The yields of the 197Au(gamma,xn) multi-photoneutron reactions (x = 1-7) were measured using the activation method combined with offline gamma-ray spectrometry. Gold targets were irradiated with bremsstrahlung beams at endpoint energies of 55, 60, and 65 MeV. The induced activities of the reaction products were determined using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Integrated cross sections for each reaction were derived by combining the measured activation yields with simulated, flux-weighted bremsstrahlung spectra. The experimental results were compared with available reference data and theoretical predictions obtained using the TALYS code. Both reaction yields and integrated cross sections are reported for the 197Au(gamma,xn) channels measured under identical experimental conditions at the three endpoint energies. The integrated cross sections exhibit a rapid increase just above the respective reaction thresholds, followed by a smooth rise up to the endpoint energies. This behavior suggests the absence of a pronounced secondary peak beyond the initial Giant Dipole Resonance region in photoneutron reactions on gold within the investigated energy range.

The isomeric yield ratios of the 178m,gLu pair produced in natHf(γ,x) reactions were measured using bremsstrahlung photons with endpoint energies of 50, 55, 60, and 65 MeV. The measurements were carried out using the activation technique followed by offline γ-ray spectrometry. Due to the large spin difference between the isomeric and ground states of the 178m,gLu pair (ΔJ = 8), the isomeric yield ratio is particularly sensitive to angular momentum population mechanisms, making it a stringent test of statistical nuclear reaction models. The experimental results were compared with calculations obtained using the TALYS code, employing bremsstrahlung photon spectra generated with GEANT4. The sensitivity of the calculated isomeric yield ratios to different nuclear level density models (NLDMs), γ-ray strength functions (γSFs), and spin cut-off parameter (SCP) prescriptions was systematically investigated. Model parameter combinations yielding the closest agreement with the experimental data were identified. These results provide valuable benchmarks for photonuclear reaction modeling and offer new insights into the population of high spin states in photon induced reactions above the giant dipole resonance (GDR) region.

The cross sections of the 116Cd(n,2n)115m,gCd, natCd(n,xn)109,107Cd, and natCd(n,pxn)113,112,111g,,110mAg reactions were measured at average neutron energies ranging from 20.1 to 32.7 MeV using the activation method combined with off-line γ-ray spectrometry. Fast neutrons were produced via the 9Be(p, n) reaction using 35 and 45 MeV proton beams delivered by the MC-50 Cyclotron at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). The neutron energy spectra were simulated using the MCNPX 2.6.0 code, while the neutron flux was experimentally determined using the 27Al(n, α)24Na monitor reaction. The present results, together with literature data at lower energies, were compared with theoretical calculations from TENDL-2021 library and evaluated data from the JEFF-4.0 library. Overall, good agreement was observed in most of the cases.

The flux-weighted average cross-sections of the Pd-nat(n,xn)Pd-109,Pd-101 and Pd-nat(n,pxn)Rh-105,Rh-106m reactions with the average neutron energies of 20.3-32.3 MeV were measured for the first time by using an activation and off-line gamma-ray spectrometric technique. The fast neutrons were generated by using the Be-9(p,n) reaction with the proton energies of 35- and 45-MeV from the MC-50 Cyclotron at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). The neutron spectra were simulated by using the computer code MCNPX 2.6.0, whereas the experimental neutron fluxes were measured by using the Al-27(n,alpha)Na-24 monitor reaction. Thus the experimentally obtained reaction cross-sections are for the spectrum neutron energies, which range from the threshold energy to 33.0 MeV and 42.8 MeV, respectively. The present data within the average neutron energy of 20.3-32.3 MeV and the literature data at lower energy were compared with the theoretically calculated values from the TENDL-2019 library and found to be in good agreement in most of the cases.

