A novel green synthesis approach was developed for the fabrication of a g-C3N4/ZrTiO4/V2O5 nanocomposite (NC) using a hormone-treated plant extract as a biogenic reducing and stabilizing agent. The hormone-assisted synthesis had a significant influence on the physical, chemical, and morphological properties of the nanocomposite compared to the control route. The obtained NCs, confirmed by XRD, FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, and EDX analyses, exhibited enhanced crystallinity, a reduced band gap, and a distinct morphological transformation from nanorods to nanocubic structures. Elemental composition analysis confirmed the successful integration of Zr, Ti, and V components, improving the photocatalytic performance of the material. The hormone-mediated g-C3N4/ZrTiO4/V2O5 NC achieved an 89.14% degradation efficiency of Rose Bengal dye, maintaining its activity over three successive cycles without notable loss of performance. Furthermore, the photocatalyst efficiently converted degradation intermediates, such as benzyl alcohols, into valuable substituted benzaldehyde derivatives with yields ranging from 75% to 92%, demonstrating sustained catalytic stability over four consecutive cycles. These findings highlight the potential of hormone-assisted green synthesis as a promising and sustainable approach for designing advanced photocatalytic nanomaterials.

MnV2O6 nanoparticles were synthesized using cinnamon powder as a natural biofuel through a green combustion route. This represents a friendlier and cost-effective methodology for the fabrication of metal vanadates. The catalyst showed 81.96% methylene blue degradation in 180 min under visible light, and its performances were affected by the dosage of the catalyst, the concentration of the dye, pH, and reactive oxygen species. A kinetic study supported the pseudo-first-order model, and scavenger studies evidenced that center dot OH and O2 center dot- radicals are predominant. Comprehensive characterizations with the help of XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, XPS, TEM, TGA, and BET revealed the monoclinic phase, morphology, functional groups, optical features, surface composition, thermal stability, particle characteristics, and surface area. DFT calculations supported an indirect band gap of 1.71 eV, and this calculated value is well matched with the experimental value of 1.64 eV. DOS/phonon analyses revealed Mn 3d/O 2p -> V 3d transitions and further lattice vibrational effects, which enhanced the charge mobility of the photocatalyst. Thus, the present study demonstrates a novel integration of green synthesis-DFT and establishes cinnamon-mediated MnV2O6 as a potential sustainable photocatalyst for environmental remediation.

BiVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized using a green and homogeneous co-precipitation method without any shape-directing templates. Crystallinity and phase purity were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Optical properties were further investigated using UV-Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Morphological analysis was conducted via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The modification of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with BiVO4 significantly enhanced its electrocatalytic performance toward dopamine oxidation compared to the bare GCE, indicating increased sensitivity. The sensor exhibited excellent selectivity against interfering species, with a linear detection range from 0.1 to 100µM and a low detection limit of 0.011nM. The sensor’s sensitivity was calculated to be 0.027mAµM-1cm-2. Additionally, BiVO4 NPs demonstrated efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight, achieving 96% degradation within 180minutes due to their enhanced solar light-harvesting and charge separation capabilities. Furthermore, BiVO4 NPs exhibited notable antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting their promising biological potential.

This study presents a sustainable and effective approach for fluoride removal from drinking water through the green synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly CeO2-NiO nanocomposites (CeO2-NiO NCs) using Piper nigrum leaf extract as a natural fuel. Characterization by XRD, SEM–EDX, FTIR, TEM, and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of CeO2-NiO NC with an average crystallite size of 5.2 nm. Batch adsorption studies optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) achieved a maximum fluoride removal efficiency of 99.99

