In vivo photocatalytic antibacterial effect of bone scaffold is limited due to the poor tissue penetration of blue/ violet light as the main stimulating source for photosensitizer. Near-infrared (NIR) light, characterized by lower photon energy and reduced tissue absorption coefficients, exhibits superior tissue penetration depth compared to blue/violet light, while the responsiveness of photosensitizer is weak, resulting in the poor antibacterial effect. Herein, rare-earth ion (Yb3+, Tm3+)-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP:YbTm) nanorods were synthesized via a co-precipitation method, in which the unique stepwise energy level structure of Yb3+ and Tm3+ enabled the conversion of NIR light into blue/violet light. Subsequently, HAP:YbTm nanorods combined with Ti3C2/g-C3N4 through electrostatic interactions were incorporated into poly (lactic acid) (PLLA) to fabricate composite bone scaffold via selective laser sintering (SLS). The results demonstrated that under 980 nm NIR excitation, Tm3+ undergone a 1D2 -> 3F4 energy level transition and emitted 450 nm blue light, which activated Ti3C2/g-C3N4 to efficiently generate reactive oxygen species. In vitro antibacterial tests revealed that under NIR irradiation, the scaffold exhibited potent bactericidal activity with antibacterial rates of 99.7 % for Staphylococcus aureus and 99.9 % for Escherichia coli. The in vivo assessment results of bacterial wound infection model in rat indicated that NIR irradiation outperformed xenon lamp in antibacterial efficacy, attributable to the enhanced tissue penetration depth afforded by the longer wavelength of NIR light. In addition, in vitro cell culture and alkaline phosphatase staining assays confirmed the scaffold's excellent cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity.

Excessive reactive oxygen specie (ROS) is not conducive to bone repair, which is prone to generate during the initial hematoma inflammatory phase following poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) bone scaffold implantation and the potential inflammation caused by its acidic degradation products. This study proposed introducing cobalt (Co)based nanozyme into the PLLA scaffold, and focused on improving the dispersion between nanozyme and the PLLA matrix as well as enhancing the activity of nanozyme itself for efficiently scavenging ROS. The Co was loaded on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT) for achieving uniform dispersion, and then calcined under different atmospheres for enhancing nanozyme activity via regulating the Co2+/Co3+ ratio and optimizing the electronic structure. It was found that the nanozyme that was calcined in an N2 atmosphere followed by phosphorylation exhibited a superior ROS-scavenging ability, which was attributed to its high Co2+ content of 61.07% that facilitating the redox cycling and the optimization of its electronic structure by P doping. As a result, the composite scaffold (P2) at a nanozyme loading of 2 wt% possessed superior intracellular ROS-scavenging ability and downregulation of key inflammatory cytokines compared to the pure PLLA scaffold. It also possessed good cytocompatibility for cell adhesion and proliferation, and exhibited upregulated expression of the pro-angiogenic VEGF factor.

Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys have demonstrated considerable potential in magnetically driven implant applications due to their impressive soft magnetic properties. However, traditional preparation methods are usually limited by either simplistic structures/dimensions or composition-induced biosafety issues. In the present study, FeSiB amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys were fabricated by laser-beam powder bed fusion (LPBF), and the effects of LPBF process parameters on the microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of the resulting alloys were systematically investigated. The results showed that relatively higher energy densities could reduce the internal defects and promote the alloy density but led to decreases in the amorphicity of FeSiB alloys on account of more heat diffusion, indicating a competitive microstructural evolution during LPBF process. Moreover, alpha-Fe(Si) and Fe2B nanocrystalline grains were found to concentrate in the heat-affected zones due to the large thermal gradients in LPBF and exhibit larger sizes at higher energy density. The co-existence of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases endowed FeSiB alloys with high saturation magnetization ( Ms ) due to their exchange coupling, while the increase of grain sizes and internal defects both caused undesirable high coercivity (Hc). As a result, the LPBF-fabricated FeSiB amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys exhibited an optimal balance between density (6.17 g/cm3) and amorphicity (55 %), which contributed to favorable soft magnetic properties with a high Ms (167.56 emu/g) and a low Hc(60.6 Oe), as well as excellent mechanical properties (compressive strength 501.5 MPa and hardness 14.58 GPa). These findings demonstrated the potential of LPBF for the fabrication of Fe-based soft magnetic alloys with tailorable structures and properties. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Regarding the issue that poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) bone scaffold lacks antibacterial function, koosh ball-like nanoparticles, Mg-MOF-74@MnO2, have been synthesized by evenly in situ growing MnO2 nanowires on Mg-MOF-74 nanoparticles, and they were incorporated into PLLA matrix to fabricate bone scaffold with mild-temperature photothermal antibacterial activity. The results demonstrated that the Mg-MOF-74@MnO2 koosh ball-like nanoparticles generated hydroxyl radical (∙OH) synergistically due to redox reaction of the Mg-MOF-74 particles and enzyme-like activities of the MnO2 nanowires. The MnO2 nanowires can convert near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat, and the in-situ growth enabled the MnO2 nanowires to disperse uniformly so as to better exert its photothermal property. After incorporation, the PLLA/Mg-MOF-74@MnO2 bone scaffold was fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS). The bone scaffold reached a stable photothermal temperature of 40-45 °C under NIR irradiation, and had good ∙OH generating capacity. The generated∙OH inhibited bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and weakened their thermotolerance without impairing osteoblasts, thereby enabling efficient bacterial killing under mild photothermal heating without damaging osteoblasts, endowing the scaffold with mild-temperature photothermal antibacterial function. As a result, the scaffold's in vitro antibacterial rates were 99.50% against Staphylococcus aureus and 99.88% against Escherichia coli. Implanted subcutaneously in the rats, the scaffold's in vivo antibacterial rate was 91.39%. Moreover, the PLLA/Mg-MOF-74@MnO2 bone scaffold also presented satisfying mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

