According to Gregory (1976) in his review of the Manufacturing Industry Green Paper, the Jackson Committee mis-construed its terms of reference and gave undue weight to human and social matters that should have been left to a separate enquiry. Gregory failed to realize that the enquiry was supposed to be into matters that could not possibly be encompassed by any amount of sophisticated analysis of exchange values. More generally, Gregory's approach is irreconcilable with social planning, which must start and finish with matters of substance.

The forecasting of social futures has to contend with emergent novelty, as one phase in development is replaced by another and as social processes of diverse nature first come to interact. To this problem of emergent novelty the social forecaster must add the difficulties which arise because: (1) the social systems are much more complex than the aspects studied by the separate social sciences and (2) the sharing of parts between different subsystems is so great that their subordination to newly emerging processes can be very difficult to detect. At least three strategies have evolved to cope with these difficulties. Two have proven of limited value. All fall short of the kind of methodology which can be identified as necessary.

Recent efforts toward realization of integrated microwave diode phase-shifters have utilized hybrid technology, i.e., ceramic substrates and beam lead diodes. These techniques, however, do not as easily lend themselves to designs at frequencies as high as KU-Band. Small variations in diode placement can cause significant phase errors. Fabrication in monolithic form not only provides the accurate component placement limited only by photo-resist techniques, but also provides the cost advantage inherent in totally integrated-circuit processing.

In recent years a great deal of literature has become available on microstrip transmission lines, generated by interest in microwave integrated circuitry. At high frequencies, microstrip on silicone is of interest so that the microwave circuits may be constructed on the same material as the active devices.

An accurate measurement of the average energy lost by charged particles per hole-electron pair produced in semiconductor detectors as a function of temperature is desirable in view of the recently noted response of detectors at low temperatures. A simple model for the value of ϵ, the average energy per hole-electron pair, was proposed by Shockley in 1960. This model has been extended in the presen...

The Anatomical RecordVolume 92, Issue 3 p. 305-358 American Association of AnatomistsFree Access American Association of Anatomists. Proceedings, officers and list of members R. R. Bensley, R. R. BensleySearch for more papers by this authorB. F. Kingsbury, B. F. KingsburySearch for more papers by this authorGeorge L. Streeter, George L. StreeterSearch for more papers by this authorH. E. Jordan, H. E. JordanSearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Kindred, J. E. KindredSearch for more papers by this authorC. C. Speidel, C. C. SpeidelSearch for more papers by this authorWilbur C. Smith, Wilbur C. SmithSearch for more papers by this authorHarold Cummins, Harold CumminsSearch for more papers by this authorRudolph Matas, Rudolph MatasSearch for more papers by this authorOliver P. Jones, Oliver P. JonesSearch for more papers by this authorR. R. Humphrey, R. R. HumphreySearch for more papers by this authorF. E. Emery, F. E. EmerySearch for more papers by this authorStacy R. Guild, Stacy R. GuildSearch for more papers by this authorGeorge B. Wislocki, George B. WislockiSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam K. Gregory, William K. GregorySearch for more papers by this authorFranz Weidenreich, Franz WeidenreichSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Hill, John E. HillSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip B. Armstrong, Philip B. ArmstrongSearch for more papers by this authorWalter F. Greene, Walter F. GreeneSearch for more papers by this authorTheodore Snook, Theodore SnookSearch for more papers by this authorEarl W. Count, Earl W. CountSearch for more papers by this authorCharles A. Woerner, Charles A. WoernerSearch for more papers by this authorJames W. Benjamin, James W. BenjaminSearch for more papers by this author R. R. Bensley, R. R. BensleySearch for more papers by this authorB. F. Kingsbury, B. F. KingsburySearch for more papers by this authorGeorge L. Streeter, George L. StreeterSearch for more papers by this authorH. E. Jordan, H. E. JordanSearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. Kindred, J. E. KindredSearch for more papers by this authorC. C. Speidel, C. C. SpeidelSearch for more papers by this authorWilbur C. Smith, Wilbur C. SmithSearch for more papers by this authorHarold Cummins, Harold CumminsSearch for more papers by this authorRudolph Matas, Rudolph MatasSearch for more papers by this authorOliver P. Jones, Oliver P. JonesSearch for more papers by this authorR. R. Humphrey, R. R. HumphreySearch for more papers by this authorF. E. Emery, F. E. EmerySearch for more papers by this authorStacy R. Guild, Stacy R. GuildSearch for more papers by this authorGeorge B. Wislocki, George B. WislockiSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam K. Gregory, William K. GregorySearch for more papers by this authorFranz Weidenreich, Franz WeidenreichSearch for more papers by this authorJohn E. Hill, John E. HillSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip B. Armstrong, Philip B. ArmstrongSearch for more papers by this authorWalter F. Greene, Walter F. GreeneSearch for more papers by this authorTheodore Snook, Theodore SnookSearch for more papers by this authorEarl W. Count, Earl W. CountSearch for more papers by this authorCharles A. Woerner, Charles A. WoernerSearch for more papers by this authorJames W. Benjamin, James W. BenjaminSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1945 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090920312AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume92, Issue3July 1945Pages 305-358 RelatedInformation

