In today's data-driven world, the importance of data literacy is paramount. However, software engineering education has not adequately addressed integrating comprehensive data science curricula, leaving students ill-equipped for the future of artificial intelligence (AI), which is built on the foundations of data science. This gap is exacerbated by the lack of tailored courses and the intimidating nature of existing tools for begin-ners. Consequently, students often miss out on essential skills like data cleanup, real-world application of machine learning (ML) algorithms, and the integration of big data in software products. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel approach to applied data science for software engineering students. We argue for a shift from traditional algorithm-focused teaching to a curriculum emphasizing real-world problem-solving, lever-aging data science techniques. By empowering students to define and tackle their own data-driven projects, we aim to increase motivation, enhance data literacy, and instill a data-thinking mindset in future software engineers to prepare them for the AI world. Overall, this paper contributes to the advancement of software engineering education for young learners by offering a comprehensive framework, the data action educational framework (DAEF), and a data science toolkit that enables DAEF by empowering learners to create original data-driven mobile apps.

Our increasing reliance on digital technology for personal, economic, and government affairs has made it essential to secure the communications and devices of private citizens, businesses, and governments. This has led to pervasive use of cryptography across society. Despite its evident advantages, law enforcement and national security agencies have argued that the spread of cryptography has hindered access to evidence and intelligence. Some in industry and government now advocate a new technology to access targeted data: client-side scanning (CSS). Instead of weakening encryption or providing law enforcement with backdoor keys to decrypt communications, CSS would enable on-device analysis of data in the clear. If targeted information were detected, its existence and, potentially, its source would be revealed to the agencies; otherwise, little or no information would leave the client device. Its proponents claim that CSS is a solution to the encryption versus public safety debate: it offers privacy-in the sense of unimpeded end-to-end encryption-and the ability to successfully investigate serious crime. In this paper, we argue that CSS neither guarantees efficacious crime prevention nor prevents surveillance. Indeed, the effect is the opposite. CSS by its nature creates serious security and privacy risks for all society, while the assistance it can provide for law enforcement is at best problematic. There are multiple ways in which CSS can fail, can be evaded, and can be abused.

This chapter provides an overview of this edited volume on Computational Thinking Education (CTE). It starts with a historical review of CTE, beginning from the pioneering ideas of Seymour Papert on promoting the need to think computationally, the seminal work by Jeanette Wing, who argued that computational thinking (CT) should be an essential skill for everyone, and efforts to incorporate CT into K-12 education, such as those made by the National Research Council (Report of a workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking, National Academies Press, 2010). With this background, the chapter introduces its conceptual framework of CTE and identifies six sub-themes. The section on the ‘Computational Thinking and Tool Development’ sub-theme includes an in-depth discussion of abstraction, a key concept of CT, and the development of a programming environment to facilitate CT development. ‘Student Competency and Assessment’ contains chapters that identify the key components, methods and tools for assessing CT. ‘Computational Thinking and Programming Education in K-12’ focuses on how CT can be taught and cultivated in K-12. ‘Computational Thinking in K-12 STEM Education and Non-Formal Learning’ discusses the combination of STEM and game activities with CT development. ‘Teacher and Mentor Development in K-12 Education’ sheds light on the capacity building of teachers and teaching assistants in implementing CT education. ‘Computational Thinking in Educational Policy and Implementation’ discusses the educational policy related to CT and a 10-year project with thinking skills embedded in computer studies. Among the issues discussed in these chapters, the key focus of CTE is the importance of learning to think computationally.

Twenty years ago, law enforcement organizations lobbied to require data and communication services to engineer their products to guarantee law enforcement access to all data. After lengthy debate and vigorous predictions of enforcement channels "going dark," these attempts to regulate security technologies on the emerging Internet were abandoned. In the intervening years, innovation on the Internet flourished, and law enforcement agencies found new and more effective means of accessing vastly larger quantities of data. Today, there are again calls for regulation to mandate the provision of exceptional access mechanisms. In this article, a group of computer scientists and security experts, many of whom participated in a 1997 study of these same topics, has convened to explore the likely effects of imposing extraordinary access mandates.We have found that the damage that could be caused by law enforcement exceptional access requirements would be even greater today than it would have been 20 years ago. In the wake of the growing economic and social cost of the fundamental insecurity of today's Internet environment, any proposals that alter the security dynamics online should be approached with caution. Exceptional access would force Internet system developers to reverse "forward secrecy" design practices that seek to minimize the impact on user privacy when systems are breached. The complexity of today's Internet environment, with millions of apps and globally connected services, means that new law enforcement requirements are likely to introduce unanticipated, hard to detect security flaws. Beyond these and other technical vulnerabilities, the prospect of globally deployed exceptional access systems raises difficult problems about how such an environment would be governed and how to ensure that such systems would respect human rights and the rule of law.

