Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot is a marine green alga belonging to the Codiaceae family, is one of the mass species of macrophytes in the Far East Region of the Russian Federation. The total lipid content was 13.92 ± 0.22 mg per g of dry tissue, of which 44% were glycolipids and 40% were neutral lipids, phospholipids accounted for 16%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was over 50% of the total fatty acids, of which PUFAs of the ω-3 family (36.2%) and ω-6 family (17.8%) predominated. Under of stress exposure (vertical fixation by dorsal neck fold) the effect of lipid extract of C. fragile and reference remedy Omega-3 on biochemical and physiological parameters of mice erythrocytes was studied. Under the impact of stress erythrocytes undergo certain changes, as in terms of dimensional characteristics so as in phospholipid pattern of membranes. This leads to changes in its permeability and lability, also made more complex their circulation through the capillary bed. The endogenous antioxidant defense system of mice under stress experiences a considerable strain, as evidenced by the increase in the level of malonic dialdehyde while reducing in the activity of superoxide dismutase and the level of antiradical activity in blood plasma. The administration of the lipid extract of C. fragile under stress conditions was accompanied by the restoration of the lipid content in the erythrocyte membranes, a decrease in the amount of lysophospholipids, and the normalization of the sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratio, which contributed to the restoration of the dimensional parameters of erythrocytes, their osmotic resistance, and indices of the body’s antioxidant system. The pronounced stress- and membrane-protective effect of the lipid extract of C. fragile is due to the presence in its composition of a wide range of neutral and polar lipids containing PUFAs of the ω-3 and ω-6 families, which ensures a higher efficiency of the algal extract under stress compared to the reference preparation “Omega-3”.

The influence of the lipid complex isolated from the thallus of the red marine algae Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (LCA) on the metabolic parameters of the blood and liver of rats under a high-fat diet was studied. It was shown that the administration of LCA had a pronounced lipid-correcting and antioxidant effect, which was superior to that of the “Omega 3-6-9” reference preparation in terms of its ability to restore lipid metabolism, the ratio of lipoprotein fractions, and the indices of the endogenous antioxidant protection system; in addition it prevented the development of hepatosis. The lipid-correcting and antioxidant effect of LCA is specified by the action of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, which are part of the structure of phospholipids and glycolipids of marine origin and make up the main part of the studied lipid complex.

It was studied the effect of a lipid extract isolated from the marine green algae Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot on the liver and blood biochemical indicators in mice under impact of acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold). The pharmacological effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was manifested in the restoration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in the normalization of the indicators of the endogenous antioxidant defense system under stress effect. The biological activity of the lipid extract of C. fragile, probably, is due to the action of its constituent polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families. The lipid extract of C. fragile was not inferior to the reference Omega-3 preparation in restoring the body’s metabolic reactions caused by the impact of the stress, however, it showed higher antioxidant activity.

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, the green seaweed species belonging to the family Codiaceae, is one of the mass macrophyte species in the Pacific Region of the Russian Federation. The C. fragile total lipid content amounts 13.92 ± 0.22 mg per g of dry tissue, of which 44 account for 16 50 are predominant. Here, we studied the effects of the C. fragile lipid extract and Omega-3 reference drug on biochemical and physiological parameters of erythrocytes in mice exposed to stress (vertical fixation by the scruff skinfold). Under the impact of stress, erythrocytes underwent alterations in both their dimensional characteristics and membrane phospholipid profiles, leading to changes in their permeability and lability, as well as impeding their circulation through the capillary bed. The endogenous antioxidant defense system in stress-exposed mice experienced a considerable strain, as evidenced by an increase in the malonic dialdehyde level, with a simultaneous decrease in plasma superoxide dismutase and antiradical activities. The administration of the C. fragile lipid extract to stress-exposed mice entailed the restoration of the erythrocyte membrane lipid content, a decrease in the amount of lysophospholipids, and the normalization of the sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratio, which contributed to the recovery of erythrocyte dimensional characteristics and osmotic resistance, as well as blood antioxidant system parameters. The pronounced stress- and membrane-protective effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was due to the presence in its composition of a wide range of neutral and polar lipids containing ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, which ensured a higher anti-stress efficacy of the algal extract compared to the Omega-3 reference preparation.