The development of an efficient and eco-friendly spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling strategy is vital for economic and environmental sustainability. This study reports a green, efficient and economic method to convert the cathode portion of spent LIB (LiCoO2) into a high-performance nonprecious Co-oxalate (CoC2O42H2O) electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, LiCoO2 collected from the spent LIB cathode was leached in oxalic acid and gallic acid (200:20 mM) mixture at 80 degrees C using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 2 g/L for 1 h. Soon after the dissolution of Co and Li, in situ precipitation of CoC2O4 2H2O was observed in the reaction mixture and soluble Li was precipitated as Li2CO3 and LiHC2O4 H2O when stoichiometric excess of Na2CO3 and oxalic acid were added, respectively. The recovered CoC2O42H2O deposited on stainless steel plate was utilized as an anode for electrochemical OER. It showed an overpotential of 320 mV at 10 mA cm-2, a low Tafel slope (49 mV dec-1) and stable performance over 12 h. Furthermore, the battery grade LiCoO2 was re-synthesized using the stoichiometric amounts of LiHC2O4 H2O and CoC2O4 2H2O. The re-synthesized LiCoO2 showed almost 100% coulombic efficiency with a minimal capacity loss. Thus, we have demonstrated an effective recovery and reuse of cathode material for energy devices.

In this study, bimetallic alpha-MnMoO4 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized via a one-step solution combustion method using Arachis hypogaea (peanut) seed powder as a green fuel. This eco-friendly route was adopted to explore the adsorption, photocatalytic, and catalytic properties of the resulting NPs. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of alpha-MnMoO4 NPs were systematically characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV-vis, and PL spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX techniques. Notably, alpha-MnMoO4 NPs demonstrated excellent adsorption capability toward methylene blue (MB) dye, achieving a removal efficiency of 86.70%, which was primarily attributed to their negatively charged surface. Moreover, the nanoparticles demonstrated a remarkable photocatalytic activity, achieving 81.55% degradation of MB through the photo-oxidation of water into hydroxyl (OH) radicals by photogenerated holes. Beyond dye remediation, the study further explored the catalytic capabilities of o-phenylenediamine via oxidative condensation with substituted aromatic aldehydes to synthesize benzimidazole derivatives, achieving yields ranging from 35% to 85%, depending on the substituents used. This integrated approach highlights the potential of alpha-MnMoO4 NPs not only in pollutant removal but also in facilitating the green synthesis of high-value chemical products, demonstrating promising applications in environmental remediation and fine chemical industries.

This study reports the synthesis of lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4) nanoparticles through a green and eco-friendly approach utilizing Colocasia esculenta leaf extract as a bioreducing and stabilizing agent for the first time. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a monoclinic phase with a P2₁/n space group and good crystallinity, with lattice parameters a = 7.0434, b = 7.2793, and c = 6.7211 Å. The presence of phytochemical functional groups from the plant extract, indicating successful capping, was revealed by FTIR spectra. SEM images revealed the spherical morphologies. LaVO4 NPs exhibited notable photocatalytic activity, achieving 98

The development of photocatalytic technology to remove organic contaminants from water has developed significantly. In this work, we successfully used simple hydrothermal treatment to synthesize Cu2O-Cu-WO3 photocatalysts (CCW) using Butea monosperma leaves extract. The synthesized materials' crystal shapes, structures, and optical characteristics were examined and evaluated using XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, SEM, and PL techniques. Under visible light illumination for 150 min, CCW demonstrated the maximum photodegradation efficiency towards Rose bengal (RB) dye, with a degradation rate of 96%. Furthermore, following four consecutive photocatalytic experiments, the material demonstrated exceptional stability and reusability. In addition, studies on free radical capture were carried out using scavengers. This work offers a workable technical foundation for the effective and long-term application of photocatalysts in wastewater treatment. The CCW NCs CIE and CCT results demonstrate that the product has a blue emission (CIE coordinates: x=0.08, y=0.187) and it was also employed to visualize latent fingerprints on diverse porous and non-porous surfaces.

