Tourism routes, understood as formal stakeholder networks connected through shared products and objectives, have become central to destination development and heritage valorisation. However, routes vary considerably in their products, organisational structures, territorial scope, memberships, and goals, raising questions about how these characteristics influence their success. This study examines how route characteristics shape critical success factors (CSF) through five European examples. Semi-structured interviews with 31 key participants, supported by document analysis, were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings show that structure, territory, and goals exert the strongest influence on CSF. Regionally operated routes place greater emphasis on personnel characteristics, while network-based routes prioritise product value. Clearly defined goals have a substantial impact on route activities and performance assessment. The study develops exploratory hypotheses and identifies directions for future research on tourism route development.

Tourism routes are partnerships between stakeholders to develop a common tourist product. Limited research exists on factors influencing their overall success, that is, the critical success factors (CSFs). Thus, this systematic review applies the PRISMA protocol with the aim of identifying and discussing these CSFs by addressing the question: ‘Which are the CSFs for tourism routes development?’. The review encompasses 174 studies on tourism routes, published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages until October 2022, in the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. Most of the studied routes are in Europe and focused on the theme of food and drinks at a regional level. Their CSFs are discussed across the categories of Resources, Governance, Activities, and Performance assessment. The results highlight the importance of networking for the long-term success of tourism routes and the need for further research, particularly on issues of governance and performance assessment. This review provides theoretical contributions by identifying CSFs of tourism routes and offers practical suggestions for their establishment and enhancement.

O número de julho de 2025 da Revista Indagatio Didactica inclui 11 artigos que se enquadram nas secções Didática e Desenvolvimento Curricular (5); Tecnologias (Digitais) em Educação (4) e Políticas e Avaliação em Educação (2); Os diversos artigos abraçam temáticas de diferentes campos de ação e de investigação, encontrando-se artigos produzidos por autores de instituições portuguesas, brasileiras e angolanas.

Tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of death in the world. The emergence and increased prominence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), non-susceptible to currently available therapies, has toughened the fight to eradicate this disease. This study focuses on further investigating the therapeutic potential of promising antitubercular compounds, namely, isoniazid (INH), and three INH derivatives, N'-decanoylisonicotinohydrazide (INH-C10), N'-(E)-(4-phenoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (N34) and N'-(4-phenoxybenzyl)isonicotinohydrazide (N34red). INH-C10 and N34 have been selected due to their high selectivity index against the Mtb mutant bearing the primary mutation responsible for INH drug resistance. In opposition, N34red, which differs from N34 only in the saturation of the N' = C bond, exhibits a poor selectivity index. Moreover, INH-C10 and N34 interact with human serum albumin and model lipid membranes mimicking the plasma membrane of human cells, showing their promising potential. In the current study, the interaction of these compounds with models of the lung surfactant (LS) and of the mycolic acid (MA)-enriched Mtb cell wall was assessed, in order to further explore their ability to interact with and cross the various biological barriers to be encountered on their way to the molecular target inside Mtb. We show that all the INH derivatives were able to interact with both the LS and the mycolic acid-enriched cell wall models. INH-C10 and N34 had a smaller impact than N34red on the pulmonary surfactant model. On the other hand, INH-C10 promoted the most extensive perturbation of the MA-enriched cell wall model, which correlates well with the previously shown ability of this compound to incorporate into and disturb gel-phase lipid bilayers. This indicates that INH-C10 may penetrate a MA rich barrier more easily, reaching higher intracellular levels, and increase its permeability. These traits contribute to explain the high antimicrobial activity of this derivative against the most common drug-resistant Mtb mutant.

O número de dezembro de 2025 da Revista Indagatio Didactica inclui 21 artigos que se enquadram nas secções Desenvolvimento Curricular e Didática (12); Políticas e Avaliação em Educação (4); Tecnologias Digitais em Educação (3) e Supervisão em Educação (2). Os diversos artigos abraçam temáticas de diferentes campos de ação e de investigação, encontrando-se artigos produzidos por autores de instituições portuguesas e estrangeiras.

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide due to the growth of multi-drug resistant strains unsusceptible to currently available therapies. Four compounds, isoniazid (INH) and three derivatives, N'-decanoylisonicotinohydrazide (INHC10), N'-(E)-(4-phenoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (N34) and N'-(4-phenoxybenzyl)isonicotinohydrazide (N34red), were studied. Owing to their advantageous in vitro selectivity index against the primary mutation responsible for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), as well as their suitable lipophilicity and interaction with human serum albumin, INHC10 and N34 were deemed promising antitubercular compounds. N34red, despite differing from N34 only in the saturation of the N' = C bond, presents a poor selectivity index. To delve deeper into the therapeutic potential of these compounds, their interaction with biomembrane models, mimicking biological barriers on the way to the target inside Mtb cells, was herein evaluated. All compounds, except N34red, weakened the packing of the acyl chains in the rigid lipid gel phase, especially INHC10, which was the only compound disturbing liquid disordered membranes. Notably, all compounds except INH decreased membrane dipole potential, across all types of bilayers studied, but only N34red had a drastic effect. The insertion in gel phase bilayers suggests that the compounds may be able to penetrate the rigid cell wall of Mtb. Förster's resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays in ternary bilayers with liquid ordered/liquid disordered lateral heterogeneity mimicking human cell membranes, showed that the compounds affected neither the size nor the organization of lipid domains. These results provide molecular insights into the low toxicity against human cell lines and improved activity against drug-resistant Mtb of INHC10 and N34.

