In this presentation, extramedullary plasmacytoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the left region of the root of the tongue of a 4-year-old female tabby cat were described by histopathological findings. In physical examination of the cat, which were brought to the Selcuk University Veterinary Faculty Internal Medicine Department with the complaint of difficulty in swallowing and breathing, salivation, and halitosis, a mass was observed in the posterior left part of the tongue. To examine the mass, the animal that is wanted to be anesthetized and died during intubation is referred to the pathology department for necropsy. Following the standard pathological procedure, the samples extracted from this mass were embedded into paraffin blocks after being fixed in a 10% formalin solution. Hematoxylin-eosin, methyl green pyronin, and Congo Red were then used to stain 5-micron-thick sections, which were then seen under a light microscope. In microscopic examination revealed that tumour cells were round and had eosinophilic cytoplasm. Furthermore, islands constituted by atypical tumor cells and single cell keratinization were identified. Plasma cell clusters were detected throughout the tumor mass. Invasion of lymphatic vessels by squamous cells and plasma cells was observed. Amyloid deposits were also observed in the heart and spleen. In conclusion, the presence of both squamous cell carcinoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma was observed in the mass by macroscopic and microscopic examinations. As the observation of these two types of tumors in the oral region in cats is quite unusual, this case was deemed worthy of reporting.

This study aimed to detect Pasteurella multocida by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissues obtained from pneumonic calves and to investigate the presence of macrolide resistance genes (erm(42), msr(E), mph(E)) in positive cases using real-time PCR. Among lung tissues collected from 100 necropsied calves, histopathological analysis revealed fibrinous bronchopneumonia as the most common diagnosis (56/100). P. multocida was detected immunohistochemically in 55 out of 100 cases (55

In this presentation, a case of cystic adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a 13-year-old Terrier male dog is described pathologically. The patient was brought to the Selcuk University Veterinary Faculty animal hospital with complaints of cross-walking for two months, urinary incontinence and paralysis in the last two days. After the physical examination, the total prostate was removed by mass surgery and sent to the pathology laboratory. The prostate was found to be red, sticky, necrotic, and measuring 4 x 7 x 9 cm when viewed macroscopically. Tissue sections prepared after routine tissue processing procedures were stained with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and immunohistochemically (IHC) using PCNA antibody. Under a microscope, it was possible to identify acinar/tubular structures made of atypical tumor cells with or without many central lumens. It was realized that certain tumor cells had vacuoles in their cytoplasm and displayed squamous differentiation. Tumor cells with localized intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies (Melamed-Wolinska) were also detected. In some parts of the tumor, epithelial cells embedded in the stroma were seen in the form of "signet ring". In the immunohistochemical staining of prostate sections with PCNA antibody, severe immunoreactivity was observed in tumor cells. As a result of all these, a rare diagnosis of acinar type prostate adenocarcinoma with urogenital differentiation was made.

This study investigated the pathological and molecular effects of Centella asiatica extract–based cream and ointment formulations on burn wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of 92 female Wistar albino rats were assigned to six groups: control (C), burn (B), diabetes (D), diabetes + burn (DB), diabetes + burn + cream (DBC), and diabetes + burn + ointment (DBP). Each group was further subdivided into 7-day (First subgroups) and 14-day (Second subgroups) treatment subgroups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Second-degree thermal burns (1 cm diameter) were induced on the dorsal skin of rats in the burn groups (B, DB, DBC, and DBP). Following burn induction, the DBC and DBP groups received daily topical treatment with a 2.5

This study aimed to evaluate factors influencing the severity of histopathological pneumonia in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases, with reference to the complexity of bacterial pathogens and molecular profiles of macrolide resistance genes. A total of 80 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung tissue samples from calves (n=40) and adult cattle (n=40) with fibrinous pneumonia were examined. Histopathological severity was assessed using a modified semi-quantitative scoring system based on inflammation extent, necrotic areas, and vascular damage. The presence of five major bacterial pathogens (Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, and Trueperella pyogenes) and three macrolide resistance genes [erm(42), msr(E) and mph(E)] were analysed using multiplex real-time PCR. Histopathological evaluations revealed significantly higher severity scores for fibrinonecrotic pneumonia compared to other pneumonia types. Molecular analyses showed multiple bacterial pathogens in 68.8% of cases, significantly correlating with increased histopathological scores. Regarding macrolide resistance genes, at least one resistance gene was detected in 76-95% of positive cases, with the msr(E) + mph(E) combination being the most frequent. The combined effect of pathogen number and resistance gene load on pneumonia severity was confirmed by ROC analysis for its ability to predict severe pneumonia. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of molecular-based pneumonia severity scoring in guiding rational antimicrobial use and herd management strategies in BRD.

