This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different lactic acid bacteria treatments on nutritional quality,fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera silage,and to provide technical reference for the development and utilization of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera. There were7 treatments as follows:the CK treatment was supplemented 10 mL/kg deionized water,the LP treatment was supplemented 5×106CFU/g FM Lactobacillus plantarum,the LB treatment was supplemented 5×106CFU/g FM Lactobacillus brevis,the EF treatment was supplemented 5 × 106CFU/g FM Enterococcus faecalis,the LP+EF treatment was compound supplemented 5×106CFU/g FM Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecalis（1∶1）,the LP+LB treatment was compound supplemented 5×106CFU/g FM Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis（1∶1）,and the LP+LB+EF treatment was compound supplemented 5×106CFU/g FM Lactobacillus plantarum,Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococcus faecalis（1∶1∶1）,each treatment contained 5replicates,fermentation for 60 days. The results showed as follows:1)the dry matter content of LP and LP+LB+EF treatments was significantly higher than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. The neutral detergent fiber content of LP,LB,EF,LP+LB and LP+LB+EF treatments was significantly lower than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. The crude protein content of EF and LP+LB+EF treatments was significantly higher than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. The water-soluble carbohydrates content of LP,LB and EF treatments was significantly lower than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. 2)The pH of LP and LP+LB+EF treatments was significantly lower than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. The ammoniacal nitrogen content of CK treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments（P＜0.05）. The lactic acid content of LP treatment was significantly higher than that of EF,LP+LB and CK treatments（P＜0.05）. The acetic acid content of LB and LP+LB treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments except LP+LB+EF treatment（P＜0.05）.The propionic acid content of LP,LB and LP+LB treatment was significantly lower than that of CK treatment（P＜0.05）. The lactic acid bacteria population of LP+LB treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments（P＜0.05）. 3)After 5 days of aerobic exposure,the mold population of LP+LB treatment was the lowest,and the aerobic bacteria population of LP+LB+EF treatment was the lowest. The aerobic stability order from high to low was LB treatment ＞ LP+LB treatment ＞ LP+LB+EF treatment ＞ CK,LP,EF and LP+EF treatments. To sum up,adding epiphytic lactic acid bacteria to hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera silage obviously improve the nutritional quality,fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2023,35（4）:2702-2710]

[目的]研究添加甜叶菊渣对绢蒿青贮发酵品质及苦味掩盖(去除)的影响,为新疆天山北坡绢蒿资源的充分利用提供理论基础.[方法]以伊犁绢蒿与甜叶菊渣为原料,按照鲜重质量比10:0(CK处理)、9:1(T1处理)、8:2(T2处理)、7:3(T3处理)混合袋装青贮发酵60 d,分析营养成分、有机酸含量、发酵品质及小鼠饮水的数据(水饮用量、浸提液饮用量).[结果]各混合比例青贮的pH值、氨态氮/总氮和丙酸含量相比对照组显著降低(P<0.05);随着甜叶菊渣添加比例的增加,各混合处理的粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维显著低于对照组(P<0.05),可溶性碳水化合物、乳酸含量和粗灰分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);T2处理的粗蛋白含量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);T2、T3处理的乙酸和丙酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05);除对照组外各处理的酸性洗涤纤维差异不显著(P<0.05);公鼠和母鼠均对T2处理浸提液饮用量显著高于其余处理(P<0.05),添加T2处理浸提液的小鼠总饮水量显著上升(P<0.05).[结论]最佳混贮比例为绢蒿和甜叶菊渣质量比为7:3,含水量64.95％.

