The high ignition temperature and low combustion efficiency of boron (B) powders seriously affect the efficient application of boron-based composite energetic materials. Herein, we prepared high-energy microsphere units containing iron fluoride (FeF3), ammonium perchlorate (AP) and B powders by using a atomization spheroidization method to improve the combustion performance and energy release efficiency of micron-B powder. The results shown that the composition of the package structure and the incorporation of FeF3 can effectively reduce the initial oxidation and ignition temperatures of B powders by about 23.55 % and 33.2 %. Moreover, when FeF3 content is 1 %, spherical B/FeF3@AP composites have excellent reaction calorific value (8705.7J/g) and maximum combustion temperature (1218.9 degrees C), with relative increases of 22.6 % and 39.8 %. The linear combustion rate reached 5.4 cm/s, about 157 % higher than the physical mixture B/AP. Finally, the combustion mechanism of B/FeF3@AP was proposed by combining thermogravimetry coupled infrared spectroscopy, spectral analysis of the combustion process and combustion product analysis. This study provides valuable insights for applying boron-based composite energetic materials in the field of energetic materials.

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a commonly used oxidizer in composite solid propellants, and its thermal decomposition characteristics directly determine key propellant performances such as ignition and burning rate. However, AP faces challenges including high decomposition temperature, long ignition delay, and unstable combustion. To address these issues, researchers worldwide have dedicated efforts to developing efficient, stable, and green catalysts. This review systematically summarizes the catalytic mechanisms and performances of various catalysts ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional. 0D catalysts, such as nanometal powders and metal oxides, reduce AP decomposition temperature and enhance heat release via their high specific surface area but suffer from poor dispersion and easy agglomeration. 1D catalysts inhibit agglomeration and improve catalytic kinetics by constructing continuous electron/ion transport channels. 2D catalysts, particularly MXene-based materials, exhibit outstanding performance, enabling a reduction of over 200 °C in AP's high-temperature decomposition peak and more than a 2-fold increase in heat release. 3D catalysts achieve efficient mass transfer and conversion through hierarchical pores and other structural features. Catalysts significantly improve the ignition characteristics and steady combustion performance of propellants. Nevertheless, engineering bottlenecks including large-scale preparation and dispersion stability remain to be overcome. Future research should focus on green synthesis, structural optimization, and other directions to construct advanced catalytic systems, providing theoretical support for the development of high-performance and environmentally friendly solid propellants.

Enhancing the aqueous reactivity of aluminum-based composites under ambient conditions is crucial for their application as portable, on-demand hydrogen sources in outdoor and emergency settings. This study synthesizes three aluminum composites (Al-Bi-Na2SO3, Al-Bi-Na3PO4, and Al-Bi-Na2CO3) via mechanical ball milling to systematically evaluate the effect of anion type on the hydrolysis kinetics of aluminum. The microstructural features and hydrogen production performance of these composites are thoroughly examined. Results indicate that ball milling facilitates the uniform dispersion of bismuth and sodium salts over the aluminum particle surfaces. The composites exhibit distinctly different hydrolysis behaviors depending on the anion species. Notably, Al-Bi-Na2SO3 shows the highest reactivity, reaching a maximum hydrogen generation rate of 5.35 mL g-1 Real-time monitoring of temperature and pH variations during hydrolysis provides further insight into the reaction dynamics. The excellent performance of Al-Bi-Na2SO3 is due to the key role of SO32-, which enables the formation of soluble Al2(SO3)3 with Al3+ produced during the reaction, thereby effectively mitigating surface passivation. Moreover, the SO32-/H2SO3 system provides mild buffering capacity that promotes an alkaline shift in the reaction environment, further accelerating aluminum hydrolysis. This study underscores the crucial role of anion selection in sodium salts for tuning the hydrolysis kinetics of aluminum composites, providing a strategic pathway for designing high-performance hydrogen generation systems operable under ambient conditions. s-1 and a total yield of 1019 mL g-1 at 40 degrees C. Impressively, it sustains rapid hydrogen release even at 0 degrees C.

