Verbascum josgadense, a locally endemic plant species, was investigated for its diverse bioactive properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, anti-tyrosinase, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Methanolic extracts of the plant (leaf and flower) were subjected to a series of in vitro assays to evaluate their pharmacological potential. The anti-diabetic activity was assessed via α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, revealing significant inhibitory effects suggestive of glucose-regulatory potential. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was determined through lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes inhibition assays. The extract also demonstrated notable acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, suggesting its potential in the management of AD. Furthermore, tyrosinase inhibition assays indicated promising skin depigmentation properties, while antimicrobial tests against gram positive and gram negative pathogenic microorganisms revealed antibacterial activities. The enzymes tyrosinase and lipoxygenase were stronger inhibited by extract. Antioxidant potential was confirmed through DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays, highlighting hydroxyl and superoxide radicals neutralizing capacity. In addition to all these parameters, total flavonoid and total phenolic substance content and phytochemical content were also examined. The values ​​of the leaf extract are higher in terms of all parameters examined. These findings suggest that V. josgadense is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with multifunctional therapeutic potential, warranting further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.

Pesticides have adverse impacts not only on targeted pests but also on the surrounding environment and other species. Therefore, it is important to develop biopesticides. In this study, insecticidal activity against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) larval, pupal, and adult stages (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) was investigated using the essential oil (EO) of Juniperus communis L. berries. L. serricorne individuals were exposed to J. communis EO at varied concentrations (17.2 mg/L, 25.8 mg/L, 34.4 mg/L, 43 mg/L, 51.6 mg/L and 60.2 mg/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h. At the end of the experimental period, mortality, LC50, LC90, and LC99 values for the insects were determined. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities [Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GR)], acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), reactive oxygene species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA)and DNA fragmentation levels were measured to determine the presence of oxidative stress. At the end of the examination, it was concluded that the larval stage of L. serricorne was the most affected by EO, while the pupal stage was the least affected. The mortality rate of L. serricorne increased with increasing the time and the concentration of exposure to EO. Antioxidant enzyme activity and 8-OHdG levels decreased, but MDA levels and DNA fragmentation increased. In light of the data collected, it was determined that the EO of J. communis has a key function in the control of the insect because it induces oxidative damage on L. serricorne. This study is the first to explore the effect of J. communis on L. serricorne.

Fenitrothion is a known environmental contaminant used in public health and agriculture. Gallic acid is a phenolic compound found in numerous plants. This study analyzed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of Fenitrothion and evaluated the possible protective effect of gallic acid. Fenitrothion (32 mg/kg body weight/day) and gallic acid (50 mg/kg body weight/day) were administered to male rats by gavage for 28 days. In the present study, the renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels) and liver (albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase) function markers in the blood, acetylcholinesterase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and ultrastructural/histopathological/immunohistochemically changes were researched in liver and kidney tissues. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the liver and kidney tissue of rats treated with fenitrothion, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses showed many injuries in the renal and hepatic tissue of fenitrothion-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of gallic acid with fenitrothion significantly improved fenitrothion-induced alterations in renal and liver function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, acetylcholinesterase activities, malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of tissues.

Hypericum species are especially known for their pharmacological characteristic. One of the major component of the plant is hypericin that can be used in tumor inhibition with its potent cytotoxic effects. In this study, the anticancer effect of H. perforatum essential oil on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was examined, and the binding potential of the compounds of Hypericum perforatum L., hypericin, hyperoside and hyperforin, to the PINK1 protein of both human and model organism, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was investigated in silico. Recently, many insect species have been proposed as model organisms, including T. castaneum, that the first species with whole genome sequenced. Worlwide distribution of insects, their environmental importance and realtively inexpensive cultivation have increased the interest in them Therefore, in in silico studies, T. castaneum was used as a model to compare binding similarities with humans and model organisms. In the study, the IC50 concentration of H. perforatum L. on MCF-7 cells was determined to be 98.765 μg/ml. Based on in silico findings, the most favorable binding affinity of -12.5 kcal/mol was observed between the Hypericin molecule and the insect PINK1 protein. The fact that these plant components bind with high energy to the PINK1 protein, which is believed to guard cells from mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by stress, is promising for the development of plant-based medical drugs and biopesticides.