Enterotoxaemia, caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins, is one of the most prevalent clostridial diseases in ruminants. The diagnosis is typically based on the detection of C. perfringens toxins in the intestinal content; however, challenges remain in achieving a practical, reliable, and definitive diagnosis. We present comparative findings of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemical (IHC), and pathological in 150 ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle) suspected of enterotoxaemia. The present results revealed that 19 out of 150 ruminants were positive for at least one C. perfringens toxin (alpha, beta, and epsilon) by ELISA. Moreover, our findings indicated that macroscopic and histopathological observations were congruent with clostridial enterotoxaemia. IHC for C. perfringens stained numerous long, rod-shaped bacteria present in the intestinal lesions in all toxin-positive cases (19/19). Additionally, positive immunohistochemical staining was observed in 115 of 131 toxin-negative ruminants. Our present findings suggest that elevated rates of positive immunohistochemical staining, particularly in histopathological intestinal lesions, may significantly contribute to the pathological diagnosis of enterotoxaemia. It also suggests that when toxin detection is unfeasible, enterotoxaemia can be diagnosed more effectively and securely by concurrently assessing IHC and histopathological findings, hence allowing for the identification of potential positive cases.

In this case report, primary pulmonary mycobacteriosis in a domestic cat was assessed using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. The cat was admitted to a private veterinary clinic and presented with hyporexia, lethargy, and dyspnea with an abdominal component. For diagnostic purposes, thorax radiography was performed. Radiographic lung imaging showed the presence of opaque foci that were widely distributed throughout the lung. The cat’s condition gradually deteriorated, and the cat died 2 hours after being brought to the clinic. Following owner consent, gross post-mortem examination was performed immediately after death at the same clinic. White foci measuring 2–10 mm in diameter covered the surface of the lungs and were present throughout the parenchyma, mostly multifocally and occasionally coalesc­ing. No other macroscopical pathological findings were observed in other organs or on the skin. Some of the lung tissue with macroscopic lesions underwent further histo­pathological and immunohistochemical examination. Multifocal to coalescing areas of caseous necrosis (without a fibrous capsule) with, karyorrhectic nuclei, and numerous macrophages were observed. Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed many acid-fast bacteria. Immunohistochemical staining revealed positive immunostaining for Mycobacterium spp. This case study highlights the importance of considering zoonotic risks in cats diagnosed with primary pulmonary mycobacteriosis. Primarna pljučna mikobakterioza pri mački: imunohistokemična in histopatološka ocena Izvleček: V tem poročilu o primeru je bila ocenjena primarna pljučna mikobakterioza pri domači mački z uporabo histopatoloških in imunohistokemičnih metod. Mačka je bila sprejeta v zasebno veterinarsko kliniko zaradi simptomov hiporeksije, letargije in dispneje z abdominalno komponento. Za diagnostične namene je bila opravljena rentgenska preiskava prsnega koša, ki je pokazala prisotnost motnih žarišč, široko razporejenih po pljučih. Stanje mačke se je posto­poma slabšalo, umrla je dve uri po prihodu v kliniko. Po privolitvi lastnika je bila takoj po smrti opravljena raztelesba. Bela žarišča, premera od 2 do 10 mm, so prekrivala površino pljuč. Prisotna so bila po celotnem parenhimu večinoma multifokalno in mestoma zlivajoče. V drugih organih in na koži ni bilo opaznih drugih makroskopskih patoloških sprememb. Nekatere dele pljučnega tkiva z makroskopskimi spremembami smo dodatno histopatološko in imunohistokemično pregledali. Opazili smo multifokalna do zlivajoča se območja kazeozne nekroze (brez fibrozne kapsule) s karioznimi jedri in številnimi makrofagi. Ziehl-Neelsenovo barvanje je razkrilo številne acidofilne bakterije. Imunohistokemično barvanje je pokazalo pozitivno imunobarvanje za Mycobacterium spp. To poročilo o primeru poudarja pomen upoštevanja zoonotskih tveganj pri mačkah z diagnozo primarne pljučne mikobakterioze. Ključne besede: mikobakterioza mačk; imunohistokemija; histopatologija; pluča