Solution enthalpies of paracetamol, ΔsolH, in choline chloride–ethylene glycol–water mixtures were evaluated at 298.15 K. Solvatochromic UV–vis shifts of five different probes (4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, 4-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline and 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-1-yl)phenolate) were also assessed for the same mixtures at the same temperature in order to compute the corresponding Kamlet–Taft parameters, α, β, and π*. Quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) between ΔsolH and the solvatochromic parameters were established to investigate the solution processes under consideration. Due to the small variability in the solvent parameters, a further set of eight pure solvents were considered. The behavior of paracetamol in eutectic mixtures is shown to be not significantly different from its behaviour in the pure solvents. The solvents’ basicity measured by β, is the most relevant factor modeling the solution process of this solute in the total set of solvents.

Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions are an important synthetic route to obtain several intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, fragrances, and agrochemicals. The reaction is generally performed in the presence of homogeneous Lewis acid type catalysts such as AlCl 3 or strong Brönsted acids such as H 2 SO 4 or HF. However, these catalysts present serious environmental problems associated with toxicity hazards, dangerous handling, and difficult or even impossible separation and recovery. Zeolites are widely used heterogeneous catalysts in refining and petrochemical processes due to a unique combination of properties such as high surface area and well-defined microporosity, high thermal and mechanical stability and customized acidity. Yet, their use in liquid-phase reactions to produce fine chemicals is still limited since these processes involve large molecules that cannot easily diffuse to the active sites located inside the micropores. To overcome this limitation, the use of hierarchical zeolites, comprising mesopores in addition to the original microporosity has been reported in the literature with promising results for several zeolites structures. This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the recent developments with respect to the different methodologies used in the production of hierarchical zeolites and their characterization. Illustrative examples of the application of these catalysts in Friedel Crafts acylation reactions with a representative set of substrates will be presented, focusing on the advantages of hierarchical zeolites compared with conventional ones, especially in the presence of molecules with high industrial relevance. Additionally, this chapter will also show how quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR), a methodology widely applied in the last decades to establish meaningful correlations between a given physicochemical, biological, or environmental response and a set of properties that influence the process under study, might be used to understand the combined effects of the properties of zeolites and substrates in this type of catalytic processes, thus contributing to improvements in the design of these catalysts for specific purposes.

Following previous studies, the ternary mixture of methanol/formamide/acetonitrile (MeOH/Formamide/MeCN) was studied using the UV-Vis absorption spectra at 298.15 K with a set of five probes, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, 4-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline and 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinio)phenolate (Reichardt betaine dye), for a total of 22 mole ternary fractions. In addition, nine mole fractions of the underling binary mixtures, MeOH/Formamide and Formamide/MeCN were also tested. Spectroscopic results were used to model the preferential solvation order for each probe in the mixtures. The Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic solvent parameters, α, β, and π*, were also computed through the use of the solvatochromic shifts of the five probe indicators. Moreover, discrepancies in the spectroscopic behavior of 4-nitrophenol in formamide-rich mixtures were observed and analyzed.

Dans cet article, il s’agira d’établir des liens entre politiques éducatives européennes, pratiques d’éducation au plurilinguisme et de formation internationale des acteurs et actrices de l’éducation dans des contextes de mobilité. Nous nous appuierons sur l’expérimentation menée dans le projet Erasmus + Kamilala - Un projet de création et d’inclusion sociale par l’ouverture aux langues et aux cultures (https://kamilala.org/) durant lequel un évènement de formation a réuni une cinquantaine de participant.e.s de quatre pays (France, Grèce, Italie et Portugal) autour de pratiques pédagogiques plurielles à travers le Kamishibaï plurilingue (KP). L’objectif général de l’article vise à articuler des pratiques d’apprentissages, de formation et recherche, expérimentées lors du déroulement de ce projet Erasmus+. Ces pratiques convergent avec les orientations européennes. Or, ces dernières peinent souvent à trouver, au quotidien, des espaces de mise en œuvre, notamment en ce qui concerne les langues minoritaires, les langues des migrations et les langues non territoriales. Autour de cette problématique, nous commençons par analyser l’apport des KP dans le processus de mise en œuvre de politiques linguistiques éducatives plus ouvertes à la diversité et les effets d’une formation internationale d’enseignant.e.s, formatrice.s, étudiant.e.s et praticien.nes de terrain, issu.e.s des pays partenaires du projet et qui interviennent dans des contextes différents. Nous discutons ensuite de la transformation des savoirs par la mise en œuvre d’une formation collaborative au plurilinguisme, qui a mis en lumière les divergences et les convergences de différentes cultures, pratiques pédagogiques et approches conceptuelles.