Creative Commons is a non-prot organization that has been striving to provide simple, uniform, and understandable licenses that content creators can use to issue their content under. These licenses provide a solution to the problem of copyright on the Web, while ensuring that the culture of reusing existing works to foster creativity is not hindered. There are many online tools in photo sharing sites such as Flickr and EveryStockPhoto that generate Creative Commons license information associated with their content in machine readable form. This information is generally included in the metadata of the content. However, not much eort has been on actually detecting whether a license has been violated or not. This paper describes of a method for identifying whether a particular kind of Creative Commons license, namely attribution, has been violated, with a focus on Flickr images on the Web.

There is substantial evidence of a need to make computation an integral part of the undergraduate physics curriculum. This need is consistent with data from surveys in both the academy and the workplace, and has been reinforced by two years of exploratory efforts by a group of physics faculty for whom computation is a special interest. We have examined past and current efforts at reform and a variety of strategic, organizational, and institutional issues involved in any attempt to broadly transform existing practice. We propose a set of guidelines for development based on this past work and discuss our vision of computationally integrated physics.

With access control and encryption no longer capable of protecting privacy, laws and systems are needed that hold people accountable for the misuse of personal information, whether public or secret.

Instruction in higher education must adapt more rapidly to: changes in workforce needs, global issues, advances in disciplines, and resource constraints. The pace of such improvement depends on the speed with which new ideas and materials are adopted across institutions. In 1999 Microsoft pledged $25 million and staff support for iCampus, a seven-year MIT project to develop pioneering uses of educational technology. The TLT Group studied five iCampus projects in order to identify factors affecting institutionalization and widespread dissemination. Among the factors impeding adoption: lack of rewards and support for faculty to adopt innovations; faculty isolation; and a lack of attention to adoption issues among projects selected for funding. The study made recommendations for universities, foundations, government agencies and corporations: 1) continue making education more authentic, active, collaborative, and feedback-rich; 2) create demand to adopt ideas and materials from other sources by encouraging all faculty members to improve and document learning in their programs, year after year; 3) nurture coalitions for instructional improvement, across and within institutions; 4) create more effective higher education - corporate alliances; and 5) improve institutional services to support faculty in educational design, software development, assessment methods, formative evaluation, and/or in sharing ideas with others who teach comparable courses.

Attempts to address issues of personal privacy in a world of computerized databases and information networks from security technology to data protection regulation to Fourth Amendment law jurisprudence -- typically proceed from the perspective of controlling or preventing access to information. We argue that this perspective has become inadequate and obsolete, overtaken by the ease of sharing and copying data and of aggregating and searching across multiple data bases, to reveal private information from public sources. To replace this obsolete framework, we propose that issues of privacy protection currently viewed in terms of data access be re-conceptualized in terms of data use. From a technology perspective, this requires supplementing legal and technical mechanisms for access control with new mechanisms for transparency and accountability of data use. In this paper, we present a technology infrastructure -- the Policy Aware Web -- that supports transparent and accountable data use on the World Wide Web, and elements of a new legal and regulatory regime that supports privacy through provable accountability to usage rules rather than merely data access restrictions.

In this chapter we demonstrate the feasibility of digital computation in cells by building several operational in vivo digital logic circuits, each composed of three gates that have been optimized by genetic process engineering. We have built and characterized an initial cellular gate library with biochemical gates that implement the NOT, IMPLIES, andANDlogic functions in E. coli cells. The logic gates perform computation using DNA-binding proteins, small molecules that interact with these proteins, and segments of DNA that regulate the expression of the proteins. We also demonstrate engineered intercellular communications with programmed enzymatic activity and chemical diffusions to carry messages, using DNA from the Vibrio fischeri lux operon. The programmed communications is essential for obtaining coordinated behavior from cell aggregates. This chapter is structured as follows: the first section describes experimental measurements of the device physics of in vivo logic gates, as well as genetic process engineering to modify gates until they have the desired behavior. The second section presents experimental results of programmed intercellular communications, including time–response measurements and sensitivity to variations in message concentrations. Potentially the most important element of biocircuit design is matching gate characteristics. Experimental results in this section demonstrate that circuits with mismatched gates are likely to malfunction. In generating biology’s complex genetic regulatory networks, natural forces of selection have resulted in finely tuned interconnections between the different regulatory components. Nature has optimized and matched the kinetic characteristics of these elements so that they cooperatively achieve the desired regulatory behavior. In building de novo biocircuits, we frequently combine regulatory elements that do not interact in their wild-type settings. Therefore, naive coupling of these elements will likely produce systems that do not have the desired behavior. In genetic process engineering, the biocircuit designer first determines the behavioral characteristics of the regulatory components and then modifies the elements until the desired behavior is attained. Below, we show experimental results of using this process to convert a nonfunctional circuit with mismatched gates into a circuit that achieves the correct response.