This study presents the first report of congenital tuberculosis in an 8 -month -old male British Shorthair cat. The case was examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. The cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with general respiratory system problems and subsequent deterioration, leading to death. The cat owner granted permission for the cat necropsy and pathological examinations at Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkiye. During systemic necropsy, white round foci with diameters ranging from 3.00 to 5.00 mm were observed in the lung and spleen. Tissue samples were collected from the lung, spleen, liver, heart, kidney, mediastinal lymph nodes and brain for histopathological examinations. The tissues were subjected to routine histological tissue processing and sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen. Additionally, Mycobacterium spp. antibodies were used for immunohistochemical staining. Microscopic examination revealed exudative tuberculosis lesions, areas of necrosis without a fibrous capsule and karyorrhectic cells only in the lung and spleen. Acid -resistant bacteria observed by ZN staining in the lesioned areas of the lung and spleen were identified as Mycobacterium spp. using immunohistochemical staining. No positive staining was observed in other organs using ZN and immunohistochemical methods. As a result, congenital tuberculosis was diagnosed in a cat for the first time, especially in relation to lesions in the spleen.

Early diagnosis and timely initiation of effective treatment are critical for the pneumonic pasteurellosis, which is mostly caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. But recently, strains of M. haemolytica resistant to antibiotics have begun to emerge, making the treatment of infections more difficult. Therefore, it is important to investigate the erm (42), msr (E) and mph (E) genes, which are held responsible for the resistance to antibiotics.The purpose of the present study was aimed to diagnose the presence of M. haemolytica by IHC method from lung tissue samples of young and adult cattle, and calves, also to detect erm (42), msr (E) and mph (E) genes, which are mostly detected in Pasteurella multocida but recently detected in M. haemolytica, by PCR method. In present study, paraffin blocks obtained from 100 young and adult cattle, and calves lung samples, and whose treatment was not responded, were used. Accordingly, the presence of M. haemolytica was detected by IHC in a total 52 cases of in 21 (38%) of the calves, 22 (69%) of the young cattle, and 9 (69%) of the adult cattle. At least one macrolide resistance gene was found by real–time PCR method in 75% of these positive cases. It was thought that the percentage frequency of these genes, which cause resistance by increasing the minimum inhibitory concentrations of macrolide group antibiotics used in the treatment, by high amounts, makes the treatment of infections difficult and causes serious economic losses by causing errors in effective antibiotic selection. Recently, strains of M. haemolytica resistant to antibiotics have begun to emerge, making the treatment of infections more difficult. For this reason, it is recommended that this type of prevalence studies should be renewed periodically due to possible resistance development and the repeated use of antibiotics with resistive shape should be avoided.

This study was aimed to determine by immunohistochemical methods the expressions of acute phase protein such as Haptoglobin, C-reactive protein and Serum Amyloid in the lungs of cattle suffering from pneumonic pasteurellosis (PP). The material of the study was the lungs of 8-18 month old cattle Holstein with Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia brought for necropsy to the Pathology Department of the Selcuk University Veterinary Faculty between 2019-2020. As a result of microbiological culture from the lungs of these animals, 6 lungs where Pasteurella spp. was isolated were used in the study. Additionally, 6 culture-negative healthy animals obtained from the nearby slaughterhouse were used for lung control. A total of 12 bovine lung samples were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical staining. In the histopathological examination, while no microscopic lesions were observed in the lungs of the control group, inflammatory hyperemia and red and grey consolidation stages of fibrinous pneumonia were detected in animals with pneumonic pasteurellosis. Immunohistochemically, immunoreactivity was very mild or without staining for primers in healthy lungs. Animals with pneumonic pasteurellosis showed immunopositivity in haptoglobin (Hp), oedema fluid and inflammatory cell infiltrations (P>0.05). C-reactive protein (CRP) staining showed expression in all criteria (epithelial, capillary, oedema and inflammatory cell infiltration) at all phases, and the highest mean score was found during the red consolidation phase (P<0.01). Serum Amyloid A (SAA) staining showed immunopositive staining in oedema fluid and inflammatory cell infiltrations, and the highest mean scores were during the red and grey consolidation phases (P<0.01). According to the results of the study, it can be considered that acute phase proteins may be important in the development process and/or pathophysiology of the disease, and SAA and CRP may provide more sensitive results for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