Electrical stimulation that mimics endogenous electric fields represents a promising therapeutic strategy for wound healing. In this study, a lead-free piezoelectric composite film was fabricated by incorporating (K,Na)NbO3(KNN) ceramics into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix via tape casting. The introduction of KNN fillers significantly enhanced the β-phase content and piezoelectric output of PVDF. Under ultrasound irradiation, the resulting KNN/PVDF film effectively promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration in vitro, achieving a 54.84% migration rate within 24 h and upregulating key wound-repair genes, including TGF-β and VEGF. In vivo, the composite film markedly accelerated the healing of full-thickness skin defects in rats, promoted neovascularization, and achieved approximately 95% wound closure by day 9. These results demonstrate that the KNN/PVDF composite film provides an effective wireless platform for biomimetic electrical stimulation in tissue regeneration.

The management of critical-sized craniomaxillofacial bone defects remains a formidable clinical challenge due to the concomitant issues of prolonged inflammation, inadequate vascularization, and insufficient endogenous osteogenesis. Herein, a novel cell-free bone regeneration strategy is reported based on biomimetic apoptotic nanovesicles (Apo-NVs) derived from apoptotic T-lymphocytes membrane. The Apo-NVs, which mimic the "find-me" and "eat-me" signals of natural apoptotic cells, are engineered into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel for sustained localized delivery. In vitro, the Apo-NVs demonstrate superior immunomodulatory efficacy by promoting the repolarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages towards a pro-healing M2 phenotype. Concurrently, they directly enhance the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and potently stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation, migration, and tube formation. In vivo, the GelMA-Apo-NVs significantly augments bone regeneration and vascularization compared to GelMA and GelMA-NVs groups, as validated by micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. Mechanistic unraveling through transcriptomic profiling reveals that the regenerative function of Apo-NVs is orchestrated through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This activation not only directly drives osteogenic gene expression but also upregulates vegfa, thereby coupling angiogenesis with osteogenesis, while simultaneously inhibiting the NF-κB pathway to inhibit inflammation. This study pioneers a versatile apoptotic vesicle-based platform that harmonizes the immune-osteogenic-vascular triad, presenting a potent and promising therapeutic paradigm for regenerative medicine.

The recombination of photogenerated carriers in graphitic carbon nitride limits the application in photocatalysis antibacterial, although graphitic carbon nitride has the potential to resist bacterial infection in the implantation of bone scaffold. In this study, titanium carbide nanosheets were integrated with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets to prepare graphitic carbon nitride/titanium carbide nanocomposites by electrostatic self-assembly with the purpose of decreasing photogenerated carriers recombination. Then, the nanocomposites were added into poly-L-lactic acid matrix with the purpose of manufacturing bone scaffold by selective laser sintering. The results demonstrated that the photoluminescence intensity of nanocomposites was 99.1 % lower than that of graphitic carbon nitride, while the surface potential difference of nanocomposites was 153 % larger than that of graphitic carbon nitride. The reason was that electrons generated by illumination in graphitic carbon nitride were transferred to titanium carbide, while the formation of Schottky barrier between them prevented electrons backflow, increasing the generation efficiency of reactive oxygen species. The results of the antibacterial experiment showed that scaffold had an excellent antibacterial effect, with the antibacterial rate of scaffold against Escherichia coli was 99.4 %, and against Staphylococcus aureus was 90.4 %. Moreover, the scaffold also possessed good cytocompatibility for cell adhesion and proliferation, and tensile properties with the tensile strength of 9.82 MPa and the tensile modulus of 721 MPa.