Considering it contains a variety of physiologically active compounds, including flavonoids, common phenols, and essential oils (EOs), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a common plant in Bulgaria that is predominantly used in folk medicine to cure various disorders. Determining the chemical makeup of St. John’s wort inflorescences that were gathered from northern Bulgaria was the purpose of this investigation. The antioxidant activity of H. perforatum L. extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) tests on methanol extract. The amount of EO obtained by water distillation was 0.08%, with its main components (over 3%) being n-nonane (27.46%), β-sesquiphellandrene (11.17%), heptanal dimethyl acetal (5.94%), ethyl hexyl ketone (5.93%), undecane (3.75%), sabinene (3.3%), and tridecyl alcohol (3.1%). Methanol extracts were obtained from the inflorescences, with the total flavonoid content determined as 8.66 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/mg and total phenolic content as 271.33 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g. The FRAP assay yielded 493.07 µmol/L of antioxidant activity, while the TEAC assay yielded 106.39 µmol/L, respectively. Our findings enable a comprehensive characterization of H. perforatum from Bulgaria and an assessment of its oil suitability for potential industrial applications. Additionally, the results could guide the selection of specimens for future targeted breeding efforts.

Plants contain polyphenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, essential oils, etc., which are endowed with antioxidant properties. This study aimed to correlate the total phenolic compound and flavonoid content ofAgrimonia eupatoria L. with its antioxidant properties and to determine some mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P). The antioxidant capacity of the extract was tested by three methods (DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC). According to the results, the antioxidant content ofA. eupatoria was found to be high (IC50=38.03 +/- 0.01 mu g/mL). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found as 13.66 +/- 0.38 mg GAE/g and 4.65 +/- 0.01mg QE/g, respectively. Besides, the major components found in A. eupatoria were alpha- pinene (62.72%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.41%), (5E,9E)-farnesyl acetone (6.64%), and (5E,9Z)-farnesyl acetone (3.65%). Heavy metal content in A. eupatoria was found within WHO limits. It was also investigated whether A. eupatoria has toxic effects. Because a medicinal plant is not supposed to harm metabolism, for this investigation, larvae stage of Galleria mellonella had selected as a test organism. In order to investigate the toxic effects, oxidative stress parameters (SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, MDA) and AChE activity were measured. And no harmful effects were observed at the doses administered at 24, 48, and 72 h.

Abstract Fenitrothion (FNT) is a known environmental contaminant used in public health and agriculture. Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound found in numerous plants. This study analyzed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of FNT and to evaluate the possible protective effect of gallic acid. FNT (1/25 LD50, 32 mg/kg body weight/day), and gallic acid (50 mg/kg body weight/day) were administrated to male rats by gavage for 28 days. In the present study, the renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid levels) and liver (albumin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase) function markers in the blood, acetylcholinesterase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and histopathological changes were researched in liver and kidney tissues. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the liver and kidney tissue of rats treated with fenitrothion, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological analyses showed many injuries occurred in the renal and hepatic tissue of fenitrothion-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of gallic acid with fenitrothion significantly improved fenitrothion-induced alterations in renal and liver function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, acetylcholinesterase activities malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of tissues.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Selenium (Se), Vitamin E (Vit E), and Zinc (Zn) and their various combinations on semen quantity, quality, and oxidative enzyme activities of spermatozoa in 1-year-old native Turkish ganders. In this study, 48 1-year-old native Turkish ganders were used. The ganders were randomly divided into 8 dietary treatment groups (Control, Se, Vit E, Zn, Se + Vit E, Se + Zn, Vit E + Zn, Se + Vit E + Zn) with 6 birds each. In addition to the control diet, specific amounts of 0.3 mg/kg Se, 100 mg/kg Vit E, and 100 mg/kg Zn were added to the diets of each treatment group. Semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm quality factor (SQF), and total live and normal sperm percentage were the lowest in the control group and highest in the ganders fed with the Se + Vit E + Zn combination. While the percentage of macro-cephalic and dead sperm was highest in the ganders fed with control feed, the lowest percentage of dead sperm was found in the sperm of the ganders fed with Vit E and Se + Vit E + Zn combinations. The lowest glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the highest amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in the spermatozoa of the control group ganders. This study revealed that the combined use of Se, Vit E, and Zn in the diet maintained higher semen quantity and quality in 1-year-old native Turkish gander despite the advancing reproduction season compared to the control group.

Inflammatory bowel disease is one of the most common clinical conditions in industrialized countries. Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can cause lesions from the mouth to the anus. It is a progressive disease and may cause many intestinal and extraintestinal complications. Therefore, early diagnosis and disease management are very important. The aim of this research is to explore new parameters that help facilitate the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Medical history, physical examination, and histological and microbial examinations are accepted for diagnosis, but studies on anatomical changes are quite inadequate. There are reports that increased ileocecal lipomatosis diameter may be associated with inflammation. But, the relationship between the diameter of ileocecal lipomatosis and Chron’s disease has never been discussed before. Patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease ( n =102) and patients not diagnosed with Crohn’s disease ( n =77) were included in this study. The mean diameter of ileocecal lipomatosis between the two groups was compared by evaluating CT images. The values were significantly higher in the Crohn’s disease positive group than in the Crohn’s disease negative group ( p =0.001). The increase in diameter in ileocecal lipomatosis may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Further research is recommended to understand the relationship between Crohn’s disease and ileocecal lipomatosis.