The aim of this study was to determine the preventive efficacy of black seed (Nigella sativa L.), thymoquinone and Na bentonite on biomarkers of tissue degeneration in the liver and other organs induced by aflatoxin (AF) in broilers. One hundred broiler chicks were divided into 10 equal groups and fed for 28 days. The animals received feed with 2 mg/kg total aflatoxin, Nigella sativa (NS; 5%), thymoquinone (TMQ; 300 mg/kg) and Na bentonite (BNT; 10 g/kg) both individually and in combination. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver tissue samples were collected. AF treatment significantly increased serum and liver 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG), serum transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and liver total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels, whereas it significantly decreased liver TGF-β and serum TAC levels compared to the control. However, there were no changes in the serum and liver hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels from AF. Both individual and combined addition of NS, BNT and TMQ to AF-contaminated feed significantly improved liver 8-OHdG, liver TAC and serum TGF-β levels. Serum 8-OHdG levels were ameliorated only in the AF+BNT+TMQ group. In addition, the AF+BNT+NS and AF+BNT+TMQ groups showed significant improvement in liver 8-OHdG, liver TGF-β and liver TAC levels. We conclude that NS and TMQ supplementation to AF-contaminated feed may be beneficial against aflatoxicosis in broilers.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, köpeklerin bağırsaklarında meydana gelen patolojik değişiklikleri araştırmak, yaygınlıklarını tespit etmek ve ölüm nedeni olarak rollerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 100 ölü sokak köpeğin bağırsakları makroskopik, histopatolojik, mikrobiyolojik ve parazitik olarak incelendi. Parvovirüs ve distemper hastalıkları için immünohistokimyasal boyamalar da yapıldı. Bulgular: Köpeklerin 61'inde kanama, 8'inde ülser, 36'sında parazit, 14'ünde invaginasyon ve 2'sinde yabancı cisim tespit edildi. Mikroskobik olarak epitellerde dejenerasyon, nekroz ve deskuamasyon, bakteri kolonileri, propriyada hiperemi, kanama, fibrozis ve yangısal hücre infiltrasyonları, kriptlerde dejenerasyon, dilatasyon, hiperplazi, lenfoid dokuda boşalma gibi histopatolojik bulgular gözlendi ve her birinin şiddeti skorlandı. 100 köpekten 90'ında köpek parvovirüs pozitif IHC reaksiyonu ve 27 köpekte de distemper virüsü pozitif reaksiyonu bulundu. Mikrobiyolojik olarak 58 köpekte Campylobacter spp., E. coli, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. belirlendi. Histopatolojik olarak; sırasıyla 29 akut, 51 kronik, 15 lenfositik ve plazmasitik enteritis; kalın bağırsaklarda 5 akut, 10 kronik, 6 diffuz ve 20 idiopatik mukozal kolitis tanımlandı. Öneri: Köpeklerde, başta Parvoviral enteritis olmak üzere sindirim kanalı hastalıkları ve lezyonlarının birinci derecede ölüm sebebi olduğu ortaya konuldu. Genelde miks enfeksiyonların görüldüğü, sekonder etkenlerin enfeksiyona katılma dönemlerine göre lezyonların arttığı veya primer lezyonların maskelenmiş olduğu dikkati çekti. Anahtar kelimeler: Hastalıklar, immunohistokimya, ince ve kalın bağırsak, köpek, patoloji