ArticleTHE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE-JERKFrederick E. EmeryFrederick E. EmeryFrom the Department of Physiology, University of Buffalo, School of Medicine, Buffalo, New YorkPublished Online:01 Mar 1944https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.141.1.64MoreSectionsPDF (926 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 141Issue 1March 1944Pages 64-70 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1944 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.141.1.64History Received 18 November 1943 Published online 1 March 1944 Published in print 1 March 1944 Metrics

IN 1940 Grollman, Harrison and Williams published evidence which indicated that diethylstilbestrol is capable of producing hypertension in rats. Since this is of obvious clinical importance and contrary to the data obtained from acute experiments conducted in this laboratory and elsewhere (Emery, et at., 1943; Loeser and Erbacher, 1939) the study presented in this article was deemed pertinent. The rats used in this experiment were of inbred albino stock from the Wistar strain weighing between 185 and 250 gm. They were maintained in a constant temperature room (26 ± 2°C), fed Purina dog chow and provided with a constant supply of fresh water. An alkaline aqueous solution of diethylstilbestrol1 (1 mg. per 1 cc.) was given by stomach tube according to the method of Matthews, et al. (1941). The solution was made by dissolving 25 mg. of crystalline diethylstilbestrol in 0.5 cc. normal NaOH solution and then diluting with distilled water to a concentration of 1.0 mg. per cc.

THE PRESENT REPORT deals with the changes in blood pressure and heart rate induced by diethylstilbestrol administered intravenously and by intestinal absorption. The data show that the amount of diethylstilbestrol necessary to change the blood pressure is greater than the largest doses used for estrogenic action. Twenty–two cats and 20 rats were used. Approximately one-half of the cats were females, whereas all of the rats were castrated females. The experiments were acute and lasted as long as 6 hours for the cats but not more than 30 minutes for the rats. The animals were anesthetized with urethane and nembutal. Twenty-two cats and 20 rats were used. Approximately one-half of the cats were females, whereas all of the rats were castrated females. The experiments were acute and lasted as long as 6 hours for the cats but not more than 30 minutes for the rats.The animals were anesthetized with urethane and nembutal.

The increase in weight of the hypophysis following treatment with oestrogenic hormones has been repeatedly observed [Leonard, Meyer & Hisaw, 1931; Wolfe & Chadwick, 1936; Cramer & Horning, 1936; Halpern & D'Amour, 1936; Freudenberger & Clausen, 1937; Lauson, Heller & Sevringhaus, 1937; Bacsich & Folley, 1939; Grumbrecht, 1940]. Likewise the observation that the gonadotropin content of the pituitary can be reduced by oestrogens is not new [Meyer, Leonard, Hisaw & Martin, 1930]. Recent researches on stilboestrol have shown that this oestrogenic substance also affects the hypophysis in a similar manner [Noble, 1938; Mellish, Baer & Macias, 1940; Page, Russel, Schwabe, Matthews & Emery 1941]. In this paper a comparison between oestrone* and stilboestrol is made using rats for the test animals and the weight and potency of the pituitary as indicative of the effects induced by treatment with the same amount by weight of these two oestrogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS

