ABSTRACT Natural hydrogen (H2) is increasingly considered a promising low-carbon resource, particularly in tectonically active settings where serpentinization of mantle rocks can generate significant H₂. This study investigates the potential for natural hydrogen generation in the active Taiwan orogen, where high heat flow, active faulting, and hydrothermal circulation create favorable conditions. We combine high-resolution seismic tomography, thermodynamic modelling, and geochemical analyses of soils and hot springs to investigate serpentinization beneath southern Taiwan. Three-dimensional S-wave imaging reveals a dome-shaped high-velocity body beneath the eastern Central Range at depths of 6–25 km. Comparison with petrological models indicates a partially serpentinized mantle with an estimated serpentinization degree of 35–65%. At the surface, geochemical analyses reveal hydrogen concentrations in soils and hot springs, reaching up to 798 ppm and 1820 ppm, respectively. H2 anomalies are strongly controlled by structural contacts and extensional faults that likely channel deep fluid migration. Unlike rift-inversion orogens such as the Pyrenees, mantle exhumation in Taiwan appears linked to arc-collision dynamics and possible crustal delamination. These results suggest that active extension combined with shallow mantle emplacement and elevated geothermal gradients can sustain ongoing serpentinization and continuous hydrogen fluxes. Taiwan therefore represents a new type of prospective natural hydrogen system in active orogenic settings, expanding exploration targets beyond classical ophiolite context and stable cratonic environments.

The Vocontian Basin in southeastern France records a long-lived history of subsidence and polyphase deformation at the junction of Alpine and Pyrenean orogenic systems. This study aims to reconstruct the tectonic, burial and thermal evolution of this basin, based on new U-Pb dating of calcite from veins and faults combined with new RSCM (Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material) thermometry and stratigraphy-based burial models. Three main generations of calcite are identified: (1) the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene period related to the Pyrenean-Proven & ccedil;al convergence (similar to 84-50 Ma); (2) the Oligocene period linked to the extension of the West European Rift (similar to 30-24 Ma); and (3) the Miocene period, ascribed to strike-slip and compression associated with the Alpine collision (similar to 12-7 Ma). No older ages related to the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous rifting phase are obtained, despite targeted sampling near normal faults, suggesting highly localized syn-rift fluid circulation or dissolution of early calcite mineralization during subsequent tectonic events. RSCM data highlight a pronounced east-west thermal gradient. Peak temperatures are below 100 degrees C in the west and exceed 250 degrees C in the eastern basin, reflecting greater crustal thinning and salt diapirism in the eastern Vocontian Basin with the overlapping Jurassic and Cretaceous rifting phases. These results emphasize the significant impact of the West European Rift in south-eastern France. They further highlight the potential mismatch between large-scale tectonic processes and the tectonic history inferred from calcite U-Pb dating, which is sensitive to the presence of fluids and the physical conditions required for their preservation.

Abstract The 3He/4He ratios measured in 12 CO2‐dominated gas seeps from the Tuscany‐Roman Volcanic Provinces in Italy range between 0.07 and ∼1.6 Ra. Helium and δ13CO2 isotope systematics indicate a dominant crustal source with a variable but significantly lower contribution from the mantle. Low He (3He/4He = 0.6–1.6 Ra) and high Sr (87Sr/86Sr = 0.709514–0.710595) isotope systematics of olivine and pyroxene mantle phenocrysts have been previously interpreted as related to the addition of a crustal signature into a HIMU‐type magma (6.7 ± 0.4 Ra) in the mantle by subduction of continental crust fluids and rocks, thus explaining the much lower 3He/4He ratio compared to typical oceanic subduction zones. This is consistent with the interpretation that CO2 is derived from the decarbonation of limestones at mantle depth, as corroborated by the presence of crustal carbonate melts within the low‐velocity mantle wedge. Here, we explore a model in which crustal contamination expresses the delamination of the continental lithosphere of the (previously subducted) Adria microplate, as previously inferred from geophysics and mechanical modeling. We present coupled thermal and helium isotopic modeling that accounts for radiogenic heat and 4He production in the U, Th, and K‐rich delaminated continental crust and in the variably aged (depending on SCLM age and He residence time) 4He‐rich subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Our models support a delamination tectonic scenario in which the unusually low 3He/4He values and high heat flow data are reproduced by introducing a 15–20 km—thick continental crust into the mantle.