本研究对麻叶荨麻(Urtica cannabina)青贮饲料中优势乳酸菌进行分离鉴定,为改善麻叶荨麻青贮品质提供理论依据.经传统微生物和分子生物学鉴定,结果表明:麻叶荨麻青贮中共分离得到 11 株优势乳酸菌,其中 1 株为格氏乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae,QM7),1 株为粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis,QM16),1 株为鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcus gallinarum,QM35),2 株为铅黄肠球菌(Enterococcus casseliflavus,QM13、QM32),3 株为类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides,QM6、QM8、QM10),3 株为戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus,QM9、QM11、QM12).分离出的乳酸菌均能在 4～45℃以及 3.0％和 6.5％的 NaCl条件下良好生长;而所有菌株在 pH为 3 时不生长,在 pH为3.5～9 呈现生长或微弱生长.研究结果表明菌株QM7 和QM11 在培养至 24 h时pH可下降到 3.82 和 3.78,OD600 值为2.12 和 2.06,表现出最强的产酸能力和生长速率,可作为后期调控麻叶荨麻青贮的菌剂应用.

[目的]研究田间晾晒对饲用油菜含水率的影响,分析含水率对青贮饲用油菜营养品质、发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,为饲用油菜青贮实际利用提供理论基础.[方法]采用罐装青贮法,设计6 个晾晒时间处理,分别为晾晒0 h(A1 处理)、12 h(A2 处理)、24 h(A3 处理)、36 h(A4 处理)、48 h(A5 处理)、60 h(A6 处理),将晾晒后的原料直接青贮,青贮 60d后开罐,进行感官评价,分析营养品质、发酵品质和有氧稳定性.[结果]饲用油菜随晾晒时间的延长,干物质含量(DM)、铵态氮含量(NH3-N)均显著增加(P<0.05),pH值、乳酸含量(LA)、乙酸含量(AA)均增加不显著(P>0.05),粗蛋白含量(CP)、粗脂肪含量(EE)、中性洗涤纤维含量(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维含量(ADF)、可溶性碳水化合物含量(WSC)均下降;对比不同晾晒时间饲用油菜青贮发酵60d后青贮饲料品质,晾晒12 h(含水率73.53%)蛋白质含量(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物含量(WSC)最高(分别为11.04%和12.39%),酸性洗涤纤维含量(ADF)最低为(16.80%),pH值显著低于其他各处理(P<0.05),乳酸含量(LA)、乙酸含量(AA)均显著高于其他各处理(P<0.05),丙酸含量(PA)最低(0.04%).[结论]发酵后晾晒12h的饲用油菜青贮营养品质、发酵品质和有氧稳定性最好,在南疆麦后饲用油菜收获时田间晾晒时间12h左右,综合价值最优.

【Objective】This experiment aimed to study the effects of different mixing ratios on the quality of forage rape and wheat straw silage..【Methods】Feed rape and wheat straw were mixed according to different fresh weight ratios（feed rape: Wheat Straw:100%:0%, 95%:5%, 90%:10%, 85%:15%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%）were stored at room temperature after mixed wrapping. Each treatment was set for 3 repetitions, and the package was opened for sampling at 60 days. The fermentation and nutrient content of the mixed stored feed were measured, and the aerobic stability was analyzed.【Results】The results showed that with the addition of wheat straw ratio, the pH value, crude protein content and soluble protein content increased The proportion of soluble carbohydrate and butyric acid content decreased significantly, the dry matter content and lactic acid content increased significantly, and the changes of crude fat content, acetic acid content and ammonia nitrogen content had no significant difference. The fermentation quality of the mixed storage system showed an increasing trend as a whole, and the nutritional quality of the mixed storage system showed a decreasing trend.【Conclusion】Based on the analysis of fermentation quality, nutritional composition, v-score score and aerobic stability, the mixed storage of feed rape and wheat straw in the ratio of 80%:20% was better.