The flux-weighted average cross-sections of the nat Pd(n,xn) 109,101 Pd and nat Pd(n,pxn) 105,106m Rh reactions with the average neutron energies of 20.3–32.3 MeV were measured for the first time by using an activation and off-line γ -ray spectrometric technique. The fast neutrons were generated by using the 9 Be(p,n) reaction with the proton energies of 35- and 45-MeV from the MC-50 Cyclotron at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). The neutron spectra were simulated by using the computer code MCNPX 2.6.0, whereas the experimental neutron fluxes were measured by using the 27 Al(n,α) 24 Na monitor reaction. Thus the experimentally obtained reaction cross-sections are for the spectrum neutron energies, which range from the threshold energy to 33.0 MeV and 42.8 MeV, respectively. The present data within the average neutron energy of 20.3–32.3 MeV and the literature data at lower energy were compared with the theoretically calculated values from the TENDL-2019 library and found to be in good agreement in most of the cases.

The flux -weighted average cross sections ofnatAg(gamma,xn)103-106Ag reactions were measured with the bremsstrahlung end -point energy of 70 and 75 MeV using an activation and off-line gamma-ray spectrometric technique. The GEANT4 code was used for the simulation of the bremsstrahlung spectra. The cross sections of natAg(gamma,xn) 103106Ag reactions as a function of mono -energetic photons were theoretically calculated by using the TALYS-1.96 code. The data of the present work and literature at different bremsstrahlung end -point energy are found to be in agreement with the theoretical values within the uncertainty limit. It can be seen that the flux -weighted average cross sections of the natAg(gamma,xn)105.106Ag reactions increase with bremsstrahlung energy up to the Giant Dipole Resonance region. Thereafter, a small decrease trend with the bremsstrahlung energy was seen due to the opening of another reaction channel.

The production cross sections of 55,56,57Co, 52gFe, 52g,54Mn, 51Cr, and 48V from the natFe (p,x) reactions were measured using a proton energy of 57 MeV at the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) in Gyeongju, Korea. The conventional stacked-foil activation method and offline gamma-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on iron. The measured excitation functions were compared with experimental data in literature and theoretical data from the TENDL-2021 library. The present data show generally good agreement with other experimental data, but discrepancies were found between the present data and the excitation functions of the TENDL-2021 library in the investigated energy range, except for 56,57Co and 54Mn.

Herein, we measured the thermal neutron capture cross section (sigma 0) and resonance integral (I0) of the 174Yb (n,gamma)175Yb reaction relative to those of the reference reaction 197Au(n,gamma)198Au. Measurements were conducted based on the activation method using pulsed neutrons combined with the Cd ratio method and offline gamma-ray spectrometry. Pulsed neutrons were generated on a 100 MeV electron linac of the Pohang Accelerator Labora-tory, Korea. Yb samples and Au monitors were irradiated with and without a 0.5 mm Cd cover to absorb thermal neutrons. The neutron flux was determined via the 115In(n,gamma)116mIn reaction. The induced activities of the re-action products were measured using a gamma spectrometer based on a well-calibrated HPGe detector. For the 174Yb(n,gamma)175Yb reaction, the thermal neutron capture cross section and resonance integral cross-section were obtained as sigma 0,Yb = 70.5 +/- 4.2 b and I0,Yb = 54.1 +/- 4.2 b, relative to the corresponding values of sigma 0,Au = 98.65 +/- 0.09 b and I0,Au = 1550 +/- 28 b for the 197Au(n,gamma)198Au reference reaction. The obtained results were compared with the measured and evaluated data.

In this study, the isomeric yield ratio (IR) values of Au-196m,Au-g and Hg-195m,Hg-g in the Au-197(p,x) reaction within the proton energy range of 49.8-65.5 MeV were measured at the high-intensity proton linac facility (KOMAC) in Korea using an offline ?-ray spectrometric technique. Furthermore, the IR values of the above-mentioned products at different proton energies were calculated from the cross-sections based on the data in the TENDL-2019 library and are found to be higher than the experimental values. The IR values of Au-196m,Au-g and Hg-195m,Hg-g in the Au-197(p,x) reaction from the present and other works are compared with the similar literature data in the Au-197(?,n), Hg-196(?,n), Au-197(n,2n), Hg-196(n,2n), Pt-nat(a,x) and Pt-nat(He-3,x) reactions to examine the role of compound nucleus spin, excitation energy, and input angular momentum.