The Betic Cordillera, located in southeastern Spain, underwent a complex geodynamic history that contributed to the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean. The Alboran margin is characterized by crustal thinning, linked to slab retreat, tearing, and delamination processes during the Miocene. These processes, combined with alkaline to calc-alkaline volcanism and exhumation of metamorphic domes, are thought to drive a dynamic fluid system. The relative contributions of magmatism, crustal thinning and slab tearing to the uplift of the Betics remain however unclear. Understanding these deep fluid systems has significant scientific and industrial implications, particularly for deep geothermal and hydrogen systems. Active lithospheric faults, such as the Carboneras-Palomares strike-slip fault systems, in the eastern Betics potentially act as major conduits for deep fluids (gases, water) and heat sourced from the mantle.In this work, we aim to characterize the influence of these faults on the fluid system, both in the past and now. Paleofluids are studied through calcite and quartz mineralization in fault zones, while modern-day fluids are collected in thermal waters (20-50°C) where gas species are sampled (as bubbles or dissolved in water). Multiple tracers are studied in mineralization (Microthermometry, carbonate isotopy, cathodoluminescence, U-Pb dating, 3He/4He as well as in modern-day fluids (major compounds geochemistry and their δ13C, 3He/4He). Preliminary results in modern-day fluids indicate high levels of N2 (up to 92%) with associated CO2 (4 to 6%) and some CH4 (around 1% when present). δ13C (CO2) (-10 to -7‰) are compatible with a deep origin. Microthermometry results indicate hydrothermal temperatures of ~300°C in quartz and ~120°C in calcite. These temperature data, combined with isotopic analyses (δ18OCaCO3 value around 12‰ VPDB) also point to a deep fluid source. All these results illustrate the role of large-scale structures on driving the origin pathways and calendar of the fluids in the upper crust.

The structural geometry within the fold and thrust belts is of particular significance. Consequently, a balanced regional cross-section based on surface, seismic, and subsurface data has been constructed with 236 km lenght perpendicular to the trend of folded strucutres axies in the North Dezful Embayment and the Abadan Plain in the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt. The cross-section is divided into three districts.The geological structural crosssection passes through the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (the NE and SW Dezful Embayment districts) and the Mesopotamian foreland basin (the Abadan Plain district). This cross-section allowed to study the geometry of the thrust and fold structures vertically and horizontally, the link between the structures, and the role of the detachment horizons in the foreland part of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. The folding geometric parameters in each of the anticlines inside the cross-section have been precisely calculated. The NE Dezful Embayment district is marked by the significant activity of the faulting and the detachment horizons, which the thickness of the Gachsaran detachment horizon reaches 5 km after deformation. The thickness of this formation decreases along the SW Dezful Embayment district towards the southwest, and when it enters the Abadan Plain district and loses the salty units, its plastic behaviour declines and it loses its role in controlling the structural style. The fault activity and the detachment horizons decrease toward the southwest, reducing the structural complexity. Anticlines change from open fold to gentle fold based on the interlimb angle. The anticlines in the NE and SW Dezful Embayment districts are associated to the thrust faults and the detachment horizons, but but the anticlines in the Abadan Plain are classified as growth folds, characterized by the absence of significant detachment levels. The shortening observed in the Mishan Formation within this cross-section is 6.5 %. there is harmony in the number of the anticlines and the synclines above and below the Gachsaran detachment horizon.