Boron powder exhibits exceptionally high gravimetric and volumetric calorific values, granting boron-rich propellants a significantly higher theoretical specific impulse compared to conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels. However, its practical application is severely limited by difficult ignition and incomplete combustion, resulting from the inherent oxide layer on the boron surface. Addressing these combustion inefficiencies is therefore critical. In this work, a series of modified B@FP composites with gradient fluoropolymer coating thicknesses were successfully synthesized through in situ polymerization of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (FOA) onto boron powder, where the coating mass was precisely tailored by varying the FOA monomer concentration. The surface morphology, elemental distribution, chemical composition, and hydrophobicity of the B@FP composites were comprehensively characterized. Their oxidation behavior, ignition performance, and combustion dynamics were further investigated. The results indicate that the fluoropolymer coating significantly reduces the ignition temperature of boron while increasing both the combustion heat and total exothermic enthalpy. Moreover, in combustion systems with ammonium perchlorate (AP) as oxidizer, the B@FP-1/AP mixture demonstrated higher combustion temperatures and a more vigorous reaction. Ultimately, the effect of the modified boron composites on the combustion performance of composite propellants was thoroughly evaluated, providing valuable insights for enhancing energy release efficiency in boron-containing propellant systems.

Developing binders that integrate excellent mechanical properties with electrical conductivity is critical to meeting the urgent demand for improved safety and reduced vulnerability in HMX-based energetic composites. Herein, a synergistically enhanced elastomer, termed AAP, was fabricated via ultraviolet-initiated free radical polymerization. The synthesis involved a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent designed from acrylic acid and acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride, further reinforced by phytic acid, which provides high hydrogen-bond density, and the cross-linker polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The resulting elastomer features a dynamic hydrogen-bond network and efficient ion-conductive pathways. Notably, the optimized sample, AAP-2, exhibits outstanding comprehensive properties, including a tensile strength of 9.38 MPa, an elongation at break of 796.55%, a toughness of 48.41 MJ & centerdot;m-3, intrinsic self-healing capability, high adhesion strength with aluminum, and an electrical conductivity of 8.179 & times; 10-5 S/m. When employed as a binder, AAP demonstrated excellent compatibility with HMX. The H50-AAP50 composite maintained high toughness while achieving superior tensile strength compared to traditional HTPB-based composites. More importantly, owing to its intrinsic ionic conductivity, the AAP-2 coating significantly mitigated the mechanical and electrostatic sensitivities of HMX. Consequently, the electrostatic spark sensitivity threshold of the H90AAP10 sample increased markedly from 0.54 J for raw HMX to 3.6 J. This work offers new insights into the design of multifunctional binders for the construction of high-performance, safe, and low-vulnerability energetic composites.

