INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES:The aim of the present study was to investigate the left ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance (IMP) by tissue Doppler echocardiography in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty cats with HCM and 10 healthy cats were included in the study. Clinical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in both healthy and HCM cats. Left ventricular IMP was assessed by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography. RESULTS:Systolic dysfunction was observed in 11 cats (55 %), and diastolic dysfunction was present in all cats with HCM. Although the isovolumic contraction time (IVCT) and ejection time (ET) were significantly shorter in cats with HCM, the IMP was not significantly different between the study groups. Peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion as determined by pulsed wave Doppler (E') and respiratory rate (RR) were identified as potential predictors of mortality. STUDY LIMITATIONS:Small sample size and lack of time-adjusted survival analysis may reduce the strength of prognostic conclusions. CONCLUSIONS:Our study shows that both diastolic and systolic dysfunction are present in cats with HCM and that these alterations affect left ventricular IMP, potentially limiting its clinical applicability. Furthermore, low E' and increased RR were identified as potential predictors of mortality in cats with HCM.

The most common form of toxemia observed in large animals is endotoxemia. Endotoxemia is caused by the presence of lipopolysaccharide cell wall components of gram-negative bacteria in the blood and characterized clinically by abnormalities of many body systems. This study aimed to determine changes in serum inflammatory cytokine levels in calves with LPS-induced endotoxemia. Ten healthy Holstein breed calves were used in the study. To create experimental endotoxemia, LPS at 0.1 µg/kg dose was given intravenously to the calves from the vena jugularis as an infusion within 30 min. Blood samples to evaluate cytokines, biochemical, blood gases, and hematological parameters were collected before LPS infusion (0. hour) and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h following LPS infusion. In the first 4 h following the LPS infusion, calves’ body temperature, heart and respiratory rate, and capillary refill time increased, while a decrease was observed in the following hours. Significant changes were detected in blood pH, WBC, and glucose levels after LPS administration. Serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL1-β, IL-10, and IFN-γ levels were low before the LPS infusion in the calves, while increased within the first 4 h following the LPS infusion, however, statistical significance was observed in TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Cytokine levels decreased back to baseline levels after the fourth hour. As a result, it was found that 0.1 µg/kg dose of LPS administrated as infusion caused changes in clinical, hematological, blood gases, biochemical parameters, and significant increases in the levels of circulating cytokines. The results of this study showed that the changes observed in the organism during natural endotoxemia can also be revealed experimentally by administering LPS intravenously.

The term "sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy" (SIC) is used to describe transient cardiac dysfunction in septic patients. However, there is no universally accepted definition of SIC; a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is often used. In addition to systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction is now recognized as an essential component of SIC. It can be emphasized that previous animal experiments played an essential role in revealing SIC and hemodynamic instability in sepsis and septic shock. The diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of echocardiography for the assessment of SIC have been extensively studied since its introduction into intensive care clinical practice. Recent studies in dogs, calves, and horses have shown that left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and circulatory dysfunction can occur in sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock in animals. Echocardiographic variables have also shown that indices of left and right ventricular dysfunction and circulatory failure are valuable indicators of mortality in septic animals.

This study aimed to detect changes in clinical parameters, biochemical and serum cytokine levels in calves with sepsis. In the study, 34 calves diagnosed with sepsis according to clinical and laboratory results and 7 calves deemed to be healthy according to clinical and laboratory results were used. The blood sample was taken from vena jugularis for determination of hematological, biochemical, and cytokine levels. Significant changes were observed in the clinical parameters of calves with sepsis. Serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and INF-γ were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in calves with sepsis compared to the control group. Also, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum BUN, creatinine, CK, and CK-MB levels and a significant decrease in TP level (p < 0.05) were determined in calves with sepsis compared to the control group.In conclusion, it was concluded that varying degrees of tissue/organ damage developed in calves with sepsis and cytokines played an important role in the development of inflammatory damage during sepsis.