The Taiwan orogeny is well-regarded as a key location for studying the initial stages of collision and the interactions between tectonics and surface processes. Another significant yet relatively less explored aspect of this orogeny is its obliquity. In this region, two distinct types of obliquity can be identified: (1) the oblique convergence between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate, which creates a transpressional regime leading to strain partitioning, and (2) the orientation of the inherited margin structure from the South China Sea relative to the direction of convergence.How do the obliquity of inherited structures and convergence affect the thermal structure and strain localization within the orogen?To address this question, we develop a 3D thermo-mechanical model of oblique subduction-collision using pTatin3D. This model accounts for erosion-sedimentation processes using diffusion, thermo-dynamically consistent densities, and new Navier-slip type boundary conditions specifically designed for oblique setting. We aim to conduct two parametric studies: one focusing on the obliquity of the convergence, while the other focuses on the obliquity imposed by the structural inheritance. By comparing simulations results with thermo-chronological models and structural observations, we target the development of a framework to help interpreting geological observations and records in the highly 3D Taiwann region.

The orogenic evolution of the western Pyrenees and its relationship with ancient rift architecture are well-studied and therefore represent a natural laboratory for investigating the link between structural inheritance and the distribution of present-day seismicity. In this study, we use an automated method to detect and pick P and S waves from local earthquakes to characterize the distribution of seismicity in the region. The P and S picks are used to obtain a catalog of earthquakes and to perform a local earthquake tomography. We analyze 2-D sections and depth slices of the tomographic model and of the seismicity catalog, and confront them to the 3-D geological architecture of the inverted Mauleon rift system. Our results reveal that present-day deformation is mainly extensional, with a main cluster of aligned, steeply north-dipping seismicity localized along the former rift necking domain. In addition, the rift-inherited NNE-SSW Saison and Barlane`s transfer zones either offset or disrupt the seismicity cluster and delimit three seismically active segments. The Cha & icirc;nons Bearnais segment shows localized seismicity, whereas the eastern and western Mauleon segments show a westward extension of earthquake distribution in relation with the widening of both the orogenic wedge and the mantle body preserved at shallow depth. Our results suggest that the rift-inherited necking zone played a predominant role in the localization of the deformation during both orogenic and post-orogenic evolution, and as such represents a critical zone for seismic hazard assessment. Earthquakes diffusely distributed in and around the high-velocity mantle body could be partly related to ongoing serpentinization.

The Alpine orogenic belt in SE France is the result of the collision between the European, Adriatic and Iberian plates. The accreted Variscan continental crust, which now forms the external crystalline massifs (ECMs), recorded a complex Mesozoic thermal and tectonic evolution, that is not fully understood. In the Maures-Tanneron massif (MTM), the basement has undergone periods of subsidence and uplift, the latter indicated by stratigraphic gaps from the Albian and Upper Turonian to the Maastrichian. In the Ecrins-Pelvoux massif (EPM), differential subsidence is documented during Lower Jurassic by lateral variation from marine to continental environment, but most of the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods correspond to a stratigraphic hiatus that ends with the deposition of upper Eocene sediments. The link between these stratigraphic gaps and inheritance associated with the rifting, opening of the Alpine Tethys, and early convergence between Europe, Iberia and Adria is still not resolved. The goal of this study is to elucidate the thermal evolution of the European basement in SE France (EPM and MTM) during the Mesozoic using apatite and zircon fission track low-temperature thermochronology (AFT and ZFT). ZFT data from the southern EPM indicates a complex thermal history with central ages ranging from 158 to 45 Ma, thus revealing significant Jurassic to Eocene resetting and cooling. These ages are interpreted as resulting from several tectonic stages related to (1) Jurassic rifting (2) Mesozoic shortening and erosion and/or (3) incomplete Alpine reset during the main phase of underthrusting below the Penninic Frontal Thrust during the Oligocene. In contrast, the MTM shows several thermal events, comprising a major cooling stage at ca. 200 Ma coincident with the CAMP event preserved in the northern part of the massif. A final cooling event between 30 and 25 Ma, that is mostly represented to the South of the massif, is related to the opening of the Ligurian sea. Intermediate AFT ages between these two events are also identified, likely reflecting cooling events during the Mesozoic that can be resolved using thermal modelling. Finally, the long-term thermal evolution reported from SE France ECMs allows refining the geodynamics of this region from Pangea fragmentation to the onset of Alpine orogeny.