Aluminum powder (Al), a high-performance energetic material, suffers from low reactivity, incomplete combustion and product agglomeration during combustion, severely restricting its versatile applications. To address these issues, a plasma modification-in-situ polymerization coating strategy was proposed. Al powder was first plasma-treated to modulate its surface and interface properties, activate inert sites and deposit fluorocarbon compounds, followed by in-situ polymerization of tridecafluorooctyl acrylate (PFA) as monomer to realize uniform coating, thus fabricating core-shell Al@PFA microspheres with precisely controllable fluorocarbon layer thickness. The morphology, structure and composition of Al@PFA microspheres were systematically characterized. Results showed the microspheres retained an intact spherical morphology, with fluorocarbon polymers uniformly coating the Al surface. By regulating polymerization time and PFA dosage, the PFA coating thickness was precisely controlled at 50-200 nm; thermogravimetric (TG) analysis confirmed the PFA medium layer content on composites was accurately tailored within 4-25 wt%. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of PFA layer thickness on Al@PFA's combustion characteristics was investigated. Its ignition delay time and temperature exhibited a graded decrease with increasing PFA layer thickness, while combustion product analysis revealed progressive rises in F, C and AlF3 contents with thicker PFA layers. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the PFA layer chemically reacted with the Al2O3 passivation layer on Al surface during combustion, disrupting its dense structure and facilitating sufficient contact between the Al core and oxygen. A thicker PFA layer enhanced erosion of the Al2O3 layer, accordingly leading to a more remarkable improvement in Al powder's ignition and combustion performance. Novelty and Significance Statement: This study addresses key bottlenecks of aluminum powder as an energetic material, including low reactivity, incomplete combustion, and severe agglomeration, achieving three innovative breakthroughs: (1) For the first time, a two-step modification strategy combining plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and in-situ polymerization is proposed to construct a core-shell structure with stable Al-F bonding, solving the long-standing problems of weak interfacial interaction and particle morphology destruction in traditional methods; (2) Precise regulation of PFA coating thickness (50-200 nm) and mass fraction (4-25 wt%) is realized by adjusting polymerization parameters, enabling continuous tunability of core combustion properties such as ignition threshold and delay time; (3) The synergistic mechanism by which active fluorine species from PFA decomposition etch the Al2O3 passivation layer and inhibit agglomeration is systematically revealed, providing novel theoretical and technical support for the development of high-performance Albased energetic materials.

To investigate the combustion characteristics of spherical Al@C nanoparticles, an aluminum wire electrical explosion experimental system was constructed. A systematic investigation of the microstructural and morphological characteristics of Al@C nanoparticles was conducted, and comparative analyses were performed on their thermal decomposition properties and combustion behaviors using AP-based mixtures containing either the synthesized Al@C nanoparticles or the conventional nano-aluminum powder. Results demonstrate that the Al@C nanoparticles prepared via electrical explosion exhibit a distinct core-shell structure, with a carbon coating layer of approximately 10 nm thick, stable interfacial bonding between the carbon layer and aluminum core, forming an Al4C3 interface, and particle sizes ranging from 50 to200 nm (average particle size 99.50 nm, standard deviation +/- 34.00 nm). The carbon coating effectively isolates aluminum from oxygen and exhibits inherent thermal stability, with the Al@C nanoparticles showing a weak endothermic peak at 654.3 degrees C corresponding to aluminum core melting. Compared with conventional nano-aluminum powder, the carbon-coated structure in Al@C nanoparticles offers the following advantages: reduces the AP decomposition temperature (exothermic peak shifted from 400.6 degrees C to 331.27 degrees C, a decrease of 69.33 degrees C) and accelerates the AP decomposition reaction; maintains aluminum reactivity while significantly enhancing the combustion rate (burn duration reduced to 10% of that of conventional Al/AP systems, i.e. 90 ms for Al@C/AP vs. 900 ms for Al/AP); suppresses particle agglomeration during combustion; enhances energy release while stabilizing AP decomposition (the enhanced energy release capacity is reflected in a higher maximum combustion temperature of 2870.56 degrees C and a stronger emission peak at 600 nm (8000 a.u.) compared with Al/AP (7450 a.u.)); promotes uniform heat diffusion during combustion, achieving higher core temperatures and more stable combustion wave propagation.