Identifying novel prognostic markers is crucial for predicting clinical outcomes and guiding targeted therapies. This study explores the biomarker potential of specific miRNAs, particularly miR-145 and miR-21, in the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their associated mechanisms. mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were analyzed in OSCC patients. Bioinformatic analysis identified miR-145 and miR-21 as key markers. Clinical data from 87 patients showed that high miR-145 and low miR-21 expression correlated with a 91.6% 5-year survival rate. Functional studies showed that miR-145 induced G0/G1 phase arrest and shortened the S phase in OSCC cells. Overexpressing miR-145 or knocking down cyclin A2 (CCNA2) or cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) inhibited OSCC cell proliferation. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed that miR-145 directly targets the 3u2032-UTRs of CCNA2 and CDK6, reducing their expression. MiR-145, particularly when combined with miR-21, is a promising OSCC prognostic biomarker. It exerts its effects by modulating the cell cycle via CCNA2 and CDK6 suppression.

Fast electron–hole recombination issues during titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis limit its application in preventing bacterial infection during bone defect repair. In this study, TiO2@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method in which rGO, which possesses very high electrical conductivity, promotes the separation of photoelectron–hole pairs of TiO2, thus improving the efficiency of photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, TiO2@rGO composites were introduced into poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) to prepare bone scaffolds with photocatalytic antibacterial function via selective laser sintering. The results showed that TiO2 grew on the surface of rGO and formed a covalent bond connection (Ti–O–C) with rGO. A decreased electrochemical impedance of TiO2@rGO composites was observed, and the transient photocurrent intensity increased from 0.05 to 0.5 µA/cm2. Analysis of electron spin resonance found that the photocatalytic products of TiO2 were ·OH and ·O2−, two kinds of ROS capable of killing bacteria via disrupting the structure of the bacterial membrane in vitro. Antibacterial experiments showed that the PLLA/TiO2@rGO scaffolds had good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, we report that these scaffolds exhibited both enhanced mechanical properties due to the addition of TiO2@rGO as a reinforcement material and good biocompatibility during cell proliferation.

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during bone scaffold implantation disrupt cellular redox homeostasis and adversely affect stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, thereby impeding bone regeneration. In this study, vanadium (V) was doped into the cerium oxide (CeO2) lattice via a wet chemical synthesis, and the resulting V-doped CeO2 (V-CeO2) nanoparticles were incorporated into a poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix to fabricate composite scaffolds using selective laser sintering. The incorporation of V induced lattice distortion and increased the concentration of oxygen vacancies, which enhanced ROS adsorption and catalytic conversion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that V doping increased the Ce(III) content from 31.2 % to 39.9 %, thereby facilitating the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox cycle. Specifically, Ce(III)exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity to eliminate O2 center dot-, while Ce(IV) showed catalase (CAT)-mimetic activity for H2O2 decomposition. In vitro evaluations demonstrated that the PLLA/V-CeO2 scaffold significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels and upregulated osteogenic gene expression, including BMP-2 and RUNX2. Moreover, the scaffolds exhibited favorable biocompatibility, supporting osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. These results suggest that V-CeO2-integrated scaffolds hold promise for ROS-regulated bone tissue repair.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has great potential for tumor therapy because of its non-invasive and high selectivity. However, the therapeutic effect of PDT is critically restricted by hypoxia and glutathione (GSH) overexpression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this work, CeO2 with catalase and peroxidase dual enzyme activities was loaded on Ti3C2 nano-sheet, and the nanosystem was then introduced in poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and prepared into bone scaffold using selective laser sintering technology. Specifically, CeO2 alleviates hypoxia through its catalase enzyme activity, which promotes the continuous photodynamic process. CeO2 also consumes over-expressed GSH through its redox reaction and amplifies the oxidative stress in TME, thus improving the curative effect of PDT. On the other hand, the photothermal effect of scaffold can not only generate heat to kill tumor cells, but also enhance the activity of nanoenzyme, and the catalase activity enhanced by photothermal effect is fed back to PDT, forming a two-way promotion. The results indicated that the concentration of oxygen in PLLA/Ti3C2-CeO2 scaffold group was 9.76 mg/L higher, and the concentration of singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) was respectively increased by 60% and 170%, compared with the PLLA/Ti3C2 scaffold. Moreover, the PLLA/Ti3C2-CeO2 scaffold showed a higher GSH consumption rate, indicating that it could consume the overexpressed GSH. Therefore, the Ti3C2 nano-sheet loaded with CeO2 could combine the dual enzyme activities, photodynamic and photothermal effect to enhance the tumor therapy with a tumor growth inhibitory effect of approximately 88.8%. In summary, introducing the Ti3C2 nanosystem loaded with nanozyme into PLLA scaffold is a promising strategy to develop bone scaffold with multimodal anti-tumor function.