Purpose This study aims to identify Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for tourism route development and proposes a tailored conceptual model. It addresses a comprehensive range of tourism routes, considering their respective goals and performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors applied a qualitative approach to investigate five tourism routes, interviewing 31 current and former members and examining secondary data from organisational documents. A conceptual model was developed through content analysis of transcripts and secondary data. Findings Based on the identified CSFs, the model is organised into six components: Product, Goals, Resources, Governance, Activities and Performance assessment. Research limitations/implications The study analyses various tourism routes concerning their products, implementation levels, goals, performance and perceived success. Practical implications Most respondents are public authorities from European countries. Besides, consideration should be given to developing quantitative research to validate the derived theory. Social implications The model may facilitate participants in enhancing and developing tourism routes, thereby contributing to achieving sustainable development goals related to rural-urban connections and tourism partnerships. Originality/value The development of tourism routes is expected to impact socio-economic development in rural/peripheral areas positively.

Understanding visitors’ actual behaviour is key for tourist destinations to define strategies for different subgroups of experience-based visitors. The few studies that have analysed the influence of the intensity of visitors’ on-site experience on the formation of destination image also considered intentions and did not analyse its influence on loyalty. Also, existing research on previous experience with the destination or experiential familiarity has considered repeat visitors as a homogeneous group and failed to identify different patterns of experience. This study aims to overcome these gaps by grouping visitors based on their degree of experience (i.e., previous and on- site experience related to coastal and maritime cultural heritage activities) and ascertaining the extent to which a) the impressions of the destination and b) degree of loyalty of the visitors in subgroups differ. The sample included 720 questionnaires from domestic and international visitors in Aveiro, Portugal, leading to three groups with varying degrees of past and on-site experience: “destination enthusiasts”, “destination and heritage enthusiasts” and “destination and heritage discoverers”, thus supporting the intersection of these variables as valid for market segmentation. All groups presented dissimilar cognitive images and different levels of loyalty, but no differences were found in the affective image.

A fechar o ano de 2024, este número regular da Revista Indagatio Didactica oferece à leitura um total de treze artigos distribuídos pelas quatro secções da revista. À exceção da secção Supervisão em Educação, com um artigo publicado, cada uma das restantes secções integra, de forma equilibrada, um total de quatro textos, de autores portugueses, brasileiros e um autor angolano.

Few studies have examined the influence of the intensity of visitors’ on-site experience on the formation of in situ destination image or its effects on destination loyalty; however, none appear to have simultaneously examined a mediation (cognitive and affective images) and moderation effect (visitors’ origin; domestic or international) on these relationships. Building upon the mere exposure theory (MET), the aim of the current study is to test the influence of the intensity of visitors’ on-site experience of coastal and maritime cultural heritage (CMCH) attrac- tions on image and loyalty. MET suggests a positive stimulus-attitude effect after repeated exposition to it. Survey data was collected from both domestic (n = 305) and international (n = 181) visitors to the city of Aveiro in Portugal during their on-site experiences. Findings indicate that the intensity of on-site heritage experience is a significant predictor of loyalty and that image partially mediates the effect of on-site experience intensity on loyalty through cognitive image, which is conditioned by visitors’ origin. Interestingly, affective image did not present significant results in the model. Diversifying activities and including local workers are proposed, so that visitors can get to know coastal communities’ heritage better, stay longer, and develop bonds.

Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that are the second-leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin tumor with an increasing incidence and poor prognosis in the metastatic stage. Breast cancer still stands as one of the major cancer-associated deaths among women, and diagnosed cases are increasing year after year worldwide. Despite the recent therapeutic advances for this type of cancer, novel drugs and treatment strategies are still urgently needed. In this paper, the synthesis of 18 thiobenzanilide derivatives (17 of them new) is described, and their cytotoxic potential against melanoma cells (A375) and hormone-dependent breast cancer (MCF-7) cells is evaluated using the MTT assay. In the A375 cell line, most of the tested thiobenzanilides derivatives showed EC50 values in the order of μM. Compound 17 was the most promising, with an EC50 (24 h) of 11.8 μM. Compounds 8 and 9 are also interesting compounds that deserve to be further improved. The MCF-7 cell line, on the other hand, was seen to be less susceptible to these thiobenzanilides indicating that these compounds show different selectivity towards skin and breast cancer cells. Compound 15 showed the highest cytotoxic potential for MCF-7 cells, with an EC50 (24 h) of 43 μM, a value within the range of the EC50 value determined for tamoxifen (30.0 μM). ADME predictions confirm the potential of the best compounds. Overall, this work discloses a new set of thiobenzanilides that are worth being considered as new scaffolds for the further development of anticancer agents.