To address the critical demand for improved safety, mechanical robustness, and reduced vulnerability in HMXbased energetic composites, this study presents a versatile molecular design strategy termed "synergistic reinforcement and conduction" to construct a multifunctional ion-conductive binder. Via the UV-initiated in-situ copolymerization of hydrogen-bond-rich monomers (acrylic acid, AA, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide, HEAA) and a hydrophobic monomer (2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate, HA) in the presence of a cationic surfactant (methyltrioctylammonium bromide, MTAB), we constructed a poly(AA-co-HA-co-HEAA) network incorporating MTAB, hereafter denoted as the MAHE binder. This polymer network is governed by synergistic microphase separation, dynamic hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole interactions. By systematically modulating the HEAA content, the mechanical and self-healing performance of the elastomers can be precisely regulated. Specifically, at a molar ratio of MTAB:AA:HA:HEAA = 1:2:1:1, where dynamic hydrogen bonding predominates, the MAHE-2 binder exhibits intrinsic healing efficiencies exceeding 91% for tensile strength, toughness, and fracture strain under mild conditions (25 degrees C, 24 h), empowering the resulting HMX-based composites to autonomously heal micro-cracks at room temperature. Conversely, in the optimized MAHE-4 formulation, where ordered hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions prevail, the binder achieves a maximum tensile stress of 4.34 MPa and a toughness of 17.10 MJ.m(-3). Consequently, the HMX@MAHE-4 composites demonstrate superior mechanical robustness, with a tensile strength of 21.3 MPa and a toughness of 9.13 MJ.m(-3), an approximately fourfold enhancement over the commercial HTPB benchmark. Crucially, the incorporation of MTAB endows the MAHE-4 binder with an intrinsic conductivity of 3.66 x 10(-6) S/m, offering significantly improved electrostatic safety compared to traditional insulating binders. This work provides a novel paradigm for designing next-generation multifunctional binders that simultaneously impart superior mechanical strength, self-healing capability, and electrostatic safety to energetic composites.

Due to the difficulty in establishing organic functional groups on the surface of aluminum powder, the effective combination of aluminum powder with other oxidizing particles is inhibited, thereby limiting its energy characteristics. By introducing effective functional groups on the aluminum powder surface that can form chemical bonds, it is possible to establish links between particles and achieve three-dimensional growth of nano-aluminum powder on various oxidizer particle surfaces. In this study, we propose the creation of two building blocks: nano-aluminum (nAl) modified with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) modified with tannic acid (TA). Through the chemical bonding of these two building blocks, three-dimensional growth of nano-aluminum powder on the RDX surface was achieved, resulting in the preparation of RDX@Al. The results demonstrate that RDX@Al effectively reduces the activation energy of RDX, showcasing the energy coupling and synergy between RDX and nAl. Adding RDX@Al to composite propellants significantly improves the combustion performance of the propellants. Due to the shortened mass and heat transfer distances between RDX and nAl, the combustion rate of the propellant increased by 38 %, and the combustion intensity was also enhanced. Additionally, the size of the condensed phase combustion products from the propellant was reduced by 59.8 %. This work provides new insights into the design of composite energetic materials and the elucidation of the combustion mechanisms of composite solid propellants.

Low erosion high-energy propellant is one of the research directions to extend the weapon's life and improve the weapon's capability. In this study, energetic propellants containing different corrosion inhibitors were designed and prepared. Close bomb tests and semi-confined bomb experiments were used to investigate the burning and erosion properties of the propellants. The mechanism of erosion-reducing of titanium dioxide (TiO2), talc, and octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) on the propellant was comparatively analyzed. The results show that OPS has the lowest burning rate and the longest burning time, and a minimized loss of fire force, with the best effect of explosion heat reduction. The erosion reduction efficiency of OPS is twice that of TiO2 and talc. The mechanism analysis shows that the decomposition and heat absorption of OPS can effectively reduce the thermal erosion effect and carbon erosion, and the gas produced can reduce the loss of chamber pressure and form a uniformly distributed nano-SiO2 protective layer. This solid-state high-efficiency organosilicon erosion inhibitor is an important guide for designing high-energy low-erosion gun propellants.