Aging is a process that includes natural and time-dependent changes in the body. Dogs whose quality of life is not adversely affected are classified as healthy elderly dogs. Behavioral and cognitive status should be taken into consideration together with blood analyzes in the health evaluation of old dogs. Therefore, it was aimed to evaluate hematochemical parameters and canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) scale in 10 healthy senior (senior group, SG) and 14 healthy geriatric (geriatric group, GG) dogs in this study. No statistical difference was determined between the groups in the CBC analysis. In the blood gases analysis, pCO2 (P=0.006), base excess (P=0.020) and HCO3 (P=0.041) levels were found to be lower in GG compared to the SG. In serum biochemistry analysis, BUN (P=0.016) and GGT (P=0.003) levels were found to be higher whereas LDH (P=0.008) and triglyceride (P=0.003) levels were found to be lower in GG compared to SG. The total CCD scale score was 14.50 (12-23) in the SG and 50.50 (32-68) in the GG (P

Aging is a process that includes natural and time-dependent changes in the body. Dogs whose quality of life is not adversely affected are classified as healthy elderly dogs. Behavioral and cognitive status should be taken into consideration together with blood analyzes in the health evaluation of old dogs. Therefore, it was aimed to evaluate hematochemical parameters and canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) scale in 10 healthy senior (senior group, SG) and 14 healthy geriatric (geriatric group, GG) dogs in this study. No statistical difference was determined between the groups in the CBC analysis. In the blood gases analysis, pCO2 (P=0.006), base excess (P=0.020) and HCO3 (P=0.041) levels were found to be lower in GG compared to the SG. In serum biochemistry analysis, BUN (P=0.016) and GGT (P=0.003) levels were found to be higher whereas LDH (P=0.008) and triglyceride (P=0.003) levels were found to be lower in GG compared to SG. The total CCD scale score was 14.50 (12-23) in the SG and 50.50 (32-68) in the GG (P<0.001). In conclusion, differences in some parameters were determined as a result of blood gases and serum bio-chemistry analyzes between healthy senior and geriatric dogs, and it was concluded that routine hematochemical ana-lyzes are important also in healthy elderly dogs. In addition, it was observed that the CCD scale scores of Terriers were higher in this study.

The objective of this research was to evaluation metabolic, biochemical and hematological parameters in dairy cattle with displacement of the abomasum (DA). In this study, 80 dairy cattle with DA and 10 healthy dairy cattle in early lactation were used. Jugular venous blood samples for blood gases, hematological parameters and serum biochemical analysis of all cattle were taken. Glucose, lactate, triglycerides, BHB, NEFA, insulin, VLDL, GGT, CK concentrations and pH and hematocrit value of cattle with DA were significantly (P

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and analgesic duration of a single dose of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) administered by the oral transmucosal (OTM) or via the intravenous (IV) route immediately before induction of anesthesia in dogs undergoing elective ovohysterectomy (OVH). Twenty-seven sexually intact female dogs referred for OVH procedure from a local shelter at regular intervals over 3 months, were included in the study. The dogs were administered PBZ and the placebo on the basis of their respective treatment group (20 mg/kg, IV; 20 mg/kg via OTM administration; 1.75 ml/kg IV 0.9% NaCl) before administration of xvlazine. Throughout the study, vital signs were measured at baseline (T-0, before administration of PBZ) and then at 5 (T-1), 10 (T-2), 15 (T-3), 20 (T-4), 25 (T-5), and 30 (T-6) minutes intraoperatively. Postoperative pain was assessed at 0.5, 1,2, 3, 8, and 24 hours after operation. Groups OTM and IV had significantly lower Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) scores (r0.05) than the control group at the 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 8 hours postoperatively. The analgesic (carprofen) was used with all dogs. In conclusion, a single dose of PBZ administered via the OTM route before surgery provided some analgesia but was not enough on its own for the postoperative period. Additionally, PBZ administred via the OTM route did not provide a dissimilar analgesia than the IV route.