Combining poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) can integrate the advantages of excellent biocompatibility and intrinsic shape memory ability of PLLA and high elasticity and excellent shape memory properties of TPU in the application of minimally invasive surgery for bone tissue engineering. However, TPU easily forms a sea-island-like structure in PLLA matrix, decreasing shape memory properties. In this study, a co-continuous structure of TPU phase in PLLA matrix was constructed by adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles due to the changed interfacial tension and flow behavior of TPU, which endowed the TPU/PLLA/Fe3O4 blend fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS) with excellent shape memory properties. As a result, the morphology of TPU in the blend changed from sea-island-like structure to complete co-continuous structure with increasing Fe3O4 content (0 to 10wt%), and shape recovery ratios in 50 degrees C water increased from 66.67 to 95.92%. The introduction of Fe3O4 endowed the blend with magnetic responsive shape memory in alternating magnetic field because Fe3O4 could heat it by generating heat from relative friction and particle collisions. Besides, the tensile modulus and hardness of the specimen with 10wt% Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased. In addition, the blend demonstrated excellent biocompatibility by promoting cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation.

Janus nanoparticles with soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone patches located on the insoluble Eudragit RL100 sides were prepared using a side-by-side electrospraying method and are demonstrated to provide biphasic release of paracetamol and in turn faster action and longer time periods of blood drug concentration for therapy.

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP)/poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) bone scaffold is expected to overcome the deficiencies and achieve the complementary advantages of individual constituents, but the weak interfacial bonding due to their thermodynamic incompatibility is detrimental to the mechanical properties. Herein, the PLLA chains were grafted onto nano-HAP with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) as a coupling reagent to enhance the interfacial bonding with PLLA. Specifically, the silicon hydroxyl group produced by KH550 hydrolysis could form covalent bonding with the hydroxyl group of nano-HAP, and the amino group of KH550 initiated the ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide monomers to graft PLLA chains onto nano-HAP more effectively, leading to a higher grafting ratio of 16.7% compared with 7.2% in direct grafting without KH550 modification. Consequently, the tensile and compressive strength of the modified nano-HAP/PLLA scaffold were improved by 40.8% and 59.5% enhancement due to the enhanced interfacial bonding in the composite scaffold, respectively, compared to the original nano-HAP/PLLA scaffold. Additionally, the bone scaffold was conducive to cell adhesion and proliferation, making it an ideal candidate for bone defect repair.Highlights Amino-functionalized nano-HAP boosted the grafting efficiency of PLLA chains. Interfacial bonding between nano-HAP and matrix was enhanced. Bone scaffold showed better mechanical properties and benign cytocompatibility. The PLLA chains were grafted onto nano-HAP with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a coupling reagent to enhance the interfacial bonding with the PLLA matrix and exhibiting benign compatibility. image

Our feet are often subjected to moist and warm environments, which can promote the growth of harmful bacteria and the development of severe infection in wounds located in the foot. As a result, there is a need for new and innovative strategies to safely sterilize feet, when shoes are worn, to prevent any potential foot-related diseases. In this paper, we have produced a non-destructive, biocompatible and convenient-to-use insole by embedding a BaTiO3 (BT) ferroelectric material into a conventional polydimethylsilane (PDMS) insole material to exploit a ferroelectric catalytic effect to promote the antibacterial and healing of infected wounds via the ferroelectric charges generated during walking. The formation of reactive oxygen species generated through a ferroelectric catalytic effect in the PDMS-BT composite is shown to increase the oxidative stress on bacteria and decrease both the activity of bacteria and the rate of formation of bacterial biofilms. In addition, the ferroelectric field generated by the PDMS-BT insole can enhance the level of transforming growth factor-beta and CD31 by influencing the endogenous electric field of a wound, thereby promoting the proliferation, differentiation of fibroblasts and angiogenesis. This work therefore provides a new route for antimicrobial and tissue reconstruction by integrating a ferroelectric biomaterial into a shoe insole, with significant potential for health-related applications.

In order to address the issue of bacterial infection during the transplantation of bone implants, four types of bone implants with long-term antimicrobial functionality have been constructed.