【Objective】 This study aims to analyze the effects of adding different levels of molasses on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of cotton stalk micro-storage with a view to providing reference for production practice.【Methods】 The experiment was performed using a single factor experimental design with a total of 6 treatments, namely molasses added to 0%（control group）, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and the added ratio was based on fresh weight.When sampled at the 0 th, 7 th, 15 th, 30 th and 60 th d of fermentation, the fermentation quality and nutritional quality of each treatment were analyzed, and the aerobic stability of each treatment was determined after 60 d of opening the pit.【Results】 Research showed that after 60 days of fermentation, the pH values of 5% and 6% molasses were 4.2 and 4.18, ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen was 68.99, 71.40 g/kg TN, which were significantly lower than other treatments（P＜0.05）, and the difference between the two was not significant（P＞0.05）; The content of WSC treated with 5% and 6% molasses was 21.51 and 23.47 g/kg DM, the lactic acid content was 29.19, 30.37 g/kg FM, significantly higher than other treatments（P＜0.05）, and the difference between the two was not significant（P＞0.05）; The aerobic stability of adding 5% molasses was significantly higher than other treatments（P＜0.05）, up to 80 h.【Conclusion】 Adding molasses can effectively increase fermentation quality and improve fermentation characteristics.The ecommended amount of molasses is 5%.

本研究旨在对葡萄枝叶青贮饲料中天然附着优势乳酸菌进行分离培养和鉴定,为葡萄枝叶资源的饲料化利用提供可靠的乳酸菌资源.利用分子生物学鉴定法(16S rDNA序列分析)与传统的微生物鉴定法对分离出的乳酸菌进行鉴定,最终得到5株乳酸菌菌株,其中Q1菌株鉴定为肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenterica),Q2和Q5菌株鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),Q3菌株鉴定为铅黄色肠球菌(Enterococcus casseliflavus),Q4菌株鉴定为海氏肠球菌(Enterococcus hirae).所筛选出的乳酸菌除L.mesenterica在pH为9时不能生长,其余菌株均能在pH 3～9,4℃～45℃,3％和6.5％NaCl浓度环境下生长;其中E.hirae菌株在培养至24 h后其菌液pH可达到4.11,OD值为1.42,表现出最强的生长及产酸能力.

本试验对杂交构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)青贮饲料中附着的优良乳酸菌进行了分离培养,利用传统微生物培养和16S rDNA序列分析对分离的乳酸菌进行鉴定,以期为提高杂交构树青贮品质提供乳酸菌资源.试验最终分离得到8株优良乳酸菌,其中菌株G4,G7,G9被鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),G10,G12被鉴定为短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis),Q3,Q5被鉴定为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium),Q7被鉴定为戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus).分离出的乳酸菌均能够在4℃,10℃,30℃和45℃生长;在3％ 和6.5％ 的NaCl条件下也生长良好;有7株菌能在pH值3.5～9.0范围内生长或微弱生长,其中菌株Q3,Q5和Q7在pH为3.0的条件下也能生长,体现出较强的耐酸、耐盐能力及较广的温度适应范围.8株乳酸菌均具有良好的抗逆性,可作为制备杂交构树青贮的饲料添加剂.

研究旨在分析添加不同水平糖蜜、乳酸菌对棉秆微贮发酵品质影响.试验采用双因素试验设计,共8个处理,分别添加4％(A)、5％(B)糖蜜及0(L0)、0.1％(L1)、0.2％(L2)、0.3％(L3)植物乳杆菌对棉秆进行微贮.分别于发酵第1、7、15、30、60d取样,分析发酵品质和营养品质.结果显示:单独添加糖蜜或与植物乳杆菌组合添加均可提高棉秆微贮的发酵品质.发酵60d,各处理pH值最高为4.22,5％糖蜜水平下L2、L3微贮棉秆的乳酸(LA)、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、干物质(DM)含量均显著高于其余处理(P＜0.05);5％糖蜜水平下L2、L3微贮棉秆的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于其余处理(P＜0.05);5％糖蜜组微贮棉秆的氨态氮/总氮值(NH3-N/TN)显著低于4％糖蜜组(P＜0.05).研究表明,添加糖蜜与植物乳杆菌能够有效提高棉秆发酵品质,改善发酵特性;从实际生产角度考虑,推荐糖蜜添加量为5％,植物乳杆菌添加量为0.2％.