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is widely used in agricultural, veterinary, and public health fields for controlling a wide variety of insect species and it is an environmentally potent toxic substance. Curcumin and quercetin, which are well-known natural antioxidants, are widely used to prevent the harmful effects of free radicals on biological systems. The present study aimed to determine the potential ameliorative effects of quercetin and/or curcumin on fipronil-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Curcumin (100 mg/kg of body weight), quercetin (50 mg/kg of body weight), and fipronil (3.88 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to male rats by intragastric gavage for 28 consecutive days. In the present study, body weight, kidney weight, the renal function markers (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels) in the blood, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde level as markers of oxidative stress, and histological changes of the renal tissue were evaluated. The levels of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid were significantly increased in fipronil-treated animals. Additionally, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in the kidney tissue of rats treated with fipronil, malondialdehyde level was significantly increased. Histopathological analyses showed that the glomerular and tubular injury occurred in the renal tissue of fipronil-treated animals. Also, the supplementation of quercetin and/or curcumin with fipronil significantly improved fipronil-induced alterations in renal function markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde levels, and histological features of renal tissue.

Background In silico studies further provided predictive binding properties of selected ligands for inhibition of target protein. In the study, molecular binding poses of Cucurbitacin-E and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Galleria mellonella were determined in silico. Cucurbitacins are the most important components of Ecballium elaterium . The first cucurbitacin isolated from the plant was Cucurbitacin-E. In this study, the toxic effect of E. elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) fruit juice on G. mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, which is known as a good model insect, was also detected, and its effect on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation was revealed. Results The plant fruit juice was tested on the target larvae of G. mellonella with different doses for 24 h. After the application, mortality rate, LC 50 , LC 90 and LC 99 values, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the activity changes of antioxidant enzymes were determined. Mortality increased with the increasing concentration of fruit juice. Also, increasing doses of essential oil caused decreasing in SOD, CAT, GST GPx, GR and AChE activities and increasing in MDA levels. As a result of in silico studies, maximum binding energy was obtained from G. mellonella CAT enzyme with Cucurbitacin E as a ligand. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate the in silico binding potential of Cucurbitacin E on G. mellonella enzymes. The results indicate that E. elaterium can be used against G. mellonella in a pest control program. Graphical Abstract

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Lead nitrate (LN) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ), regarded as environmental contaminants, are toxic heavy metals. Sesamol is a dietary phytochemical found in sesame oil. We aimed to analyze the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of LN and CdCl2 and to evaluate the possible protective effect of sesamol. LN (90 mg/kg bw per day), CdCl2 (3 mg/kg bw per day), and sesamol (50 mg/kg bw per day) were given to rats via gavage for 28 days. Total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, malondialdehyde, acetylcholinesterase, and histopathological changes were investigated in liver and kidney tissues. Lead and cadmium were found to result in decreases in the antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activities, increases in malondialdehyde levels, and changes in serum biochemical parameters and various pathological findings. An improvement in all these parameters was observed in the sesamol-treated groups. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Heavy metals are used in many areas of the industry all over the world. Heavy metals which include lead nitrate and cadmium chloride cause cell damage by oxidative stress. Some of the examining parameters for oxidative stress are SOD, GST, MDA, GPx, and CAT. However, some chemicals such as sesamol are well-liked and widely used as antioxidants against xenobiotic toxicity. We also indicate that sesamol has been shown to protective effect against heavy metals caused cell damage.

Lead and cadmium are known as environmental pollutants extensively found in food and water that induce hazards to animals’ and people’s health. Sesamol is a dietary antioxidant that is found in some plants. Epididymis is known to play an important role in the maturation and storage of the sperm. The spleen is an important organ involved in the immune response. The present study aims to analyze the oxidative stress in spleen and epididymis. Therefore, Lead (LN) (90 mg/kg bw per day, 1/25 LD50), Cadmium (CdCl2) (3 mg/kg bw per day, 1/25 LD50), and sesamol (50 mg/kg bw per day) were given to rats by gavage for 28 days. Antioxidant enzyme activities in epididymis and spleen tissues [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S transferase], malondialdehyde (MDA) were investigated at the end of 28 days comparatively with the control group. It is revealed that there is a significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes and increase in MDA levels in the spleen and epididymis tissues of the lead and cadmium treated rats compared to the control group. A small increase in these parameters was also observed in the sesamol treated groups.