In this study, four chlorinated salts were incorporated as catalysts into aluminum composites through ball milling, resulting in the preparation of four activated aluminum composites (Al/Bi/MxCly). The microstructure of these composites was thoroughly examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Additionally, the hydrogen production characteristics of Al/Bi/MxClyduring hydrolysis reactions were investigated. The findings indicate that various chloride salts (MxCly) can be uniformly distributed on the surface of the activated aluminum composites. Among the four composites, Al/Bi/NH4Cl demonstrated the highest hydrogen production efficiency and volume at temperatures ranging from 10 to 40 degrees C. Specifically, at 40 degrees C, Al/Bi/NH4Cl achieved a maximum hydrogen generation rate of 82.2 mL g- 1 s- 1 and a total hydrogen volume of 977 mL g- 1. Notably, even at 0 degrees C, Al/Bi/NH4Cl maintained a rapid hydrolysis reaction, with a hydrogen production rate of 19.8 mL g- 1 s- 1 and a total hydrogen volume of 908 mL g- 1. To elucidate the hydrolysis reaction mechanism, the intermediate products, corrosion potentials, temperature variations, and pH changes within the reaction system were also analyzed in detail. The results confirmed that different MxCly catalysts exhibit distinct catalytic mechanisms for the reactive aluminum composites. Particularly, the addition of NH4Cl during the preparation process facilitated the formation of a multilayer structure in Al/Bi/NH4Cl, which effectively accelerated particle fragmentation during the hydrolysis. Furthermore, the acidic nature of NH4Cl efficiently suppressed the increase in solution pH, thereby reducing the deposition of aluminum hydroxide on the particle surfaces and enhancing the overall hydrolysis reaction of aluminum.

Active aluminum composites are ideal choices for portable hydrogen sources and are playing an increasingly important role in the field of emergency response. The hydrogen production rate from their reaction with water is a key factor determining the practical application effectiveness of these materials. This study thoroughly investigates the catalytic effects of four ammonium salts on the hydrogen production rate of active aluminum composites in water reactions. By incorporating four types of ammonium salts (Al/Bi/NH4Cl, Al/Bi/(NH4)2C2O4, Al/Bi/(NH4)2CO3, and Al/Bi/NH4H2PO4) along with bismuth into aluminum powder and preparing them through ball milling, four types of active aluminum composites were obtained. A detailed analysis was conducted on the microstructures of these composites and their hydrogen production performance in water reactions. The results show that NH4Cl can form a multilayer structure on the surface of Al/Bi/NH4Cl, allowing this composite to exhibit the best hydrogen production performance, reaching a maximum hydrogen production rate of 14.4 mL g- 1 s-1 and a maximum hydrogen volume of 948 mL g- 1 at 45 degrees C. Additionally, the mechanisms by which different ammonium salts influence the hydrogen production rate of active aluminum composites in water reactions were discussed in detail. The unique multilayer structure of Al/Bi/NH4Cl and the excellent solubility of NH4Cl contribute to accelerating particle rupture and enhancing the reaction rate. More importantly, H+ ions released from the hydrolysis of NH4Cl can neutralize OH- produced during the reaction, effectively controlling the pH value of the reaction medium, preventing the deposition of aluminum hydroxide on the aluminum surface, and thus maintaining a larger reaction surface area and continuous reaction activity. The study shows that adjusting the types of ammonium salts can effectively regulate the water reaction kinetics of active aluminum composites.

To systematically investigate the combustion characteristics of combustible cartridge cases and propellants under various charge configurations, an experimental study was conducted employing two novel combustible cartridge cases (designated as K1 and K2) and two distinct propellants (F1 and F2). The research focused on analyzing the structural properties of the combustible cartridge cases, as well as evaluating their combustion behavior, thermal decomposition characteristic, and interior ballistic performance across different charge architectures. Results demonstrate that the novel combustible cartridge case features a porous structure, which significantly enhances its combustion efficiency and leads to an irregular osmotic combustion process. Closed-bomb tests reveal that the K1+F1 combination achieves a peak pressure of 205.6 MPa under equal-proportion mixing, which is superior to other combinations. Additionally, increasing the proportion of combustible cartridge cases improves the pressure rise rate during the initial combustion phase and accelerates the attainment of peak pressure. Ignition experiments and thermal decomposition analyses indicate that, compared to single-propellant systems, the composite charge structure exhibits a more intense but shorter combustion process with higher energy release, albeit with a slight reduction in thermal stability. Interior ballistic tests conducted at varying temperatures confirm the stable performance of the composite charge structure comprising combustible cartridge case K1 and propellant F1, with further performance enhancements observed at elevated temperatures. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of large-caliber gun charge systems, highlighting the importance of charge configuration in achieving desired combustion and ballistic performance.