Encephalitic listeriosis is the most significant purulent encephalitis in ruminants and is a very common endemic problem in sheep, cattle, and goats.In this study, it was aimed to compare the presence of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes revealed by immunohistochemical (IHC) and Real-Time PCR methods with histopathological findings obtained from the archive materials.The study material consisted of pons and medulla oblongata paraffin tissue of 100 ruminants (9 cattle, 4 calves, 44 sheep, 38 lambs, and 5 goats).Positivity was obtained by the IHC method in 46 (46%) and by the Real-Time PCR method in 21 (21%) of 100 cases.In the L. monocytogenesis antigen IHC scoring, more severe staining was observed in sheep and goats (P>0.05).In the IHC positive cases, microabscess was more severe in sheep and goats than in cattle and lambs (P<0.05).In addition, 19 patients had Coenurus cerebralis cysts, and 3 of them were found to be positive for the IHC agent of Listeria.It was concluded that IHC and PCR methods can be used to detect L. monocytogenes from paraffin blocks, but the IHC method is a more effective method than PCR in revealing the presence of antigen from paraffin blocks stored for many years.

Encephalitic listeriosis is the most significant purulent encephalitis in ruminants and is a very common endemic problem in sheep, cattle, and goats. In this study, it was aimed to compare the presence of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes revealed by immunohistochemical (IHC) and Real-Time PCR methods with histopathological findings obtained from the archive materials. The study material consisted of pons and medulla oblongata paraffin tissue of 100 ruminants (9 cattle, 4 calves, 44 sheep, 38 lambs, and 5 goats). Positivity was obtained by the IHC method in 46 (46%) and by the Real-Time PCR method in 21 (21%) of 100 cases. In the L. monocytogenesis antigen IHC scoring, more severe staining was observed in sheep and goats (P>0.05). In the IHC positive cases, microabscess was more severe in sheep and goats than in cattle and lambs (P<0.05). In addition, 19 patients had Coenurus cerebralis cysts, and 3 of them were found to be positive for the IHC agent of Listeria. It was concluded that IHC and PCR methods can be used to detect L. monocytogenes from paraffin blocks, but the IHC method is a more effective method than PCR in revealing the presence of antigen from paraffin blocks stored for many years.

Aim: This study was conducted for the purposes of investigating pathological changes in intestines of dogs, detecting prevalence of them and determining their role in being the cause of death. Materials and Methods: The intestines of 100 dead stray dogs were examined in macroscopic, histopathologic, microbiologic, and parasitic aspects. Immunohistochemical stainings were also performed for parvovirus and distemper diseases. Results: Hemorrhages in 61, ulcers in 8, parasites in 36, invagination in 14 and foreign objects in 2 of dogs were determined. Microscopically, histopathological findings such as degeneration, necrosis and desquamation in epithelium, bacteria colonies, hyperaemia, hemorrhages, fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltrations in propria, degeneration, dilatation and hyperplasia in crypts, and depletion in lymphoid tissues were observed and their severity were scored. Canine parvovirus positive IHC reaction was found in 90 out of 100 dogs and canine distemper virus positive reaction was found in 27 dogs, also. Microbiologically, Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. are found in 58 dogs. Histopathologically, 29 acute, 51 chronic, 15 lymphocytic and plasmacytic enteritis; 5 acute, 10 chronic, 6 diffuse and 20 idiopathic mucosal colitis were diagnosed,respectively. Conclusion: It has been emphasized that alimentary tract diseases and lesions, mainly Parvoviral enteritis, are the first-degree cause of death in street dogs gathered in shelters. Generally, mixed infections were found, and it has been noticed that the lesions are increased, or primary lesions are masked according to participation period of secondary factors to infection.