We measured the isomeric yield ratio of the 184m,gRe isomeric pair produced in the natRe(γ,xn)184m,gRe reactions using the activation method combined with residual activity measurements. The experiments were carried out at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 50, 60, and 70 MeV. During data analysis, efforts were made to separate overlapping γ-rays, subtract activity contributions from radioactive precursors, and correct for counting losses due to attenuation of γ-rays in the sample. Isomeric yield ratios were also calculated using the statistical nuclear model code TALYS-1.96/2.0, taking into account the effect of the input-level structure of the product nucleus. The present results are the first measurement at bremsstrahlung end-point energies beyond the Giant Dipole Resonance energy range.

The flux-weighted cross-sections of the nat Yb(γ, xn) 175,169,167 Yb reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12, 14, 16, 60, 65, and 70 MeV by the activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique using the 20 MeV electron linac (ELBE) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany, and 100 MeV electron linac at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Korea. The nat Yb(γ, xn) 175,169,167 Yb reaction cross-sections as a function of photon energy were also calculated theoretically using the TALYS 1.9 code. The flux-weighted average values at different end-point energies were obtained from the literature as well as from the theoretical values reported in the TALYS library based on mono-energetic photons. They were compared with the flux-weighted values based on the present experimental data and were found to be in general agreement. It was also found that the experimental and theoretical cross-section data increased from the threshold values to a certain energy, where other reaction channels opened, which highlights the role of excitation energy. After a certain value, the individual reaction cross-sections decrease with an increase in bremsstrahlung energy owing to the opening of other reaction channels, which indicates the partitioning of energy in different reaction channels.

Abstract. The flux-weighted average cross section for the 186W(γ,p)185Ta reaction induced with 70 MeV bremsstrahlung end-point energy was measured using the activation method in combination with off-line gamma activity measurement. The 27Al(γ,2pn)24Na monitor reaction was used for the determination of the bremsstrahlung flux. The bremsstrahlung photons used to produce the photonuclear reactions were generated from a thin tungsten (W) converter by bombardment with a 70 MeV electron beam. The experimental flux-weighted average cross section is compared with the theoretical prediction, for which the absolute cross section was calculated using the TALYS 1.95 code and the bremsstrahlung spectrum was simulated using the computer program MCNPX. The present experiment was carried out at the 100 MeV electron linac of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.

In this study, the isomeric yield ratio (IR) values of 104(m,g)Ag and 106(m,g)Ag in an Ag-nat(gamma,xn) reaction at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies (Ee) of 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, and 75 MeV were measured using an off-line gamma-ray spectrometric technique. The IR values at different bremsstrahlung end-point energies were also calculated from the cross-section data available in the TENDL-2019 library, and they were found to exhibit a similar trend with some differences in the magnitude. Herein, the IR values of Ag-104m,Ag-g and 106(m,g)Ag with the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 70 and 75 MeV were measured for the first time. The present data were compared with those from the literature for Ag-107,Ag-109,Ag-nat(gamma,xn), Ag-nat(n,xn), Pd-nat(p,xn), and 103Rh(alpha,xn) reactions to examine the role of the excitation energy and input angular momentum.

The flux-weighted average cross section for the 186W(γ,p)185Ta reaction induced with 70 MeV bremsstrahlung end-point energy was measured using the activation method in combination with off-line gamma activity measurement. The 27Al(γ,2pn)24Na monitor reaction was used for the determination of the bremsstrahlung flux. The bremsstrahlung photons used to produce the photonuclear reactions were generated from a thin tungsten (W) converter by bombardment with a 70 MeV electron beam. The experimental flux-weighted average cross section is compared with the theoretical prediction, for which the absolute cross section was calculated using the TALYS 1.95 code and the bremsstrahlung spectrum was simulated using the computer program MCNPX. The present experiment was carried out at the 100 MeV electron linac of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.