The present study investigates the synthesis of hierarchical SnS2-based composites, specifically SnS2/rGO, SnS2/ g-C3N4 using a hydrothermal approach. These composites were evaluated for their photocatalytic performance in the degradation of both a cationic dye, Malachite Green (MG), and an anionic dye, Murexide (MX), under visible light irradiation. Among the synthesized materials, the SnS2/rGO/g-C3N4 ternary composite demonstrated superior photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 99.29 % degradation of MG and 78 % degradation of MX within 70 min. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to the synergistic interactions between SnS2, rGO, and g-C3N4, which facilitate a Z-scheme electron transfer pathway, minimizing the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. SnS2 nanosheets with a bandgap of 2.17 eV generate efficient electron-hole pairs, while the incorporation of g-C3N4 and rGO enhances charge separation and transport. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicated a charge transfer resistance of 94 Omega, while photoluminescence (PL) studies revealed a decreased PL intensity for the ternary composite, providing additional evidence of its enhanced performance. Scavenger and studies confirmed that H+ ions are the dominant species responsible for dye degradation. A detailed degradation mechanism is proposed, illustrating the role of the individual components in the enhanced photocatalytic process. In addition, the work presents an innovative approach to engineering Z-scheme SnS2/rGO/g-C3N4 ternary photocatalysts, offering a promising strategy for the efficient removal of both cationic and anionic dyes under visible light.

Photocatalysis is one of the potential applications for environmental cleanup with unique properties like thermal, optical, electrical and structural properties. A facile green synthesis method was employed to synthesize Bi2O3 nanoparticles using Costus igneus leaf extract as a fuel for combustion synthesis. Costus igneus leaf extract was used as a natural source of reducing agent, capping, and stabilizing agents in this study which is successfully synthesize the bismuth oxide nanostructures. Green synthesis of Bi2O3 nano particles are very effective due to its advantageous characteristics such as non-toxicity, environmentally friendly synthesis, cost-effectiveness and the ability to achieve uniform particle formation. The calcinated product was characterized using spectroscopic techniques namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The synthesized Bi2O3 nanomaterials were subjected for photocatalytic property using methylene blue as a model organic pollutant present in waste water. The superb photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles has its unique features, i.e., large surface area, defective states structure, visible-light-triggered band, good electrical conductivity. These factors enhance the light-harvesting, charge-separation, electron-excitation and charge transport properties of the synthesized bismuth oxide NPs. The study revealed that Bi2O3 nanoparticles showed 98

The design and development of highly efficient nanostructure materials for photocatalytic and electrochemical applications is very necessary. In this study, CuS-MoO3 nanocomposite (NCs) was fabricated using a simple wet impregnation process and the photodegradation potential for 8 major hazardous dyes and electrochemical sensing of Dopamine was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform - Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were employed for characterization. Fabricated NCs are made up of CuS in the hexagonal phase and MoO3 in the orthorhombic phase, both of which react to UV light. Optical and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that improved photocatalytic performance is related to increased UV light spectrum sensitivity, inhibited charge carrier recombination, and decreased band gap energy in the NCs. Experimental findings showed that CuS-MoO3 (CMS) NCs had substantially more photocatalytic degradation activity than pure MoO3 and CuS nanoparticles (NPs). The prepared CMS NCs were then used for electrochemical analysis of Dopamine (DA). Electroanalytical results showed that the CMS NCs had enhanced electrochemical activity towards DA. The constructed sensor has a limit of detection of (6.61 mu M) and proved that it is capable of being a sensor.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a novel class of material that grabbed many engrossments as a promising light-emitting material. In the present work, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and fluorescent CQDs were synthesized using organic plant-based extracts, such as Brassica juncea (mustard seeds), Citrus limon (lemon juice), Cuminum cyminum (cumin seeds) and Mangifera indica (mango leaves) by following a hydrothermal route. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies revealed a peak at 28.7 degrees corresponding to the (002) plane confirming the formation of CQDs. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images for the synthesized CQDs revealed their average particle size of similar to 3 nm. The optical energy band gap of the prepared CQDs was found to be in the range of similar to 3.67 - 3.99 eV. The fluorescence emission spectra revealed an intense and broad peak centered at similar to 462 nm (blue fluorescence), which is attributed to electronic pi-pi* transition (CC bond) and n-pi* transition (CO bond) on the surface of the CQDs. The lemon juice-sourced CQDs showed a prominent fluorescence intensity as compared to other carbon sources due to the existence of the surface emissive trap state on the surface. The photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of the prepared Citrus limon-based CQDs was similar to 8.9 ns. The latent fingerprints (LFPs) were visualized using optimized Citrus limon sourced CDs on various porous and non-porous substrate surfaces and found type I, type II, and type III fingerprint details with high sensitivity, selectivity, and without any background hindrance, which, owing to prepared fine powder adheres to the only ridges of the fingerprints. The aforementioned results specifically navigate the applicability of the prepared CQDs in the forensic science field.