The effect of the lipid extract isolated from the tunic of the marine hydrobiont Halocynthia aurantium was studied. Its administration during hypothermia, hyperthermia, muscle load, introduction of hexenal, and the vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold, as well as its embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, was evaluated. The impact of stress (vertical fixation of rats by the dorsal neck fold) was accompanied by an increase in the plasma levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, cholesterol/phospholipid ratios, and a decrease in the total phospholipids, as well as by a change in the quantitative characteristics of classes of neutral and phospholipids. A correction of the developed changes by a lipid extract of ascidia and a commercial reference preparation Omega-3 was carried out. The lipid extract of H. aurantium showed a higher efficiency in restoring the lipid composition of the blood plasma under stress impact compared to the preparation Omega-3 due to the wider range of neutral and phospholipid classes, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 families. The tunic of ascidian can be used as a raw material for obtaining preparations with stress-protector and lipid-correcting properties.

Морские водоросли являются источником важных биологически активных соединений — липидов, аминокислот, фенолов, полисахаридов и др. Перспективную группу веществ морского происхождения составляют полифенольные соединения, обладающие высокой антиоксидантной активностью, которые играют ключевую роль в жизнедеятельности морских макрофитов, что позволяет им быстро реагировать на внешний стресс и выполнять защитные функции. В то же время многокомпонентный состав фенольной фракции экстракта из водорослей обусловливает широкий спектр её фармакологической активности, включающей регулирующее влияние на многочисленные нарушения гомеостаза при патологических процессах в организме животных и человека. При этом имеющиеся возможности практического использования экстрактов из водорослей ещё не исчерпаны, что представляет несомненный интерес для современной науки. Цель работы — выполнить сравнительную оценку антиоксидантной активности водно-спиртовых экстрактов, выделенных из талломов представителей трёх классов водорослей [бурых (Sargassum pallidum), зелёных (Ulva lactuca) и красных (Ahnfeltia fastigiata var. tobuchiensis)], а также проанализировать их влияние на показатели антиоксидантной защиты печени и плазмы крови мышей при экспериментальном стрессе. Водоросли собирали в летние месяцы в прибрежных водах залива Петра Великого Японского моря, затем сушили при температуре около +50 °C, измельчали на лабораторной мельнице до частиц размером 0,5–1 мм и экстрагировали 70%-ным этиловым спиртом методом реперколяции. Наибольшее количество полифенолов отмечено в экстракте бурой водоросли S. pallidum — (218,2 ± 20,3) мг-экв ГК·г−1 сухого веса. В экстракте зелёной водоросли U. lactuca значение этого показателя составляло (16,2 ± 1,8) мг-экв ГК·г−1 сухого веса, в экстракте красной водоросли A. fastigiata var. tobuchiensis — (9,1 ± 1,6) мг-экв ГК·г−1 сухого веса. Соответственно, антирадикальная активность экстракта S. pallidum по отношению к катион-радикалу 2,2’-азино-бис(3-этилбензотиазолин-6-сульфоновой кислоты) (ABTS+) и алкилпероксильному радикалу была существенно выше, чем таковая экстрактов U. lactuca и A. fastigiata var. tobuchiensis. Проведена экспериментальная проверка с целью определить влияние исследуемых экстрактов водорослей на показатели антиоксидантной защиты печени и плазмы мышей в условиях острого стресса. В задачи эксперимента входило установление весовых показателей (вес животных, индекс массы внутренних органов) и биохимических параметров (уровень антирадикальной активности, содержание малонового диальдегида и восстановленного глутатиона, активность антиоксидантных ферментов). Эксперимент по стрессовому воздействию проводили на белых беспородных мышах-самцах массой 20–30 г. Острый стресс моделировали путём вертикальной фиксации животных за дорсальную шейную складку на 24 ч. Освобождённые от спирта экстракты водорослей вводили в виде водной взвеси в дозе 100 мг общих полифенолов на кг массы тела в желудок мышам через зонд дважды — непосредственно перед вертикальной фиксацией и спустя 6 ч. Животным контрольной группы и группы «стресс» вводили дистиллированную воду в объёме, равном объёму вводимых препаратов. В данной модели проявились все атрибуты стресса: гипертрофия надпочечников, инволюция тимуса и селезёнки, изъязвления слизистой желудка и кишечника. Также были отмечены нарушения системы антиоксидантной защиты, которые выражались в снижении активности антиоксидантных ферментов в плазме крови, уменьшении содержания восстановленного глутатиона в печени и увеличении уровня малонового диальдегида. Под действием экстрактов во всех группах животных на фоне стресса прослежена тенденция к стабилизации исследуемых показателей антиоксидантной защиты. При этом показатели у мышей, получавших экстракты из U. lactuca и A. fastigiata var. tobuchiensis, уступали аналогичным параметрам в группе животных, получавших экстракт S. pallidum. В группе животных, получавших экстракт S. pallidum, в показателях антиоксидантной защиты не было выявлено достоверных отличий от контрольных значений. Данный факт обусловлен тем, что основными компонентами полифенольных фракций зелёных и красных водорослей являются мономерные флавоноиды, тогда как в бурых водорослях присутствуют высокомолекулярные флоротаннины, которые проявляют более высокую антиоксидантную активность, чем низкомолекулярные полифенольные фракции зелёных и красных водорослей.