The recent literature on seed size, shape and persistence in soil seed bank and the data from the seed plant traits database in Western Europe was collected. A total of 1656 information on seed size, shape and seed bank properties, 1518 species were obtained. Effect size of each grade seeds forming a persistent seed bank was calculated by Non-Comparative Binary Data and random effect models. Furthermore, the relationship between the grade of seed size and seed shape, a continuity data, and effect size was responsed by the regression analysis. The results show that seed size can predict the persistence of soil seed bank, but it reflects the obvious stage on the grades. At Grades 1 to 7, seed size is positively correlated with the probability of forming a persistence soil seed bank, and negatively correlated at Grades 7 to 15. Seed shape can also be a good predictor of seed bank persistence. With the increase of seed shape variance, the probability of persistent in soil seed bank will reduce as the seed becomes flattened or elongated from near spherical shape.

The present study investigated the dynamic profiles of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and the bacterial community of paper mulberry silage inoculants without (Control) or with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), Lactiplantibacillus brevis (LB), or their combination (LPLB), which was screened from naturally fermented paper mulberry. The results showed that the inoculated treatments had significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber, water-soluble carbohydrates, and ammoniacal nitrogen contents compared with the control after 60 days of ensiling (the decreased proportion of LP, LB, and LPLB treatments ranged from 7.33%-11.23%, 9.60%-21.44%, and 21.53%-29.23%, respectively, p < 0.05). The pH value of the LP and LB treatments was significantly lower than that of the control after 60 days of ensiling (4.42 and 4.56 vs. 4.71, p < 0.05). The LP treatment promoted lactic acid accumulation and LAB number compared with the control (66.59% vs. 54.12% and 8.71 log(10) CFU/g vs. 8.52 log(10) CFU/g, respectively, p < 0.05), and the LB and LPLB treatments inhibited the growth of yeast and mold after 14 days of fermentation. After 5 days of aerobic exposure, both the LB and LPLB treatments increased the aerobic stability time and acetic acid content (from 29 to 75 h and 16.14%-48.72%, respectively, p < 0.05), inhibited the growth of yeast and mold, and did not detect butyric acid. Additionally, the bacteria community of each treatment was dominated by Aerococcus on day 3 of ensilage (accounting for 54.36%-69.31%), while the inoculated treatments reduced the abundance of Aerococcus on day 60 (from 59.73% to 85.16%, p < 0.05), and Lactobacillus became the dominant genus (accounting for 54.57%-70.89%). Inoculation of L. plantarum effectively maintained the acidic environment at the end of the fermentation system by maintaining the abundance of Lactobacillus, maximizing the preservation of dry matter and protein, and reducing protein corruption. Inoculation of L. brevis alone or in combination with L. plantarum significantly inhibited the growth of mold and improved the aerobic stability of paper mulberry silage.

广泛分布在北疆的绢蒿荒漠作为重要的春秋牧场,承担着两季的放牧压力.由于该区域气候干燥,放牧家畜的粪便分解强烈依赖于各类粪甲虫.为确定绢蒿荒漠中粪甲虫数量的季节性变化及物种多样性特征,进行了野外调查和取样.结果 表明:在石河子紫泥泉种羊场典型绢蒿荒漠放牧地家畜粪便中采集到粪甲虫14797头;其中,捕获的金龟子分属3科19种,蜉金龟科10种,金龟科8种,粪金龟科1种;4-6月物种丰富度逐渐上升,6月物种丰富度最高,优势种为黄缘蜉金龟(Aphodius sublimbatus);春秋放牧季(4-5、9-10月)个体数量多于夏季(7-8月);其中,10月物种丰富度最低,但优势种直蜉金龟(Aphodius rectus)个体数量显著多于其他时间所有物种个体数量;对捕获到的19种金龟子进行DNA的提取及目的基因的扩增和测序结果表明,基于16S rRNA的分类结果与形态学分类结果一致;构建的进化树呈现2个明显分支:第一分支包含蜉金龟科10个物种,均属D型生态功能类群,物种的粪便处理方式在种间具有明显趋同性;第二分支包含了金龟亚科和粪金龟科的9个物种,从生态功能类群上看,存在7个T型物种和2个R型物种,Onthophagus gibbulus、Onthophagus nuchicornis、Gymnopleurus mopsus、Gymnopleurus flayellates虽然亲缘关系接近,但分属两个生态功能类群,在粪便处理方式上表现出种间趋异.