Abstract : The objective of this research is to create the architectural, algorithmic, and technological foundations for exploiting programmable materials. These are materials that incorporate vast numbers of programmable elements that react to each other and to their environment. Such materials can be fabricated economically, provided that the computing elements are amassed in bulk without arranging for precision interconnect and testing. In order to exploit programmable materials we must identify engineering principles for organizing and instructing myriad programmable entities to cooperate to robustly achieve pre-established goals, even though the individual entities are unreliable and interconnected in unknown, irregular, and time-varying ways. Progress in microfabrication and in bioengineering will make it possible to assemble such amorphous systems at almost no cost, provided that (1) the units need not all work correctly; (2) the units are identically programmed; and (3) there is no need to manufacture precise geometrical arrangements of the units or precise interconnections among them.

Over the next few decades, two emerging technologies—microfabrication and cellular engineering—will make it possible to assemble systems incorporating myriads of information-processing units at almost no cost, provided all units need not work correctly and that there is no need to manufacture precise geometrical arrangements among them. The shift to this technology will precipitate fundamental changes in methods for constructing and programming computers, and in our view computation itself.Microelectronic mechanical components have become so inexpensive to manufacture we can anticipate integrating logic circuits, microsensors, actuators, and communications devices on the same chip to produce particles that could be mixed with bulk materials, such as paints, gels, and concrete. Imagine coating bridges and buildings with smart paint that senses and reports on traffic and wind loads and monitors structural integrity. A smart-paint coating on a wall could sense vibrations, monitor the premises for intruders, and cancel noise.

ver the next few decades, two emerging technologies—microfabrication and cellular engineering—will make it possible to assemble systems incorporating myriads of informationprocessing units at almost no cost, provided all units need not work correctly and that there is no need to manufacture precise geometrical arrangements among them. The shift to this technology will precipitate fundamental changes in methods for constructing and programming computers, and in our view computation itself. Microelectronic mechanical components have become so inexpensive to manufacture we can anticipate integrating logic circuits, microsensors, actuators, and communications devices on the same chip to produce particles that could be mixed with bulk materials, such as paints, gels, and concrete. Imagine coating bridges and buildings with smart paint that senses and reports on traffic and wind loads and monitors structural integrity. A smart-paint coating on a wall could sense vibrations, monitor the premises for intruders, and cancel noise. Even more striking is the amazing progress in understanding the biochemical mechanisms in individual cells, promising that we’ll be able to harness these mechanisms to construct digital logic circuits. AMORPHOUS

From the Publisher: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) has been responsible for some of the most significant technological achievements of the past few decades. Much of the hardware and software driving the information revolution has been, and continues to be, created at LCS. Anyone who sends and receives email, communicates with colleagues through a LAN, surfs the Web, or makes decisions using a spreadsheet is benefiting from the creativity of LCS members." "LCS is an interdepartmental laboratory that brings together faculty, researchers, and students in a broad program of study, research, and experimentation. Their principal goal is to pursue innovations in information technology that will improve people's lives. LCS members have been instrumental in the development of ARPAnet, the Internet, the Web, Ethernet, time-shared computers, UNIX, RSA encryption, the X Windows system, NuBus, and many other technologies." "This book, published in celebration of LCS's thirty-fifth anniversary, chronicles its history, achievements, and continued importance to computer science. The essays are complemented by historical photographs.