In this work, CuWO4 nanoparticle (NPs) production was carried out using an eco-friendly and cost-effective green combustion approach. Leaf extract from Butea monosperma was utilized as a green fuel and reducing agent during synthesis instead of chemicals. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV diffused reflectance spectroscopy, Photoluminescence, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope and Transmission electron microscope analysis were among the advanced characterization methods that were applied to investigate the physicochemical properties of the synthesized materials in detail. Only one phase found in the sample that was calcined at 500 degrees C was triclinic CuWO4. With a band-gap energy (Eg) of roughly 2.21 and 2.25 eV, the synthesized NPs, which were calcined at 500 degrees C, had a strong capability of visible light absorption. The developed CuWO4 NPs photocatalytic activity was examined through the Rose Bengal (RB) dye degradation in response to visible light stimulation. The CuWO4 sample demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic capacity for breaking down RB, even when exposed to the supplied visible light. After being exposed to visible light for 150 min the synthesized CuWO4 photocatalytically degraded over 96 % RB. The catalyst's degradation efficiency was 89 % after four cycles, showing a reasonably consistent catalytic function. The exceptional photocatalytic efficiency and strong cycling stability of this special nanostructure photocatalyst offer a quick, easy, and affordable way to degrade organic contaminants by photocatalysis.

A multicolored LED illumination device is a compact, durable, easy to obtain color-adjustable output illumination source. It is frequently utilized in the domains of room illumination and exterior displays. However, the advancement of multicolor LEDs has been hampered by the rise in price and the fall in luminous efficacy while changing illumination colors. In the present investigation we have prepared intense red emitting Eu3+ 3 + doped CaMoO4 4 phosphor nanopowders via simple solid-state reaction technique. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies reveal the crystalline nature of the samples with scheelite-type mono phase tetragonal structure with I41/ 4 1/ a space group. The band gap (Eg) E g ) energy values were estimated and found to range between 4.63-5.32 eV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies reveled the hexagonal rod-like structures with different Aloe Vera gel concentrations. The particle size was found to be around 40 nm. The vibrational modes of the prepared powders were evaluated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. It was observed from the results that, there were 26 vibrational modes of CaMoO4 4 (Gamma=3Ag Gamma =3A g + 5Au+ u + 5Bg g + 3Bu+ u + 5Eg g + 5Eu) u ) 8 of which (4Auand u and 4Eu) u ) were infrared active and 13 (Ag, g , Bg, g , and Eg) g ) are Raman active. Photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity increases up to 5 mol% of Eu3+ 3 + ions load and subsequently it declines due to the concentration quenching phenomenon and effective energy transfer from Mo-O charge transfer band (CTB) to 5 D 0 levels of Eu3+. 3 + . It was noticed from PL emission spectra that, four intense peaks located at 5 D 0 -> 7 F 1 (590 nm), 5 D 0 -> 7 F 2 (613 nm), 5 D 0 -> 7 F 3 (654 nm), 5 D 0 -> 7 F 4 (702 nm) of Eu3+ 3 + respectively. The Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) diagram indicates the red color emission and average correlated color temperature (CCT) value was found to be 2050 K. Further, the external quantum efficiency (QE) and color purity (CP) were calculated to check the phosphor efficiency and found to be 92% and 72% respectively. The present investigation opens up a new avenue in the fabrication of low-cost display devices with high color purity and luminous efficacy.