It was studied the impact of a water-alcohol extract (70%) from the marine green algae Ulva lactuca L., enriched with a polyphenol fraction, and a herbal preparation – extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) on the indicators of antioxidant protection of the liver and blood plasma of rats under acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold). The total polyphenols and flavonoids content in the extract of U. lactuca made 16.2±1.8 µg GAE/g and 9.10±1.87 g QE/g, respectively, which was 2 times higher than its amount in the Eleutherococcus extract – 7.6±0.25 µg GAE/g and 4.8±0.3 µg QE/g respectively. The antiradical activity against ABTS+ and alkyl-peroxyl radicals of the U. lactuca extract was also almost 2 times higher in compere with Eleutherococcus. The pharmacological effect of the phenolic complex of U. lactuca in Wistar rats under stress was manifested in the stabilization of the antioxidant defense system. It was noted a decrease of the malondialdehyde content, an increase of the antiradical activity level, reduced glutathione content and the activity of enzymes of glutathione cycle in the liver and blood plasma of rats. In terms of efficiency, the extract of U. lactuca was not inferior to the reference preparation Eleutherococcus, and in terms of the ability to restore the activity of antioxidant enzymes and indicators of the glutathione system, it was superior to that. The pharmacological effect of the phenolic complex of U. lactuca, to our opinion, is provided by the action of its constituent flavonoids, phenolic terpenoids, phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, coumaric, synapic), etc., which have pronounced antioxidant properties, which prevents the development of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Thus, the marine green algae U. lactuca is a promising raw material for the development of preparations that can increase the potential of the endogenous antioxidant defense system of the body at stress-induced disorders.

The effect of a lipid complex isolated from a water–ethanol extract of the thallus of the red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (ahnfeltia lipid complex (ALC)) on the biochemical parameters of the blood and liver of mice intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride has been studied. It is shown that the administration of ALС had a significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect; it was more efficient than the Essentiale® reference hepatoprotector in terms of the ability to restore the animal weight, specific liver weight, AlAT activity, and lipid metabolism and to reduce lipid peroxidation. The hepatoprotective effect of the ALС is determined by the action of its constituent phospholipids and glycolipids of marine origin, characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of group n-3.

The study of the effect of the lipid complex isolated from the thallus of green seaweed Ulva lactuca and the commercial reference drug “Omega 3” on the biochemical parameters of the blood plasma and liver of rats in the case of an experimental high-fat diet (hypercholesterol diet with a high-fat load) is studied. The effect of the diet is accompanied by an increase in the amount of total lipids, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol/phospholipid ratios and coefficient of atherogenicity in the blood plasma and by a decrease in total phospholipids, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as changes in the ratios of the classes of neutral liver lipids. The lipid complex from U. lactuca shows a higher efficiency in restoring the lipid composition in the blood and liver in the case of a high-fat diet compared to the effect of the “Omega-3” preparation. Marine algae can be used as a raw material for the production of preparations with hypolipidemic properties.