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease worldwide.In progressive diabetes patients, deterioration of kidney histology tissue begins.Currently, the histopathologic examination of kidney tissue samples has been performed manually by pathologists.This examination process is time-consuming and requires pathologists' expertise.Thus, automatic detection methods are crucial for early detection and also treatment planning.Computer-aided diagnostic systems based on deep learning show high success rates in classifying medical images if a large and diverse image set is available during the training process.Herein, transfer learningbased convolutional neural network model was proposed for the automatic detection of diabetes mellitus using only rat kidney histopathology images.The model monitors structural changes, especially in the glomerulus and also other parts of the kidney caused by the damages of diabetes.According to the simulation results, the proposed model has reached 97.5% accuracy.As a result, the recommended model can quickly and accurately classify histopathology images and helps pathologists as the second reader in critical situations

The aim of this study was to assess the sperm quality traits of 1- and 2-year-old ganders and the reproduction traits of 2-year-old domestic Turkish geese in natural mating (NM) and artificial insemination (AI) conditions. The study comprised 72 two-year-old females, 12 one-year-old, and 12 two-year-old ganders. Thirty-six female geese were mated naturally (18 with 1-year-old ganders, 18 with 2-year-old ganders); the remaining thirty-six were inseminated artificially (18 with 1-year-old ganders, 18 with 2-year-old ganders). Twenty-four ganders were separated into groups (12 for NM; 12 for AI). The male:female ratio was 1:3 for NM and AI groups. Egg production, broodiness, fertility and hatching traits were determined in female geese, sperm quality traits such as semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm quality factor (eSQF: ejaculated semen SQF; dSQF: diluted semen SQF), sperm motility, and sperm morphological traits in ganders. The insemination method and gander’s age did not affect egg production, AI geese showed significantly more broodiness than NM groups as the breeding months progresses (p < 0.05). Fertility was higher in the groups containing 2-year-old ganders than in those 1-year-old ganders, and NM groups compared to AI (p < 0.05). The insemination method significantly affected semen volume, sperm concentration, eSQF, sperm motility, total live sperm, normal sperm, macro-cephalic sperm, and dead sperm percentages in ganders (p < 0.05). Managing females in the NM system with ganders was able to partially suppress the broodiness behavior, possibly due to synchronization of pair-bond behaviors. Greater fertility was achieved with 2-years-old AI ganders, which had lower dSQF compared to 1-year-old NM ganders. This is a good indication that only SQF is not sufficient to achieve sustainable-desired fertility, and sexual experience is also an important factor.

In the present study, the fertility rate and egg-hatching results from either natural mating or artificial insemination using 1- and 2-year-old domestic Turkish geese were compared. Sperm quality traits of 1- and 2-year-old ganders used for mating were determined. The study comprised 72 two-year-old females, 12 one-year-old, and 12 two-year-old ganders at the beginning of the laying period. Thirty-six female geese were mated naturally (18 with 1-year-old ganders, 18 with 2-year-old ganders); the remaining 36 were artificially inseminated (18 with 1-year-old ganders, 18 with 2-year-old ganders). Twenty-four ganders were separated into groups (12 for natural mating; 12 for artificial insemination). The male-to-female ratio in both mating protocols was 1:3. The geese were housed during the laying period in a natural and artificially ventilated house under natural lighting (increased day length). Quality traits, such as semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm quality factor (SQF), sperm motility, and some sperm morphological properties were determined. Fertility was higher in the groups containing 2-year-old ganders than in those using 1-year-old ganders (P < 0.05). The effect of insemination on semen volume, sperm concentration, SQF, sperm motility, total live sperm, normal sperm, macrocephalus sperm, and dead sperm was determined to be significant (P < 0.05). As a result, there is a need to improve the egg production and broody behavior traits of domestic Turkish geese. In addition, the use of 2-year-old geese in artificial insemination is appropriate and will contribute positively to the breeding and selection process.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the deficiency of insülin action or secretion, or both, one of the hormones that balance the blood glocose level.It is one of the health problems that negatively affect people's quality of life.If diabetes is not detected in the early stages, it can cause serious complications such as heart and renal diseases, retinopathy, stroke, digestive disorders, and amputation.Because of the presence of a long asymptomatic period, early detection of diabetes is not realised usually.For this reason, around 50% of diabetic patients are not received a treatment due to undiagnosed at early stages.This situation results other diseases mentioned above, which diabetes causes.On the other hand, ensemble learning is a machine learning model in which multiple models are trained to solve the same problem and combined to achieve better results.Deep neural networks are one of the machine learning algorithms and they are the multi-layered state of artificial neural networks developed inspired by the information processing method of the human brain.In this study, a stacked ensemble-based deep neural network approach is proposed for diabetes possibility assessment in the early stages.The proposed approach was tested on a dataset of 520 patients.As a result, the proposed method achieved the highest success rate with 99.36% accuracy and 99.19% AUC, although the test percentage was kept higher than the prediction studies conducted on the same dataset.