The Variscan and Alpine long-term thermal evolution of the European paleomargin in the external Western Alps is still unknown, although important for reconstructing the geodynamic evolution of this orogen. Here we combine zircon fission track and apatite fission track and U-Pb double dating analyses of the Pelvoux massif in the Western Alps. Apatite U-Pb ages of <310 Ma and >320 Ma define a bimodal age distribution that reflects differential cooling across the East Variscan Shear Zone. QTQt thermal history modeling reveals a two-stage rifting evolution on the European paleomargin, initiated with the Alpine Tethys rifting episode during the Early Jurassic and reactivated during the Cretaceous Valais rifting event, leading to peak temperatures of similar to 350 degrees C at 90 Ma. The subsequent cooling records a pre-Priabonian phase of exhumation between 80 and 50 Ma that is related to N-S oriented Pyrenean shortening. It is followed by Alpine collision-related burial of the Pelvoux massif from below the foreland basin and the Penninic Frontal Thrust at around 30-25 Ma.

Lithospheric delamination involves short-lived crustal and surface responses, alkaline magmatism, high heat flow and extension. In the Western Mediterranean, delamination is hypothesized to have triggered uplift at the origin of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). But delamination as the primary cause of uplift is questioned due to the insufficient temporal resolution. We report new U-Pb ages and clumped isotope analyses from calcite veins formed in an eastern Betic intramontane basin. They reveal a brief fluid event from 8.5 to 5 Ma linked to extension and retreating delamination. After extension, shortening and uplift began at 4.5-3 Ma across the boundary between the Cabo de Gata arc basement and the Iberia margin. We show that the MSC occurred before shortening and during delamination. Slab detachment caused the demise of the MSC, the formation of a new plate boundary fault and tectonic escape between Africa and Iberia around 5 Ma.

Abstract The relationships between the serpentinized continental mantle in orogens, its geophysical signature at depth and hydrogen seepages are poorly understood. A petro‐physical modeling approach accounting for serpentinization shows that a large domain of serpentinized mantle (1,800 km2) is present in the northern Pyrenees. The serpentinization reached a maximum of 40% during the mid‐Cretaceous rifting, according to the predicted temperature and pressure. Although high‐temperature serpentinization could have generated large quantify of hydrogen during the Mesozoic, the shallow and inactive faulting in Northern Pyrenees make this process unlikely to explain the entire serpentinization inferred by petro‐physical modeling. A combination of low‐temperature alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the North Pyrenean Zone, active normal faulting in the North Pyrenean Fault, accumulation in local traps and transport of H2‐rich fluids along inactive but permeable fault may explain the hydrogen seepages observed today.