A 4-year-old, 3.5-kg, entire male cat was presented with severe lethargy and increasing dyspnoea and respiratory distress, nasal discharge, excessive salivation, loss of appetite and weight loss, over the past few days. He was an indoor-outdoor cat and was fed a homemade diet. On physical examination, severe laboured abdominal breathing, nasal discharge and excessive salivation were evident. Mucous membranes were slightly hyperaemic, with no jaundice or cyanosis observed. There was no jugular distension. Gingival capillary refill time was 2 seconds. Body temperature was 39.2 °C. On palpation, the mandibular lymph nodes were mildly enlarged, while no abdominal mass was detected. On thoracic auscultation, bronchial crackles in the right lung lobe and dysphonia in the left lobe were noted. The cat was initially stabilised with oxygen therapy (10 L/min) by oxygen chamber. Venous blood (jugular venepuncture), urine (mid-stream free-flow) and faecal samples (rectal swab) were taken for laboratory analysis. Abdominal ultrasonography, thoracic and abdominal radiography, and thoracic computed tomography (CT) were performed.

Objective: In this study, exercise-induced changes in blood parameters of Kyrgyz elite athletes were evaluated during 6 months. Methods: Eight male (n = 8) and three female (n = 3) athletes were included. Blood samples were taken at 3 months intervals before and after the exercise (shuttle run). Erythrocyte (RBC), total leukocyte (WBC), platelet (PLT), neutrophil (NOTR), lymphocyte (LNF) count, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) values, mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and also venous blood pH, PO2, PCO2, SAT O2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, Cl, serum glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Creat), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were determined. Results: The WBC, LNF, and NOTR values of the male athletes were found high (p < 0.05) after the exercise periods. In male athletes, HDL-C and BUN levels increased (p < 0.05), while Glu levels (p < 0.05) decreased due to exercise in each measurement. An increased pO2, O2SAT, K, and Anion Gap levels, however, decreased pH, pCO2, HCO3, and BE values were determined after the exercise. Conclusion: Our data showed that exercise caused an acute increase in immune system cell counts (WBC, LNF and NOTR), also HDL-C and O2SAT values in male elite athletics athletes, but the six-month period did not cause any significant change in all of the blood parameters.

Coagulation abnormalities and myocardial injury frequently occur during sepsis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the coagulation parameters and cardiac-specific biomarkers at set intervals in septic neonatal calves. Ten healthy calves and 20 septic calves were included in the study. For detecting coagulation parameters prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer, fibrinogen, antithrombin III (AT III), thrombocyte and, for cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin (cTn) I, T, and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were evaluated on admission, 24 and 72 hours later in septic calves and once in healthy calves. The results of coagulation parameters showed a significant elevation of PT and APTT times from the time of admission until the 72nd hour and a significant reduction of AT III and fibrinogen from the time of admission until the 72nd hour. Cardiac troponin T was high in the 72nd hour, and CK-MB was high in the time of admission, 24th and 72nd hours in septic calves compare to the healthy calves. There was a correlation between PT, APTT, fibrinogen with cardiac troponin T. In conclusion, cardiac damage can develop during the hypercoagulable state of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and maybe it is responsible for the elevation of cTnT and CK-MB and worse outcome in neonatal septic calves.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise activities affect blood cells. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seasonal evaluation of some hematological and biochemical parameters of the Olympic Greco-Roman wrestlers. METHODS: A total of three measurements were performed on wrestlers: immediately before the training period, three months and six months after the training session. Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed by taking sufficient blood samples from the athletes before and after exercise. RESULTS: The total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil values were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all three measures (beginning, 3rd and 6th months) in comparison with the values before exercise. When biochemical analyses were examined, blood glucose levels were significantly decreased after exercise in all three measures compared to before exercise. Postexercise HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly increased (p < 0.05) while LDL cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: On all three measures fatigue exercise has significantly increased the total leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil values of wrestlers, while other, hematological parameters were not affected evenly. Fatigue exercise also significantly reduced blood glucose levels and LDL cholesterol concentrations, while HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased. The six-month period training did not have a significant effect on both hematologic and biochemical parameters in all three measurements.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evaluation of health status and physical condition of Kyrgyz Judo Athletes before the Olympic Games. Objective: To evaluate changes in hematological, biochemical and blood gas values of athletes during the training period. Methods: Eight elite athletes (n=8 men), participated to the study. Before and after the exercise periods (baseline, 3rd month and 6th month), blood samples were taken, to determine plasma red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), blood clot cell (PLT), granulocyte (NOTR) and agranulocyte (LNF) counts, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) values, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and venous blood pH, PO2, PCO2, SAT O2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, Cl values. In addition, serum glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Creat), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were measured. Results: Although, the athletes’ WBC and LNF counts increased significantly (p<0.05) in post-exercise periods, no statistical significance (p>0.05) was found in the other hematological parameters. Blood pH, pCO2, HCO3 and BE values decreased (P<0.05) after the exercise periods. Conclusion: The effects of exercise on judo athletes were evaluated before the Olympics. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of macrominerals and trace elements in the blood of newborn calves with sepsis. The study was carried out on a total of 30 calves, aged 2-35 days old, of which 25 with sepsis and 5 healthy. In clinical examination, prolonged capillary refill time and tachypnea were observed in calves with sepsis. The levels of Cu, K, P and S in calves with sepsis were higher compared to the control group, and the levels of Na, total and ionized Ca, Fe and Zn were also lower compared to the control group. In conclusion, in this study, significant increase in K and Cu concentrations and significant decrease in Na and Ca concentrations were found in calves with sepsis. According to the results, K, Cu, Na and Ca may have important roles in the pathophysiology of sepsis.