The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is prevalent in the fabrication of oral sustained release preparations; however, there is a lack of research on 3D-printed osmotic pump tablets. A 3D-printed core-shell structure bezafibrate osmotic pump tablet was developed based on the characteristics of rapid absorption and short half-life of bezafibrate, utilizing semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing technology. First, the properties of different shell materials were investigated to define the composition of the shell, and ultimately, the optimal formulation was found to be ethyl cellulose:cellulose acetate:polyethylene glycol = 2:1:2. The formulation of the tablet core was defined based on the printing performance and release behavior. The formulation consisted of bezafibrate, lactis anhydrous, sodium bicarbonate, sodium alginate, polyethylene oxide and sodium dodecyl sulfate at a ratio of 400:400:300:80:50:50. The tablet was capable of achieving zero-order release. The physicochemical properties were also characterized. The pharmacokinetic data analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the 3D-printed tablets and the reference listed drugs. There was a strong correlation between the in vitro and in vivo results for the 3D-printed tablets. The results showed that SSE printing is a practical approach for manufacturing osmotic pump tablets.

Aim: Arsenic has excellent anti-advanced liver cancer effects through a variety of pathways, but its severe systemic toxicity forces the need for a safe and effective delivery strategy. Methods: Based on the chelating metal ion properties of polydopamine (PDA), arsenic was immobilized on an organic carrier, and a M1-like macrophage cell membrane (MM)-camouflaged manganese-arsenic complex mesoporous polydopamine (MnAsOx@MP@M) nanoplatform was successfully constructed. MnAsOx@MP@M was evaluated at the cellular level for tumor inhibition and tumor localization, and in vivo for its anti-liver cancer effect in a Hepa1-6 tumor-bearing mouse model. Results: The nanoplatform targeted the tumor site through the natural homing property of MM, completely degraded and released drugs to kill tumor cells in an acidic environment, while playing an immunomodulatory role in promoting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) repolarization. Conclusion: MnAsOx@MP@M has synergistically enhanced the targeted therapeutics against liver cancer via nanotechnology and immunotherapy, and it is expected to become a safe and multifunctional treatment platform in clinical oncology.

Oral colonic nano-drug delivery system has received more and more attention in the treatment of colon cancer due to local precision treatment and reduction of drug system distribution. However, the complex and harsh gastrointestinal environment and the retention of nanoparticles in the colon limit its development. To this end, we designed Eudragit S100 (ES) coated nanoparticles (ES@PND-PEG-TPP/DOX). Polydopamine coated nanodiamond (PND) was modified with amino-functionalized polyethylene glycol (NH2-PEG-NH2) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) successively. Due to the high specific surface area of PND, it can efficiently load the model drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). In addition, PND also has high photothermal conversion efficiency, generating heat to kill cancer cells under near infrared (NIR) laser, realizing the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (CT-PTT). TPP modification enhanced nanoparticle uptake by colon cancer cells and prolonged preparations retention time at the colon. ES shell protected the drug from being destroyed and prevented the nanoparticles from sticking to the small intestine. Ex vitro fluorescence imaging showed that TPP modification can enhance the residence time of nanoparticles in the colon. In vivo pharmacodynamics demonstrated that CT-PTT group has the greatest inhibitory effect on tumor growth, which means that the nanocarrier has potential clinical value in the in-situ treatment of colon cancer.

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has great potential in photodynamic therapy for implant-associated infections due to its good biocompatibility and photoelectric properties. Nevertheless, the rapid recombination of electrons and holes weakens its photodynamic antibacterial effect. In this work, a new nanosystem (Cu2O@rGO) with excellent photodynamic performance was designed via the in situ growth of Cu2O on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Specifically, rGO with lower Fermi levels served as an electron trap to capture photoexcited electrons from Cu2O, thereby promoting electron-hole separation. More importantly, the surface of rGO could quickly transfer electrons from Cu2O owing to its excellent conductivity, thus efficiently suppressing the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Subsequently, the Cu2O@rGO nanoparticle was introduced into poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) powder to prepare PLLA/Cu2O@rGO porous scaffolds through selective laser sintering. Photochemical analysis showed that the photocurrent of Cu2O@rGO increased by about two times after the incorporation of GO nanosheets, thus enhancing the efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers and promoting electron-hole separation. Moreover, the ROS production of the PLLA/Cu2O@rGO scaffold was significantly increased by about two times as compared with that of the PLLA/Cu2O scaffold. The antibacterial results showed that PLLA/Cu2O@rGO possessed antibacterial rates of 83.7% and 81.3% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In summary, this work provides an effective strategy for combating implant-related infections.