The combination of zircon U-Pb geochronology, trace element geochemistry and Hf isotopes have become an extremely popular tool for provenance studies and paleogeographic reconstructions. Here, we present an integrated study of zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic and geochemical constraints from two basement complexes in western Luzon, Philippines. Basement rocks from these areas offer insights into the geologic and tectonic development of northern Philippines and its correlation with adjacent areas in southeast Asia. We also include Mesozoic rocks from Taiwan for comparison. Exposed in western Luzon, the Zambales Ophiolite Complex (ZOC) preserves a complete ophiolite sequence that spans almost the entire Zambales range. Further north of the ZOC, the Dos Hermanos Mélange (DHM) is considered a tectonic mélange and forms the basement complex in NW Luzon. The presence of both magmatic and inherited zircons from this unit poses essential questions concerning their origin and provenance. Igneous zircons (n=34) from a gabbroic clast in this mélange gave a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 114.85 ± 0.85 Ma interpreted as the crystallization age of the gabbro. The εHf(t) values between -25.4 to -3.5 suggests a crustally contaminated mantle-derived magma formed in a continental setting. Older zircons from the same sample show inherited ages clustering at ca. 235 Ma (n=3), 760 Ma (n=2), 1860 Ma (n=8), and 2460 Ma (n=3). These older zircons have heterogenous εHf(t) values from -25.2 to +2.0 suggesting a strong crustal contribution. The results also suggest the involvement of ancient crustal material with Yanshanian (200-60 Ma), Indosinian (250-200 Ma), and Paleoproterozoic (2800-1600 Ma) age populations, consistent with a provenance comparable to the detrital zircons from the Cathaysian Block in southeast China. Conversely, detrital zircons from a mica schist (another clast in the mélange) yielded two prominent age groups peaking at 187 Ma (n=15) and 225 Ma (n=90). These zircons have εHf(t) values from +15.6 to +11.1 suggesting derivation from juvenile crust in the Late Triassic time. By contrast, detrital zircon grains from the sediments overlying the ZOC record two significant ages peaking at 43 Ma (n=21) and 107 Ma (n=3). The Eocene zircons are characterized by very high εHf(t) values (+11.8 to +15.9) indicative of primitive magmas that represent juvenile additions to the crust. The older Cretaceous zircons, on the other hand, have slightly lower εHf(t) values (+0.2 to +10.6) pointing to a less juvenile composition. Interestingly, these older zircons have similar geochemical and isotopic compositions as the zircons in the gabbro from the DHM. Our study provides further evidence for the presence of continental fragments beneath western Luzon. Combining these with literature data, we propose that the Mesozoic rocks from the DHM and ZOC were formed in the same tectonic setting which represents an old piece of continent that rifted off the South China continental margin during the opening of the South China Sea (SCS). This resulted in the subduction of the proto-SCS beneath the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) and eventually collided with the rest of the western PSP in the Cenozoic.

The continental lower crust constitutes a key zone for understanding the mantle-crust magmatic and mechanical transfers, but its study is hampered by the paucity of lower crust samples. Here, we characterise the petrological, geochemical and petrophysical processes structuring the lower crust of the North Patagonian Massif (NPM; Argentina) using a suite of representative mafic granulite and websterite xenoliths. These xenoliths were entrained by alkaline lavas from five volcanic centres that erupted between the Oligocene and Pleistocene. Electron microprobe and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-ICPMS) were used to obtain in situ geochemical data on the minerals, while microstructural data were obtained by Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). Both granulites and websterites display a granoblastic texture and sometimes a weak inherited magmatic layering. Mafic granulite xenoliths show a plagioclase + clinopyroxene +/- orthopyroxene assemblage commonly associated with spinel or titanomagnetite. Websterite xenoliths show an association of clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + spinel, along with accessory plagioclase. Mafic granulites and websterites have SiO2 contents ranging from 44 to 53 wt %, while their Mg# varies from 53 to 79. Clinopyroxenes are characterised by weak convex upward chondrite-normalised Rare Earth Elements - REE patterns (Light-REE << Mid-REE > Heavy-REE) which are similar to clinopyroxene phenocrysts and megacrysts from intra-plate basalts. Calculated liquid in equilibrium with clinopyroxene have similar REE patterns to those found in Cenozoic basalts from the NPM, suggesting that the xenolith suite represents evidence for underplating processes, possibly related to one of the magmatic events that have occurred in the NPM since the Permo-Trias. Mafic granulites and websterites show a weak mineral shape preferred orientation and an associated weak Crystal Preferred Orientation (CPO) related to the magmatic layering. Recorded plastic deformation is associated with the activation of both (100)[001] and (001)[100] slip systems in clinopyroxene, (100)[001] in orthopyroxene and (010)[001] in plagioclase. However, the activation of slip systems is generally not correlated with CPO in granulites, suggesting that the lower crust underwent subsolidus equilibration and weak plastic deformation in an inactive tectonic context, thereby preserving an inherited magmatic layering. Two-pyroxene (Fe-Mg) thermometer and pseudosection calculations define P-T conditions of the main paragenesis at 760 degrees C to 1120 degrees C and 7.2 to 10.3 kbar, which allows to define the Cenozoic geotherm of the NPM crust at 30 degrees C/km and to reconsider the petrologic Moho depth at ca. 40 km.