The cross-sections for the Au-197(p,pxn)Au196-193 and Au-197(p,xn)Hg-197,Hg-195,Hg-193 reactions within the proton energy range of 49.8-65.5 MeV were measured at the high-intensity proton linac facility (KOMAC) in Korea using the stacked-foil activation and off-line ?-ray spectrometric technique The proton beam intensity was determined based on the Cu-nat(p,x)Zn-62 monitor reaction with the recommended cross-section accessed from the IAEA database library. The data gathered in the present work are compared with the available data from the literature, which agreed well with each other. In this study, the Au-197(p,p5n)Au-193 reaction cross-section was measured for the first time. The data from the present work and existing literature were compared with the TALYS-1.9-based data taken from the TENDL-2019 library, which generally agreed well.

The B_{c}^{+} meson is observed for the first time in heavy ion collisions. Data from the CMS detector are used to study the production of the B_{c}^{+} meson in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV, via the B_{c}^{+}→(J/ψ→μ^{+}μ^{-})μ^{+}ν_{μ} decay. The B_{c}^{+} nuclear modification factor, derived from the Pb-Pb-to-pp ratio of production cross sections, is measured in two bins of the trimuon transverse momentum and of the Pb-Pb collision centrality. The B_{c}^{+} meson is shown to be less suppressed than quarkonia and most of the open heavy-flavor mesons, suggesting that effects of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy ion collisions contribute to its production. This measurement sets forth a promising new probe of the interplay of suppression and enhancement mechanisms in the production of heavy-flavor mesons in the quark-gluon plasma.

We measured the integrated cross sections of 110Pd(gamma,n)109mPd, 110Pd(gamma,n)109gPd and 110Pd(gamma,x)108mRh reactions in the energy range from the reaction threshold to 70 MeV bremsstrahlung end-point energy. Measurements were performed by means of the activation method in combination with off-line gamma-ray spectrometry. The induced activity of radionuclides was measured with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector and necessary corrections for gamma-ray interferences were made. The integrated cross section of the studied reactions was measured relative to that of the monitor reaction 27Al(gamma,2pn)24Na. Current results are compared with theoretical predictions using the TALYS-1.9 statistical nuclear model code. Calculations were performed using six different level density models in combination with eight gamma-strength functions to determine which combinations best fit the experimental results. The present results are measured for the first time.

The spectrum-averaged cross-sections of natGd(γ, xn)159,153Gd reactions induced by the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12, 14, 16. 60, 65, and 70 MeV were measured by activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique using the 20 MeV electron linac (ELBE) at HZDR, Dresden, Germany, and 100 MeV electron linac at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. The TALYS 1.9 code was also used to calculate the theoretical natGd(γ, xn)159,153Gd reaction cross-sections as a function of photon energy. The spectrum-averaged values at various end-point energies were calculated from the literature data as well as theoretical values based on the TALYS 1.9 code, which is for mono-energetic photons. They were found to be in good agreement with the flux-weighted values of the current experimental data. It was also observed that the experimental and theoretical cross-sections increase from the threshold values to a certain energy, at which point another reaction channel opens, indicating the role of excitation energy. Individual reaction cross-sections decrease after a certain value as bremsstrahlung energy increases due to the opening of other reactions, indicating energy shearing among the different reaction channels.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease with poor prognosis, and the situation has not improved despite extensive clinical and scientific research. Here, we report proteogenomic analysis of PDAC. Mutation-phosphorylation correlations identified signaling pathways associated with somatic mutations in significantly mutated genes. mRNA-protein abundance correlations revealed oncogene and tumor suppressor candidates correlating with patient survival. Integrated clustering of mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation data identified six PDAC subtypes (Sub1-6), which were indistinguishable using mRNA data alone. mRNA and protein signatures defining Sub1-6 revealed that Sub1, Sub2-4, and Sub5-6 were precursor, invasive, and immunogenic tumors, respectively. In the Sub2-4 group, proliferation was highest for Sub4; Sub6 in the Sub5-6 group had an increased pancreatic secretion capacity. Orthotopic mouse PDAC models revealed higher numbers of pro-tumorigenic immune cells in Sub4 tumors, inhibiting T cell proliferation. Our proteogenomic analysis provides therapeutic targets and improves understanding of cancer biology and patient stratification in PDAC.