An amorphous computing medium is a system of irregularly placed asynchronous locally interacting computing elements I have demonstrated that amorphous media can b e con gured by a program common to all computing elements to generate highly complex prespeci ed patterns For example I can specify that an amorphous medium manifest a pattern representing the interconnection structure of an arbitrary electrical circuit My strategy is inspired by a botanical metaphor based on growing points and tropisms To make this strategy explicit I have developed the Growing Point Language GPL A growing point is a locus of activity in an amorphous medium A growing point propagates through the medium by transferring its activity from one computing element to a neighb o r As a growing point passes through the medium it e ects the di erentiation of the behaviors of the computing elements it visits The trajectory of the growing p o i n t is controlled by signals that are automatically carried through the medium from other di erentiated elements Such a response is called a tropism In this way a GPL program can exploit locality t o m a k e crude geometric inferences There is a wide variety of patterns that are expressible in GPL Examples include Euclidean constructions branching structures and simple text I prove that amorphous media can b e programmed to draw any prespeci ed planar graph and I obtain upper bounds on the amount of storage required by the individual processors to realize such a graph I also analyze how the e ectiveness of GPL programs depends upon the distribution of the computing elements Thesis Supervisor Gerald J Sussman Title Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering MIT Thesis Supervisor Harold Abelson Title Class of Professor of Computer Science and Engineering MIT Thesis Reader Thomas F Knight Title Senior Research Scientist Arti cial Intelligence Laboratory M I T

Am Anfang dieses Buches haben wir uns mit Prozessen befaßt und sie mit Hilfe von Lisp-Prozeduren beschrieben. Die Bedeutung dieser Prozeduren haben wir mit einer Reihe von Auswertungsmodellen erläutert: dem Substitutionsmodell in Kapitel 1, dem Umgebungsmodell in Kapitel 3 und dem metazirkulären Evaluator in Kapitel 4. Insbesondere durch die Beschäftigung mit dem metazirkulären Evaluator wurde das Geheimnis weitgehend gelüftet, das die Interpretation von Lispähnlichen Sprachen umgab. Aber auch der metazirkuläre Evaluator läßt wichtige Fragen unbeantwortet, weil mit ihm die Steuerungsmechanismen in einem Lisp-System nicht erhellt werden können. Mit dem Evaluator läßt sich zum Beispiel nicht erklären, wie nach der Auswertung eines Teilausdrucks ein Wert an den Ausdruck geliefert werden kann, in dem dieser Wert dann verwendet wird; noch läßt sich mit dem Evaluator erklären, warum manche Prozeduren iterative Prozesse erzeugen (das heißt, mit konstantem Speicherbedarf ausgewertet werden), während andere Prozeduren rekursive Prozesse erzeugen. Diese Fragen bleiben unbeantwortet, weil der metazirkuläre Evaluator selbst ein Lisp-Programm ist und daher die Steuerungsstruktur des zugrundeliegenden Lisp-Systems übernimmt. Um eine vollständigere Beschreibung der Steuerungsstruktur des Lisp-Evaluators zu erhalten, müssen wir uns auf eine elementarere Ebene begeben als Lisp.

Als wir uns mit Programmentwurf beschäftigten, stellten wir fest, daß Programmierexperten die Komplexität ihrer Entwürfe mit denselben allgemeinen Techniken unter Kontrolle halten, wie sie von den Konstrukteuren aller komplexen Systeme verwendet werden. Sie kombinieren elementare Einheiten zu zusammengesetzten Objekten, sie abstrahieren zusammengesetzte Objekte zu Bausteinen auf einer höheren Ebene und sie erhalten Modularität mit einer entsprechend weitgefaßten Sicht der Systemstruktur. Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Techniken haben wir die Sprache Lisp verwendet, um Prozesse zu beschreiben und um Datenobjekte und Rechenprozesse zu konstruieren, die Modelle komplexer Phänomene in der wirklichen Welt sind. Wenn wir uns jedoch zunehmend komplexen Problemen zuwenden, stellen wir fest, daß Lisp und in der Tat jede festgelegte Programmiersprache für unsere Bedürfnisse nicht ausreicht. Wir müssen uns ständig neuen Sprachen zuwenden, um unsere Ideen wirkungsvoller ausdrücken zu können. Die Etablierung neuer Sprachen ist eine wichtige Strategie, mit der die Komplexität technischer Entwürfe unter Kontrolle gehalten werden kann; wir können ein komplexes Problem oft besser in den Griff bekommen, wenn wir zu einer neuen Sprache übergehen, mit der wir das Problem auf andere Weise beschreiben (und auf andere Weise über das Problem nachdenken) können und die elementare Einheiten, Mittel zur Kombination und Mittel zur Abstraktion beinhaltet, die besonders gut für das anstehende Problem geeignet sind.