Introduction. Phenolic compounds that are part of a variety of phytopreparations have an anti-radical and antioxidant effect. Aim. Studying the influence of carbon disulfide intoxication on the rat blood biochemical parameters and the possibility of their correction with natural plant phenolic compounds from viburnum. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on white Wistar male rats. Carbon disulfide intoxication (concentration 2.0 mg/m3) was implemented in a special exposure chamber. The animals were divided into 5 groups: the 1st group was control (intact rats); the 2nd group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks; the 3rd group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by discontinuation for 7 days; the 4th group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by administration of the viburnum extract for 7 days; the 5th group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by silymarin administration for 7 days. The drugs were administered at a dose of 100 mg of total phenols per kilogram of animal weight. Results. Carbon disulfide intoxication was accompanied by the development of intense hypercholesterolemia; an increase in the fraction of low-density lipoproteins with simultaneous decrease in high-density lipoproteins in blood serum. There was an increase in the level of malondialdehyde, decrease in the superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione amount, which indicates the depletion of the body’s antioxidant defense system. During the withdrawal period of carbon disulfide intoxication for 7 days, the blood biochemical parameters did not recover, which indicates the preservation of free-radical processes. The administration of the viburnum extract and the comparison drug, silymarin, was accompanied by a recovery to the control group level of blood biochemical parameters after carbon disulfide intoxication. Conclusion. The toxic effect of carbon disulfide causes a change in the studied blood biochemical parameters. The administration of the viburnum extract and silymarin was accompanied by their restoration to the level of the control group, but a more pronounced effect was observed in the viburnum extract due to the presence of oligomeric forms of polyphenols in its composition.

Introduction . Phenolic compounds that are part of a variety of phytopreparations have an anti-radical and antioxidant effect. Aim . Studying the influence of carbon disulfide intoxication on the rat blood biochemical parameters and the possibility of their correction with natural plant phenolic compounds from viburnum. Materials and methods . The experiment was conducted on white Wistar male rats. Carbon disulfide intoxication (concentration 2.0 mg/m 3 ) was implemented in a special exposure chamber. The animals were divided into 5 groups: the 1st group was control (intact rats); the 2nd group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks; the 3rd group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by discontinuation for 7 days; the 4th group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by administration of the viburnum extract for 7 days; the 5th group was carbon disulfide intoxication for 3 weeks, followed by silymarin administration for 7 days. The drugs were administered at a dose of 100 mg of total phenols per kilogram of animal weight. Results . Carbon disulfide intoxication was accompanied by the development of intense hypercholesterolemia; an increase in the fraction of low-density lipoproteins with simultaneous decrease in high-density lipoproteins in blood serum. There was an increase in the level of malondialdehyde, decrease in the superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione amount, which indicates the depletion of the body’s antioxidant defense system. During the withdrawal period of carbon disulfide intoxication for 7 days, the blood biochemical parameters did not recover, which indicates the preservation of free-radical processes. The administration of the viburnum extract and the comparison drug, silymarin, was accompanied by a recovery to the control group level of blood biochemical parameters after carbon disulfide intoxication. Conclusion . The toxic effect of carbon disulfide causes a change in the studied blood biochemical parameters. The administration of the viburnum extract and silymarin was accompanied by their restoration to the level of the control group, but a more pronounced effect was observed in the viburnum extract due to the presence of oligomeric forms of polyphenols in its composition.

The influence of heavy study load on the indicators of lipid metabolism and antiradical activity in the blood of students has been estimated. Male full-time students of the university (11 subjects) at the age of 18–20 years took part in the study. Healthy male donors (10 subjects) of comparable age were recruited as a reference group (control). The blood of students studied during the educational process was found to have changes in lipid metabolism indicators: an imbalance in the ratio of fractions of neutral lipids and phospholipids. An increase in the content of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL_С) by 16% and a decrease in the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL_С) by 15% compared to the control parameters were also revealed. The calculated atherogenic index was significantly higher than the control values, which is a risk factor for the development of heart and vascular diseases. The level of antiradical activity in the blood plasma of students were significantly reduced (by 9%) against the background of an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (by 11%). This suggests activation of lipid peroxidation processes, which is typical during stress exposure. For the purpose of prevention and preservation of health, students were proposed to take a functional food product (FFP) consisting of pumpkin juice with the addition of a functional ingredient, an extract from the sea green alga Ulva lactuca. Students consumed this product every morning in amount of 100 mL. The consequent blood sampling was performed in 6 weeks later after taking the FFP. Preventive administration of FFP for six weeks allowed preserving metabolic reactions of students at the control level. A questionnaire survey using a point scale for assessing the students' psychoemotional state showed that the use of FFP significantly improved the well-being of the subjects, reduced mental fatigue, and also increased the capacity for work, mood, and desire to study.