To understand the decomposition of cattle dung in Seriphidium-dominated desert, the changes of dung physical and chemical properties were determined by setting different stacking times (0, 7, 29, 48, 58 h) in May (spring) and September (autumn), respectively. Mesh cage with different openings (no mesh cage, opening up and down, opening up, totally enclosed) were set up to explore the effects of different ecological functional groups of dung beetles on decomposition. The results showed that species richness of dung beetles in spring was significantly higher than that in autumn, and that the abundance of dung beetles in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring. The losses of moisture, total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in dung were mainly concentrated during 0-29 h in spring, being decreased by 39.4%, 13.9%, 32.1% and 26.7% at 29 h, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of the dung stacked for 58 h decreased significantly by 8.0% and 16.0% respectively. In autumn, moisture, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased most rapidly during 0-7 h, being decreased by 85.6%, 10.2% and 20.2% at 7 h, respectively. The concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased during 7-58 h by 20.0% and 13.7%, respectively. The decomposition of total carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus mainly concentrated during 0-29 h, being reduced by17.5%, 55.0% and 64.8%, respectively. The mesh cage with different openings effectively prevented the entering of dung beetles from the corresponding ecological functional groups. With the increases of functional groups of dung beetles, the decomposition rate accelerated, with cattle dung of no mesh cage being significantly higher than other treatments. The species richness and abundance of dung beetles and the stacking time of dung significantly affected the decomposition of cattle dung.

为明确北方蚁影响下蚁巢及其周围土壤种子库变化特征,以山地草甸中广泛分布的北方蚁为研究对象,探究距蚁巢不同距离、不同深度下土壤种子库的特征,以及土壤环境对种子库物种分布的影响.结果表明:蚁巢中心及周围土壤种子库中共出现28个物种,隶属12科28属,其中禾本科植物居多,蚁巢中心0～10 cm、10～20 cm深度下,土壤中平车前、北疆剪股颖、无芒雀麦、鸭茅、草地早熟禾萌发数量均显著高于其他样点(P<0.05);土壤种子库物种生活型组成以多年生草本植物为主,蚁巢中心0～10 cm、10～20 cm深度下多年生草本植物数量均显著高于其他样点(P<0.05);蚁巢中心0～10 cm、10～20 cm深度土壤种子库种子数量和物种数均显著高于蚁巢周围区域(P<0.05).相同距离下,0～10 cm深度土壤种子库种子数量及物种数均高于10～20 cm深度;蚁巢大小与蚁巢中心土壤种子库种子数量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);随着距离的增加,同深度下土壤种子库丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数大致呈现出"V"字型变化趋势,并在距蚁巢100 cm处物种多样性指数降至最低;RDA分析表明,土壤速效磷是影响该区土壤种子库分布的主要因子.北方蚁能对周围环境中的种子进行收集与搬运,增加了蚁巢内种子的数量,影响了周围环境中土壤种子库的空间分布,在小尺度范围内进行了种子再分配,改变了土壤种子库内的物种分布.

为探究北方蚁(Formica aquilonia Yarrow)对蚁巢及周围土壤理化性质的影响,本文以北方蚁蚁巢为研究对象,对蚁巢边缘进行不同距离的划分,探究不同生境、不同距离下土壤理化性质的变化特征.结果表明:草地类型、离巢距离及二者交互作用均对土壤参数有极显著影响(P<0.01),碱解氮和有效磷主要受离巢距离的影响,其余参数受草地类型的影响更大;不同草地的蚁巢均表现出蚁巢中心pH值显著低于周围土壤(P<0.05),并与离巢距离呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其余参数显著高于周围土壤(P<0.05),并与离巢距离呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);通过拟合曲线,各土壤参数与离巢距离均符合函数模型;综合各土壤参数分析,除离巢距离、有效磷与pH值无相关性外,其余参数间均表现出显著相关(P<0.05).北方蚁影响蚁巢内外的土壤性质,对周围生态系统具有重要影响,并促进了自然生态系统中物质和能量的循环.