In a globalised world marked by the mobility of individuals from different linguistic and cultural contexts, it is important to educate future teachers for educational approaches to the linguistic and cultural diversity present in the landscapes that we observe and we live in. Therefore, it is essential to develop teacher education programmes that privilege understanding concerning the (in)visibility of linguistic and cultural diversity and its value in educational contexts. Such programmes may enhance teachers' contribution to the construction of fairer societies, by developing pupils' multiliteracy competences and language awareness. This study aims to reflect on the potential of linguistic landscapes (LL) as a didactical resource for educational purposes, in the context of initial teacher education at the Department of Education and Psychology of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. For that matter, student teachers' discourses are analysed in order to identify the effects of LL as an educational resource on their professional knowledge, namely concerning three dimensions: pedagogical and didactic, ethical and political, and linguistic and communicative. Data was collected by means of their pedagogical projects and written reflections regarding LL educational exploration. The analysis allows us to understand and discuss the teaching professional knowledge built by future teachers when focusing on the concept of LL. It also allows us to reflect on the capitalisation possibilities of this concept in pre-service teacher education contexts.

Educational research has been showing a growing interest in the field of Linguistic Landscapes (LL) with numerous studies highlighting the pedagogical potential of LL in developing pupils’ and teachers’ competences at different levels. Yet, despite the pervasive role new technologies are taking in Education, research bridging LL and digital tools is slim and mostly focused on the use of mobile devices for methodological purposes. Considering this background, this chapter reports on the results of a basic qualitative study conducted with a group of seven teachers from a school in Ílhavo, Portugal, who developed an interdisciplinary project around the LoCALL App. The App is an educational resource that invites pupils, teachers and the community to document and critically reflect upon LL through a multiple-choice question game to be played outdoors. In particular, the study explores teachers’ perceptions regarding the competences developed by a class of 20 pupils, aged 11–13, while participating in the project. Data was collected through a group interview conducted with the teachers after the conclusion of the project, which was transcribed and treated using inductive content analysis. Results show that, according to the teachers, the project was successful in developing pupils’ awareness to language and linguistic diversity, in promoting critical thinking, autonomy and engagement, as well as in activating and developing (prior) knowledge in different curricular and non-curricular subjects. Surprisingly, digital skills were not mentioned by the teachers, a result that needs careful interpretation. These findings are relevant for the international audience of teachers, who may explore LL with this mobile tool in their teaching practice and in their own language, and for researchers, as more studies on this innovative approach to LL in education are required.

Quantitative structure-property relationships were established using multiple linear regressions to cor-relate log k values for the heterolysis reaction of 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane using three well-known model equations, the Kamlet-Abraham-Taft (KAT), the Catalan (Cat) and the Laurence (Lau) equations. The a pri-ori exclusion of the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) basicity descriptor for all tested models led to similar responses, thus emptying the argument of an alleged use of a non-balanced set of solvents. Concurrently, a new method was devised to split the original Kamlet-Taft p* descriptor into two independent contri-butions which separately quantify the solvent's polarizability (DI) and dipolarity (Dip). A modified version of the KAT equation (mKAT) including both DI and Dip, together with the exclusion of the HBA basicity descriptor was applied to five selected solvent-dependent physicochemical processes. Results showed that the mKAT model provided significant improvements over the original KAT model. Additionally, it was shown that the introduction of DI in the truncated KAT equation could lead to misleading or, at best, inconclusive interpretations of solvent effects. Finally, the performance of mKAT model was compared with Catalan's and Laurence's model equations in terms of statistical results, relevance of descriptors and gas-phase predictions. In general, these three model equations show very similar outcomes although the mKAT model exhibits an overall better performance. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The multilingual kamishibai, a didactic resource at the service of language education, may contribute to the development of competences in several areas. This article presents a study that aims to understand the potential of multilingual kamishibai in the development of competences in a non-formal educational context. To this end, a workshop was implemented with 2 nd grade school children. The study is framed within a case study methodological approach. The kamishibais produced and the focus group interviews of the 42 children participating in the study were analysed. The results show that the awareness-raising activities on linguistic diversity, using multilingual kamishibai, enhance the development of competences in heritage languages, school languages and other languages of the children's interest; knowledge of different areas; and positive attitudes towards languages and otherness.