1. Aflatoxins (AFs) are metabolites which especially have toxic effects on proteins, and are detoxified by the aflatoxin-B1 aldehyde reductase (AFAR) pathway. In this pathway, the aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A2 (AKR7A2) enzyme, which is controlled by nucleic-related erythroid factor 2 (Nrf2), plays an active role. However, data on the efficacy of this critical pathway in broilers is limited.2. The aim of the following study was to investigate the changes in the expression levels of AKR7A2, Nrf2, and caspase-3, and the effects of Nigella sativa seeds (NS), thymoquinone (TMQ), and bentonite (BNT) in broilers exposed to AFs.3. One-hundred broilers were divided into ten groups (control (CNT); AF; NS; TMQ; BNT; AF+TMQ; AF+NS; AF+BNT; AF+BNT+NS; AF+BNT+TMQ) and fed for 28 d. AF, TMQ, NS and BNT were added to diets at levels of 2 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 50 g/kg and 10 g/kg respectively.4. The addition of AF to the diet decreased AKR7A2 and Nrf2 levels dramatically, but increased caspase-3 (P < 0.01). TMQ, NS and BNT additions to the diet eliminated all negative effects caused by AF (P < 0.01); and AKR7A2 and Nrf2 were further raised in TMQ and NS groups when compared to the control group. TMQ and NS showed a positive effect on detoxification parameters when given together with BNT.5. Supplementation with NS and TMQ enhanced AF detoxification via the AFAR pathway, by increasing AKR7A2 and Nrf2 levels, in addition to reducing hepatocyte apoptosis.

The primary pathway of the detoxification of aflatoxin (AF) metabolites occurring at the end of phase-1 biotransformation is glutathione (GSH) conjugation via glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme in phase-2. In this study, the activity of Nigella sativa seeds (NS) and thymoquinone (TQ) on phase-2 detoxification pathways of AF was investigated in light of GSH, GST alpha-3 (GSTA3), and AFB(1)-DNA adducts detected by the immunohistochemical method in broilers' livers. One-hundred twenty chickens at one-day-old were divided into six groups as the control (CNT), AF, TQ, NS, AF + TQ, and AF + NS groups and fed for 28 days. AF, TQ, and NS were added to the relevant diets at 2 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 5%, respectively. The administration of AF alone strongly stimulated the formation of AFB(1)-DNA adduct and reduced GSH and GSTA3 levels in hepatocytes (p < 0,01). In contrast, TQ and NS were found to reduce significantly the amount of AFB(1)-DNA adducts in AF + TQ and AF + NS groups (p < 0,01). We concluded that NS and TQ achieved this by increasing GSH and GSTA3 levels (p < 0,01) thanks to their antioxidant properties, and hence detoxifying the reactive metabolites of AF. Also, we consider that the AFB(1)-DNA adduct constituted in 28 days can be used as a biomarker for exposure to AF in broilers.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are metabolised in two main phases in the liver. Cytochrome p450 enzyme (CYP) 1A1 and CYP2A6 are expressed through AhR, CAR and PXR nuclear receptors in phase-1 biotransformation of AFs. This study is the first to examine phase-1 biotransformation mechanisms of AF and the activity of Nigella sativa seed (NS) and its active ingredient thymoquinone (TQ) on these enzymes and receptors at the molecular level in broilers. Six groups of one day old broiler chicken (20 animals per group) were fed either control feed or a diet containing Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 culture material (total AFs 2 mg/kg), TQ (300 mg/kg), and NS (5%), either alone or as AF + TQ and AF + NS. Randomly selected from each group, 10 chicks were necropsied, and the livers were removed. Histopathological examination and serum biochemistry results revealed that AF caused hydropic and fatty degenerations, periportal inflammatory infiltrations, acinar arrangement, and biliary duct proliferation in livers and a significant increase at AST, ALT, ALP and GGT levels while significant decreases at serum cholesterol and total protein levels. These aflatoxicosis lesions and deteriorations in biochemistry levels were significantly ameliorated by NS or TQ (p < 0.05). AF was immunohistochemically found to increase strongly the nuclear receptors of AhR, PXR, CAR, and the enzyme activity of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 responsible for its metabolism, leading to the emergence of toxic effects. Addition of TQ or NS to AF-containing diets improved the negative effects of AF on these receptors and enzymes significantly (p < 0.05). It was concluded that TQ and NS successfully alleviated liver injury by inhibiting or reducing the bioactivation of AF through phase-1 nuclear receptors and CYP-450 enzymes modulation.