Key components of high-end equipment are often exposed to harsh wear， corrosion or high-temperature environments， thus requiring higher wear resistance， corrosion resistance and high-temperature resistance. As one of the most promising surface engineering technologies at present， thermal spraying technology can be widely applied to many key components of high-end equipment to achieve the purpose of improving their surface performance. Nano thermal spraying technology is an important means to effectively combine nanomaterials and thermal spraying technology to achieve material surface modification. It is also an effective solution to extend the service life of aircraft， ships， and other high-end defense equipment in extreme environments. Nanostructured powder re-granulation technologies enable precise control over the phase composition and microstructure of thermal spray feedstocks at the nano-micro scale. This facilitates the fabrication of nanostructured coatings with tailored properties to meet diverse surface performance requirements for critical components in advanced equipment. This paper briefly summarizes the development status of nanostructured coatings with different functional orientations prepared by thermal spraying at home and abroad in the recent decade， mainly including nanostructured wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant ceramic coatings， nanostructured thermal barrier coatings， nanomodified MCrAlX alloy coatings， nanomodified WC-Co based cermet coatings and nanostructured environmental barrier coatings， etc. The results show that nanostructured and nanomodified thermal spray coatings have a very good potential to be applied on key components of high-end equipments， which can be used to meet the various surface properties required by key component of high-end equipment. key components of high-end equipment have very broad application prospects. To realize the wide application of nanostructured coatings， further research work needs to be carried out in the future in the areas of practical engineering application research， marine environmental service， marine biofouling， advanced powder preparation technology research， and high-performance powder industrialization.

With the continuous increase in energy demand and the growing severity of environmental issues, oily wastewater has become one of the key sources of pollution. In this study, through the in-situ polymerization reaction of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), acrylic acid (AA), and perfluorooctyl acrylate (PFA), a fluoropolymer (FP) layer was directly constructed on the surface of commercial melamine sponge (MS), successfully preparing the hydrophobic MS@FP sponge. By adjusting the ratio of TMPTMA to PFAc, the content of the fluoropolymer layer on the MS surface can be effectively controlled. This fluoropolymer layer significantly improves the interfacial properties of the sponge and reduces its surface energy, with the static water contact angle of the MS@FP-2 sponge reaching as high as 151 degrees. In addition, the adsorption performance, acid and alkali resistance, and oil-water separation performance of the MS@FP sponge were systematically investigated. The results show that the MS@FP-2 sponge maintains excellent hydrophobicity in strong acid and alkali solutions, demonstrating good chemical stability. The sponge can achieve continuous and efficient separation of chloroform-water mixtures, and the surface fluoropolymer layer is stable, with separation efficiency remaining above 95 % after multiple cycles of separation. The MS@FP-2 sponge, with its outstanding hydrophobic and oleophilic properties, chemical stability, and recyclability, holds broad application prospects in the field of complex industrial wastewater treatment.

In this work, the nanostructured Yb2O3-Yb2SiO5/mullite/Si environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) were designed and prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. The water vapor corrosion behavior of coatings was investigated at a temperature of 1350 degrees C for durations ranging from 100 to 500 h, and the influence of phase compositions, microstructure on this behavior was systematically investigated. The results indicate that phase transformation occurs during the water vapor corrosion process, and severe corrosion takes place at the Yb2O3-Yb2SiO5 top coating and the mullite intermediate layer. Obvious diffusion reaction between Yb2O3-Yb2SiO5 and mullite layers occurred without water vapor, while the diffusion reaction cannot be observed under water vapor. The water vapor corrosion mechanism of EBCs is mainly attributed to residual thermal mismatch stresses, phase transformation resulting from sintering of Yb2O3-Yb2SiO5, as well as the formation of TGO by oxidation.