The present study considers effects of a lipid complex isolated from the aqueous–ethanol (70%) extract from the marine red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis and effects of the Essentiale commercial preparation on the biochemical parameters of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes of mice exposed to experimental stress (suspension by the scruff of the neck). The pharmacological effect of the lipid complex from A. tobuchiensis is manifested as elimination of dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia accompanied by a reduction in the levels of total lipids and low-density lipoproteins, an increase in the level of high-density lipoproteins in plasma, and normalization of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and the phospholipid composition of erythrocyte membranes. The Ahnfeltia extract was not inferior to the Essentiale reference preparation in terms of effectiveness and was even superior in the potential to restore the blood lipid composition and the phospholipid fraction ratio in erythrocyte membranes. The pharmacological effect of the lipid complex from Ahnfeltia is determined by the action of its phospholipid fractions and polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, which contribute to the utilization of cholesterol from membranes and the enhancement of the lipoprotein ratio towards increase in high-density lipoproteins and are also involved in erythrocyte membrane repair.

Introduction. The content of low and high-density lipoproteins, the level of total cholesterol, and the fatty acids composition of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes were studied in first-year university students. The prevention of stress disorders was carried out with the functional food product “Biolad-Kalina” marmalade (TU 9128-152-02067936-2006) contained 100 mg of a complex of polyphenolic compounds per 100 g of the product, accounting for a therapeutic dose for polyphenol preparations. Material and methods. A group of 10 male students aged 18-20 years studying in the 1st year of full-time study (2nd semester after admission to the university) was examined. The 1st group (control) included 20 healthy male donors; in the 2nd group - 10 male students before a biochemical blood test, the 3rd group - 10 male students of the 2nd group, after a biochemical blood test, invited to take daily for 6 weeks in the morning, 100 g of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina”. Results. The effect of the study load (stress) was shown to be accompanied by the increase in low-density lipoproteins in plasma, the concentration of total cholesterol, total lipids and decrease in the content of total phospholipids, which is typical for dyslipidemia. In blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, there was an increase in the content of saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic) and a decrease in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-6 (arachidonic) and n-3 (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic) families, which causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes, permeability, and lability. Changes in the ratio of fatty acids in the lipid pattern of erythrocyte membranes indicate the presence of destructive processes under the influence of stress. A prophylactic effect of the functional food product of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina” on the studied biochemical indices has been estimated. There was shown its effectiveness in the restoration of lipid metabolism in blood and erythrocyte membranes due to presence in it of a wide range of polyphenolic compounds.

The influence of the lipid fraction from the aqueous EtOH extract of brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum thallus and the commercial reference drug Essentiale ® on the physiological characteristics of rat erythrocytes and the lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes after CCl 4 -induced toxic injury was studied. CCl 4 intoxication (50% solution in olive oil, s.c., 2 mL/kg for 4 d) was associated with changes of all studied physiological and biochemical erythrocyte parameters that did not return to normal after withdrawing the toxicant. Intragastric administration to rats through a probe of the lipid fraction from S. pallidum extract at a dose of 80 mg of total lipids per kg of mass for 7 d after CCl 4 intoxication gave membrane protection that manifested as a restoration of the characteristic erythrocyte dimensions (average volume and diameter), extension of the threshold to their hemolysis stability, and retention of the lipid constituent ratio in the membrane. The lipid fraction from brown seaweed S. pallidum was comparable to Essentiale ® for restoring erythrocyte physiological characteristics and the lipid composition of their membranes after CCl 4 -induced damage. The pronounced protective effect of the S. pallidum lipid fraction for repairing erythrocyte membranes was evidently determined by the combined action of the marine lipids in it.

Растительные фенольные соединения в профилактике метаболических нарушений при интоксикации оксидами азота в эксперименте