ni metal cations. A one-step thermal treatment is then conducted under an Ar/H₂ atmosphere to realize synchronous carbonization and alloying. The as-prepared composite presents a distinct core-shell configuration, with silicon nanoparticles as the inner core and a homogeneous N-doped amorphous carbon as the outer shell. Abundant FeCoNi alloy nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic phase are uniformly embedded throughout the carbon matrix with particle sizes ranging from 5-10 nm. The obtained Si@C@FeCoNi composite delivers superior lithium storage performances with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 91% and a high reversible capacity of 859.2 mAh g-1 after 350 long-term cycles at 2 A g-1. Meanwhile, outstanding rate capability is realized, delivering a high capacity of 942 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1. The full cell paired with commercial NCM622 cathode demonstrates satisfactory cycling durability and application potential. This work offers a facile and effective structural modulation strategy toward advanced high-performance silicon-based anodes via multi-component synergistic engineering.

Arterial pulse signal contains a wide variety of human physiological information and turns out to be an indispensable indicator in daily health monitoring. A new analysis approach for pulse signal is proposed in this research, which mainly focuses on the characteristics in the cross-section. In this work the transverse instability in the radial artery is delineated for the first time, which proves to be significantly associated with pain sensation. With assistance of our newly developed high-density flexible tactile sensor array, the arterial pulse waveform is sampled omnidirectionally and then reproduced in three dimensions, from which the transverse reciprocating drift of the waveform's barycenter is remarkably revealed. Random deviation simulation is performed to assess the influence of errors in sensors while measuring the barycenters of the cross-sections. As a result, the largest horizontal error among the calculated barycenters lie in merely 0.120 mm when the random errors of sensors are set to maximal $\pm 16 \%$. The sine-cosine superposition function of the cross-sections is constructed to verify the universality of the interpolated curves and the resulted barycenters. The test results on the physical simulation model further show that our sensing array and the adopted algorithms have satisfying resolution, and the recognition error is only 0.0368 mm.

Designing highly active and stable transition metal phosphate catalysts is important for water splitting at high current density. The microelectronic structure and mesoscopic surface properties of electrocatalysts significantly influence the activity of water splitting and the characteristics of molecular dynamics, respectively. Herein, a nanorod-shaped FeP/CoNiP heterostructure on nickel foam (FeP/CoNiP/NF) was successfully synthesized, which exhibited exceptional performance for HER and OER. The electron transferring from FeP to CoNiP during reaction, which regulates the adsorption energy of hydrogen intermediates and promotes the generation of oxyhydroxide. The nanorod-shaped structure can facilitate efficient gas bubble generation and release at high current density, attributed to its superior hydrophilic and superaerophobicity properties. Consequently, the electrocatalyst requires relatively low overpotentials of 76/159 mV at the current density of 10/100 mA cm- 2 for HER, respectively, and a reduced potential of 1.49 V at 100 mA cm-2 for OER. The FeP/CoNiP/NF||FeP/CoNiP/ NF obtains only 1.45 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm- 2 with a long-term stability of 200 h. This study implements FeP/CoNiP heterostructures for electronic structure engineering while constructing nanoarray architectures to regulate gas-liquid-solid interfaces, offering new mechanistic insights for developing highefficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts in sustainable water splitting systems.

Due to its abundant active sites, the bimetallic zeolite imidazole framework ZnCo-ZIF-67 exhibits excellent catalytic performance on the key oxidant ammonium perchlorate in composite solid propellants. In addition, carbon fiber has been proven to promote the combustion of propellants due to its high thermal conductivity efficiency. In order to integrate the advantages of both, this study designed and prepared a novel composite catalyst, ZnCo-ZIF-67/CF, by a co-precipitation method. The thermal decomposition test demonstrated that the ZnCo-ZIF-67/CF composite exhibited significant catalytic activity. When the addition amount was 5 wt%, the high-temperature decomposition peak temperature of AP decreased significantly from 424.3 °C to 337.2 °C, and the combustion process was also significantly accelerated. Furthermore, analysis of the products of thermal decomposition gases revealed a significant increase in the proportion of N2O in the catalyzed products to 55.7%, whilst the proportion of high oxidation state nitrogen-containing oxides such as NO2 and NOCl decreased. This finding suggests that the highly dispersed metal active sites in ZnCo-ZIF-67/CF synergistically promote the decomposition reaction pathway of AP, leading to enhanced N2O generation. This study proposes a novel approach for the development of efficient and stable AP decomposition catalysts, which has positive significance for the regulation of the combustion performance of propellants.