This study introduces novel SnS2/GCN/rGO and CuS/GCN/rGO ternary composites for the visible-light-driven degradation of organic contaminants, specifically targeting the dyes Brilliant Green (BG) and Indigo Carmine (IC). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), UV-visible, Photoluminescence (PL), and impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized samples to extract the characteristic features of the catalysts. The chemical compositions of synthesized samples were confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ternary composite SnS2/ GCN/rGO revealed the degradation of BG by 98.0 % and IC by 80.9 %. CuS/GCN/rGO composite has shown degradation efficiencies of 92.7 % for BG and 78.5 % for IC. Unlike previous approaches, this work provides a comparative analysis of SnS2 and CuS-based ternary systems, emphasizing their distinct photocatalytic mechanisms Z-scheme in SnS2/GCN/rGO and direct electron transfer in CuS/GCN/rGO. By integrating GCN and rGO, this study addresses the typical limitations of metal sulfides, such as rapid charge recombination, enhanced electron mobility, and overall degradation efficiency under visible light. The confirmation of degradation species is made using chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. These results were supported by the reduction in the photoluminescence intensity and lower charge transfer resistance by impedance spectra suggesting an enhanced degradation rate for the ternary composites.

In the field of nanoscience, using plant materials to create nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming growing in popularity and offers a number of benefits over physicochemical techniques. The green combustion approach effectively synthesized ZnO/ZrO2 nanocomposite (NCs) using powdered Butea monosperma (BM) leaf as the green fuel. The nature of NCs was confirmed through (X-ray Diffraction) XRD revealed that presence of hexagonal ZnO and cubic of ZrO2 phase. The morphology of NCs as seen by (Scanning Electron Microscopy) SEM and (Transmission Electron Microscopy) TEM reveals a fair distribution and non-uniform spherical shape. (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis) EDAX pattern indicates the presence of zinc, zirconium and oxygen components. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) FT-IR spectrum obtained the metal-oxygen bonding in NCs. By applying the Tauc relation to calculate the optical energy band gap value of the sample is 3.34 eV. UV light is used to conduct the investigation of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The NCs have superior degradation efficiency up to 99 % dye degradation is performed in 150 min. Furthermore, NCs exhibit a hazardous chromium (VI) decrease of up to 62 %. The collected results demonstrated that ZnO/ZrO2 NCs are the best photocatalyst for MB degradation and chromium reduction.

Polypyrrole (PPY) was synthesized using ferric chloride as an oxidant, a surfactant, and a natural directing agent. The synthesized samples-PPY-1, PPY/CeO2-1, and PPY/CeO2-2 were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and TGA. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups, while XRD revealed characteristic peaks in the 20 degrees-26 degrees range, further validating composite formation. TGA enhanced thermal stability in PPY/CeO2 composites, reinforcing their nanocomposite nature. The polymer composites exhibited high electrical conductivity and improved antibacterial and antimicrobial activity, particularly with the inclusion of a surfactant.

This study investigates a Type-I CoNi2S4/MoS2 (CM)nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst for sustainable water treatment. Combining the catalytic stability of CoNi2S4 with the superior light absorption of MoS2, the nanocomposite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic performance. Structural analysis through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) confirmed the successful formation of the CoNi2S4/MoS2 heterojunction. The bandgap of the 25 % CoNi2S4/MoS2 composite was tuned from 2.2 eV to 2.0 eV, improving visible light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) and UV analyses demonstrated reduced electron-hole recombination, contributing to the composite's enhanced activity. Under visible light, the CoNi2S4/MoS2 photocatalyst achieved complete MB dye degradation within 90 min, outperforming other samples. The efficient charge separation in the heterojunction, with electrons moving from MoS2 to CoNi2S4 and holes in the opposite direction, was key to its superior photocatalytic efficiency. This makes CoNi2S4/MoS2a promising material for environmental applications.

An important strategy that can aid in achieving the long-term goal of a pollution-free environment is the use of photocatalysis. This paper outlines the process of creating affordable, safe MnV2O6 via a simple, cost-effective photocatalytic dye degradation technique. MnV2O6 nanoparticles were synthesized by the combustion process using mustard seeds (Brassica nigra), a sustainable fuel. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance (UV–Vis DRS) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron spectroscopy were utilized for characterization of various ratios of photocatalysts. In terms of light deterioration, 1:0.5 MnV2O6 outperformed the other ratios, with 86.73