IN 1939 the authors undertook the prosaic and tedious task of determining the physiologic range of activity of diethylstilbestrol for their colony of rats. These data were needed to determine more judiciously the dosages to be used in subsequent studies on the toxicity of diethylstilbestrol and its effects upon growth and weight of organs of the rat (1, 2). It is not the purpose of this communication to champion a method of assay or a fixed minimal dosage for diethylstilbestrol but rather to indicate the range of activity for diethylstilbestrol in oil and in alkaline, aqueous solutions, as well as to indicate the variations in response in the same colony of rats to various dosages of the drug. Two media were employed, sesame oil and an alkaline aqueous solution. The oil solutions were made by dissolving the crystalline diethylstilbestrol in a small quantity

MANY PAPERS on the use of stilbestrol have appeared. The usual methods of administration are oral, subcutaneous, and intramuscular, but administration by way of the vagina, the skin, subcutaneous pellet implantation, intravenous injection, and the uterus, have also been used. In the present study the duration of estrus was determined for each of 5 different routes of administration using a single dose of 1 mg. of stil-bestrol in1 cc. of sesame oil. The 1 mg. dose was chosen because this represents the amount of stilbestrol frequently given to humans, and we thought it would be interesting to see how long it took this amount to be absorbed in a mammal. Experimental. One hundred and fifty albino rats were used. These were kept in a constant temperature room at 26°C. with a variation of±2°C. and fed Purina dog chow and water.

THIS STUDY was made because of the conflicting reports in the literature regarding the toxicity of stilbestrol in man and animals. In many of these reports there is no evidence of controlled studies. The doses of stilbestrol are frequently excessive and so far above the calculated therapeutic dose range that the pathological changes reported are of little significance when considering the drug for clinical use. For these reasons this chronic toxicity study of the effects of stilbestrol in various dose ranges and in two different media was conducted. Four oral dose levels of stilbestrol were established for this study on rats as follows. (a) Fifty 7 3 times weekly (7507 weekly/kg. body weight of rat) which is more than 5 times as great as the average human therapeutic dose (1 mg. daily for a 50 kg. person) or corresponds to a weekly dose of 37.5 mg. of stilbestrol for the human being.

TOXICITY STUDIES of stilbestrol are of importance because of the many divergent reports in the current medical literature from both clinical and experimental investigators. In a previous report by the present authors (i) stilbestrol was given orallyto rats and histological study of the organs and tissues was performed. This mode of administration is questionable because of variable absorption of the drug from the gastrointestinal tract and because of the rapidity of detoxification in the liver following the absorption of the drug into the portal circulation. In the toxicity studies of stilbestrol we have given the drug in sesame oil subcutaneously, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally to other groups of rats. This mode of administration was not considered satisfactory for chronic toxicity studies because oil cysts were formed at the site of injection in many of the animals. These cysts persisted for longperiods and on removal were found by assay to contain varying proportions of the originally injected s...

FOUR YEARS AGO, we (1) discussed the literature pertaining to the beneficial effect of the corpus luteum in adrenalectomized rats and in addition showed that JJL pituitary grafts were very effective in prolonging life and maintaining body growth in adrenalectomized female rats. These beneficial results of pituitary grafts were absent when they were made in oophorectomized and in male rats. Cavanaugh and Gaunt (2) confirmed our results regarding pituitary implants. They also showed that antuitrin-S and pituitary extracts would not prolong the life of adrenalectomized rats. Recently D'Amour and D'Amour (3) demonstrated some beneficial effects in female adrenalectomized rats treated with urine extracts, such as gonadin and follutein. In this paper, we present additional data on pituitary grafts and extracts in adrenalectomized rats. Female albino rats were used. The skin of the operative area was shaved and sterilized with alcohol.