It is now well established that the tectonic structure and thermal properties inherited from the orogens and rifting play an important role in the subsequent collision. This study focuses on the thermal inheritance of crystalline massifs from the SW Alps (Pelvoux and Maures-Tanneron) and their geodynamical implications during the Mesozoic continental rifting. Thermochronometers, including U-Pb/Apatite, Zircon fission tracks (ZFT) and Apatites fission tracks (AFT), (U-Th)/He on zircon and apatite (Zhe, AHe), their QTQt modelling and Rb/Sr dating on phengite in one shear zone, show successive tectonic events. The ZFT in the Pelvoux indicates a complex thermal history with central ages ranging from 158 to 45 Ma, thereby revealing significant resetting and cooling in the Jurassic and Eocene periods. The thermal modelling of a separate block of the massif highlights a thermal history emphasized by three distinct periods of: (1) Jurassic-lower Cretaceous heating associated with the Alpine Tethys and Valaisan opening, (2) pre-Alpine upper Cretaceous to Priabonian cooling linked to tectonic inversion of the European margin, which agrees with onset of Pyreneo-Provençal phase of shortening during the upper Cretaceous as revealed by a Rb/Sr age of 79.7 ± 3.7 Ma in an E-W (top-to-the-South) shear zone, (3) Miocene Alpine cooling/exhumation event. In contrast, in the Maures-Tanneron Massif multiple thermal events are highlighted by thermochronology, including (1) a cooling phase at approximately 200 Ma associated with CAMP volcanism preserved in the Tanneron massif, which is followed by (2) a Mesozoic (120 Ma) cooling event, after which the massif remained close to the surface until a final Eocene cooling phase. These results provide insights on how the architecture of rifted domains of the European margin in the wide plate boundary between Adria, Iberia and Europe controlled exhumation between the Alps and the Pyrenees-Provence orogenic systems.

Recent ambient noise Vs tomography data at the scale of the Western Alps (Nouibat et al., 2022) highlight the deep structure of the chain. In the European foreland, the seismological model shows a crust of normal thickness, with slow velocities (

Evaporites have a strong impact on the structural and sedimentary evolution of sedimentary basins and fold-and-thrust belts. They also have a thermal conductivity that can be more important than other sedimentary rocks and are thus able to modify the thermal history of these sedimentary basins and fold-and-thrust belts. Even though this property is known and has been of interest for the oil and gas industry, no field examples have been studied trying to decipher how salt rock impacts temperature distribution in fold-and-thrust belts. In this paper, we use the Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Material (RSCM) to track the record of the peak thermal event around three salt structures from the southern sub-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt in SE France. These three salt structures are (1) the Astoin allochthonous salt sheet and the associated overturned megaflap, (2) the Rocher de Hongrie and (3) the Daluis diapir. Our results show that the resulting record of peak temperatures around the structures is different depending on the type of salt structure and its kinematic. The Astoin structure shows that salt tectonics during the Jurassic-Cretaceous has impacted the temperature distribution around the allochthonous salt sheet while at Daluis and the Rocher de Hongrie, the temperatures have overprinted an already existing salt-related structure. The impact of the salt structure on temperature distribution is always local but the interpretation of the RSCM temperatures may systematically be difficult without considering early salt tectonics in the structural evolution of the area.