Facing the escalating issue of industrial wastewater discharge and its profound environmental repercussions, the creation of novel sponge materials that excel in oil-water separation while incorporating flame retardancy becomes critically urgent. Despite their superior absorption capabilities, conventional oil-water separation sponges typically overlook flame retardant features, a limitation that curtails their applicability. To address this gap, we have developed a multifunctional hydrophobic sponge through a sophisticated multi-step chemical self-assembly process. This method grafts 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and perfluorinated compounds onto melamine foam (MF), yielding a composite material designated as DOPO-PF@MF. DOPOPF@MF boasts a dual functionality of hydrophobicity and flame retardance. Its modified surface exhibits a pronounced hydrophobic-lipophilic balance, with a static water contact angle of 134 degrees. It also displays favorable wetting characteristics towards various organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and hexane. This material demonstrates an impressive adsorption capacity for these solvents, with the adsorption-desorption capacity for ethanol remaining consistent over ten cycles. Furthermore, DOPOPF@MF efficiently separates emulsions of methylene chloride and water, showcasing its versatility. Moreover, DOPO-PF@MF exhibits commendable chemical resilience under extreme temperatures, ranging from 0 degrees C to 100 degrees C, and withstands both acidic and alkaline conditions (pH 1-14), preserving its structural integrity against corrosive substances. Most notably, it surpasses unmodified melamine foam in flame retardancy. The incorporation of DOPO fortifies the material's resistance to high-temperature ignition, effectively inhibiting flame propagation and reducing burn rate, enhancing safety measures.

Obtaining maximum comprehensive performance enhancement at the least-cost has always been the core goal of additive modification to solve engineering application problems. Intended to tackle industrial practical application puzzles that it is challenging to simultaneously achieve efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression epoxy resin (EP). Herein, unique two-dimensional disc-shaped polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polyoxometalate (POM(W)-POSS(ibu-Li)) Janus supramolecular nanosheets were synthesized via simple one-pot method adopting laboratory-made lithium-containing hepta-isobutyl-POSS (ibu-Li-POSS) and low-cost H3PW12O40 as raw materials. The synthesized POM(W)-POSS(ibu-Li) contained various flame retardant and smoke suppression elements such as P, W and Si. Incorporating 2 wt% POM(W)-POSS(ibu-Li) into EP distinctly decreased the total heat release (THR), peak of smoke production rate (p-SPR) and CO production rate (p-COP) by 28.1 %, 51.6 % and 28.9 %, respectively. The dilemmas of inherent flammability of EP were completely penetrated. The successful application of two-dimensional disc-shaped POM(W)-POSS(ibu-Li) supramolecular nanosheets will inevitably resulted in the frontier upsurge in the development of cost-effective POSS derivatives as superior nano-scale flame retardants and smoke suppressants.

Hydrogen has the characteristics of high combustion value, no pollution of combustion products, and high element content, which is considered to be the most advantageous green energy in the future. The mobile hydrogen source can achieve the preparation of hydrogen at any time, effectively avoiding the safety hazards of hydrogen in the storage and transportation process. Magnesium-based active materials, which can release hydrogen by hydrolysis at room temperature, can be ideal materials for mobile hydrogen sources. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent research progress on magnesium-based active materials, focusing on four aspects of magnesium hydrolysis reaction research: preparation methods of magnesium materials, addition of catalysts, reaction media, and applications of active magnesium-based materials. In addition, the promotion mechanism of magnesium hydrolysis reaction for different preparation methods, catalysts, and reaction media is also summarized in detail. Finally, the limitations of the current research on magnesium-based active materials are analyzed, and the future research and application aspects of this material are prospected.