The aim of the present study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of instilled intra-peritoneal lidocaine and procaine during the perioperative and the postoperative periods in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Twenty-four sexually intact female dogs were referred for OVH. Following the laparotomv procedure the L group received intraperironeal instillation of 3.5 mg/kg of 0.2% lidocaine. The therapeutic agent was administreted over the area of ovaries, broad ligament, and uterine stump. It was injected using a syringe and needle (23 G). The P group administered intraperitoneal instillation of 3.5 mg/kg of 0.2% procaine and the control group received 1.75 ml/kg of intraperitoneal saline in a similar fashion. Groups L and P had significantly lower Glascow Composite Measure Pain Scale scores (CMPS-SF) than the control group at the 0.5, 1,2, 3, 8, and 24 hour postoperative periods. In conclusion, administerstration of intraperitoneal installation of lidocaine and procaine were shown to provide a milady significant effect in reducing intraoperative and postoperative pain and biochemical stress responses within 3 hours of surgery.

Sepsis is associated with clinically relevant cardiovascular changes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical value of echocardiography for monitoring left ventricular (LV) systolic function in septic calves. A prospective longitudinal study was performed using a convenience sample. Twenty septic calves and 10 healthy calves were enrolled in the study. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured and M-mode echocardiography performed to characterize LV systolic function; the latter included measurement of ejection fraction, EF; stroke volume, SVI and cardiac output indexed to body weight, CI; E-point of septal separation, EPSS; pre-ejection period, PEP; ejection time, LVET; ratio of PEP to LVET; velocity of circumferential shortening, Vcf, LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVI) on admission and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h later in septic calves and once in healthy calves. Admission data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and P < .05 was considered significant. Decreased preload and afterload were present in septic calves, as indicated by marked decreases in BP, LVEDVI, LVESVI, SVI, CI, EPSS when compared to healthy calves. Systolic function appeared adequate in septic calves, based on EF and FS compared to control calves. There was no difference in heart rate, LVET, PEP:LVET, or Vcf between septic and health calves. We conclude that circulatory dysfunction, rather than systolic dysfunction predominates in septic calves. Positive associations on admission between CI and LVEDVI, LVESVI, and SVI support this conclusion. Echocardiographic determination of LVEDVI and CI appears useful in directing treatment in septic calves.

In this study, it was aimed to determine of diagnostic importance blood lipid levels in neonatal calves with sepsis. The study was carried out on a total of 70 calves, 60 with sepsis and 10 healthy calves. The calves with sepsis were included in the study, according to clinical and hematological findings. After routine clinical examinations of all the calves, blood samples were taken from the V. jugularis for hematological, lipid profile and biochemical analyzes. There were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in body temperature, increased in respiration rate and capillary refill time in the calves with sepsis, compared to control group calves. The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine concentrations of calves with sepsis were significantly higher (P < 0.05), however, levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than control group. In addition, blood triglyceride and VLDL concentrations of calves with sepsis were higher than control group, however there was no statistical difference.In conclusion, serum total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in neonatal calves with sepsis could be used in evaluation of the sepsis.