By demonstrating that extensional inheritance plays a decisive role in the formation of orogens, recent studies have questioned the ability of a unique, complete Wilson cycle model to explain the diversity of collisional orogens. For 5 years, the OROGEN Research Project had therefore the ambition to challenge this classical Wilson cycle model. By focusing on the diffuse Africa-Europe plate boundary in the Biscay-Pyrenean-Western Mediterranean system, the project questioned the preconceived "Orogen singularity" assumption and investigated the role of divergent and convergent maturities in orogenic and post-orogenic processes. This work led us to rethink the development of collisional orogens in a genetic (or process-driven) way and to propose an updated version of the " classical Wilson cycle", the Wilson Cycle 2.0, and the ORO-Genic ID concept presented in this paper. The particularity of the Wilson Cycle 2.0 is to take into account the divergence and convergence maturity reached during extensional and orogenic processes in proposing different tectonic tracks associated with different ORO-Genic ID numbers. The ORO-Genic ID is composed of a letter (or track), corresponding to the maturity of divergence reached and a number corresponding to the maturity of convergence reached during the formation of the orogen. This new concept relies on the observed pre- and syn- convergent tectono- stratigraphic and magmatic record and deformation history and can be identified in using diagnostic criteria presented in this paper. It represents therefore a powerful tool that can be used to characterize the evolution and the architectural type of an orogenic system. Moreover, as a mappable concept, it can be easily used worldwide and can help us to explain differences in the style of deformation at crustal scale between orogens. En d & eacute;montrant que l'h & eacute;ritage extensional joue un r & ocirc;le d & eacute;cisif dans la formation des orog & egrave;nes, des & eacute;tudes r & eacute;centes ont remis en question le cycle de Wilson et sa capacit & eacute;, en tant que mod & egrave;le unique, & agrave; expliquer la diversit & eacute; des orog & egrave;nes collisionnels. Pendant 5 ans, le projet de recherche OROGEN s'est donc donn & eacute; pour ambition de questionner ce mod & egrave;le classique du cycle de Wilson. En se concentrant sur la fronti & egrave;re diffuse entre les plaques Afrique-Europe dans le syst & egrave;me Golfe de Gascogne-Pyr & eacute;n & eacute;es-M & eacute;diterran & eacute;e occidentale, le projet a remis en cause l'hypoth & egrave;se pr & eacute;con & ccedil;ue de la << singularit & eacute; orog & eacute;nique >> et a explor & eacute; le r & ocirc;le de la maturit & eacute; divergente et de la maturit & eacute; convergente dans les processus orog & eacute;niques et post-orog & eacute;niques. Ce travail nous a amen & eacute;s & agrave; repenser le d & eacute;veloppement des orog & egrave;nes collisionnels d'un point de vue g & eacute;n & eacute;tique (ou ax & eacute; sur les processus) et nous a amen & eacute; & agrave; proposer une version actualis & eacute;e du << cycle de Wilson classique >>, appel & eacute;e Cycle de Wilson 2.0 et le concept d'ID ORO-g & eacute;nique pr & eacute;sent & eacute; dans cet article. La particularit & eacute; du Cycle de Wilson 2.0 est de prendre en compte la maturit & eacute; de la divergence et la maturit & eacute; de la convergence atteinte au cours des processus d'extension et d'orog & eacute;n & egrave;se, en proposant diff & eacute;rents parcours tectoniques associ & eacute;s & agrave; diff & eacute;rents num & eacute;ros d'identit & eacute; ORO-g & eacute;nique. Le num & eacute;ro d'identit & eacute; ORO-g & eacute;nique est compos & eacute; d'une lettre (ou d'un parcours), correspondant & agrave; la maturit & eacute; de la divergence atteinte, et d'un num & eacute;ro correspondant & agrave; la maturit & eacute; de la convergence atteinte lors de la formation de l'orog & egrave;ne. Ce nouveau concept repose sur l'enregistrement tectono-stratigraphique et magmatique avant et pendant la phase de convergence, ainsi que sur l'histoire de la d & eacute;formation observ & eacute;e, et peut & ecirc;tre identifi & eacute; en utilisant les crit & egrave;res diagnostiques pr & eacute;sent & eacute;s dans cet article. Il constitue donc un outil puissant pouvant & ecirc;tre utilis & eacute; pour caract & eacute;riser l'& eacute;volution et le type architectural d'un syst & egrave;me orog & eacute;nique. De plus, en tant que concept cartographiable, il peut & ecirc;tre facilement utilis & eacute; dans le monde entier et nous aider & agrave; expliquer les diff & eacute;rences de style de d & eacute;formation & agrave; l'& eacute;chelle crustale entre les orog & egrave;nes.