Caryophyllaceae familyasında bulunan çeşitli türler dünya çapında birçok etnik topluluk tarafından geleneksel tıpta ağırlıklı olarak Çin tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Caryophyllaceae sekonder metabolitlerce zengin bir familya olup içerdiği saponinler, steroidler, alkaloidler, terpenoidler ve fenolik bileşikler in insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumlu etkileri çeşitli bilim insanları tarafından araştırılmıştır. Sekonder metabolitler, bitkilerin çevresel streslere yanıt verme kabiliyetini artırarak ekosistem dengesinin korunmasına katkıda bulunan; zararlılara, patojenlere ve diğer çevresel tehditlere karşı savunma mekanizmalarında kritik bir rol oynayan biyoaktif bileşiklerdir. Bu bileşikler farmakolojik potansiyeli sayesinde geleneksel tıpta uzun yıllar kullanılmış ve modern tıpta yeni tedavi yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine olanak tanımıştır. Bu familyanın sekonder metabolitlerinin çalışılması, familyada mevcut bitkilerin antikanser, antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral, antioksidan, antiinflamatuar ve terapötik özelliklere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, Caryophyllaceae familyasına ait bitkilerin sekonder metabolitlerinin derlenmesi, bu bileşiklerin fitokimyasal çeşitliliğinin ortaya konması ve literatürde raporlanan farmakolojik, biyolojik ve etnomedikal etkilerini bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu derleme, familyanın sekonder metabolitlerini ve tıbbi özelliklerinin önemine dikkat çekerek Caryophyllaceae familyasında gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar için değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır.

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salvia tomentosa L. leaf extract, and evaluates their physicochemical characteristics and biointerfacial performance, including DNA interaction, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant capacity. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy through a surface plasmon resonance band at 472 nm. SEM imaging showed predominantly spherical particles with sizes of 30–80 nm and a zeta potential of −17.3 mV, and EDX verified the elemental presence of silver. FTIR spectra indicated that plant-derived biomolecules, particularly phenolics, contributed to the reduction and capping/stabilization of AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline face-centered cubic structure. The AgNPs exhibited moderate, spontaneous binding to DNA (Kb ≈ 1.07 × 104 M−1), characterized by pronounced hyperchromism without evidence of intercalation. Competitive fluorescence assays supported a predominantly non-intercalative, surface-associated interaction with minor groove perturbation, while agarose gel electrophoresis indicated preserved plasmid integrity and no extensive strand cleavage. Collectively, these results suggest reversible and structurally non-destructive AgNP–DNA complexation, indicating their potential for nucleic acid-related nano-biointerface studies, while further investigations are required to evaluate their suitability for biomedical applications. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pantoea agglomerans) bacteria compared with the leaf extract, whereas AgNO3 produced the strongest immediate effect, consistent with rapid Ag+ release. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays showed strong radical-scavenging activity for the extract, in line with its high total phenolic content (206.2 mg GAE/g). Although AgNPs displayed lower phenolic content (164.2 mg GAE/g) and reduced antioxidant activity than the extract, they retained moderate scavenging capacity, indicating effective surface functionalization by phytochemicals. Overall, S. tomentosa leaf extract-capped AgNPs combine defined physicochemical features with non-destructive DNA association and antibacterial efficacy, underscoring their promise as phytochemical-functionalized nano-biointerfaces for antimicrobial and related biointerface applications.

In this study, the cypsela features of eight Senecio species in Türkiye ( Senecio olympicus Boiss., S. paludosus L., S. tauricolus VA. Matthews, S. salsuginea H. Duman & Vural, S. castagneanus DC., S. fluviatilis Wallr., S. pseudo-orientalis Schischk., and S. racemosus (M. Bieb.) DC.) were investigated in detail using light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A very thick and darkly stained cuticle layer was observed on the epidermal cells of all the species examined. Papillae were observed only in epidermal cells of S. olympicus Boiss, and sclerenchyma cells were less developed in the cypsela. In the other seven species, well-developed sclerenchyma tissue was found along the pericarp wall in the form of a semicircle, in bundles, or around the secretory ducts. Although secretion ducts were observed along the cypsela wall in the mid-layer cells of S. olympicus , S. tauricolus , S. castagneanus , and S. fluviatilis , no secretion ducts were observed in the other four species. Although prismatic calcium oxalate crystals were observed in the intermediate (mid) layer of S. tauricolus, S. castagneanus , and S. pseudo-orientalis , no crystals were found in the other five species. Phytomelanin accumulation was found in the schizogenic spaces between the outer and intermediate layers of S. olympicus , S. paludosus , S. tauricolus , S. castagneanus , S. pseudo-orientalis , and S. racemosus , but not in S. salsuginea and S. fluviatilis .

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen Sabulina mesogitana subsp. flaccida endemik türünün tohum ve polen morfolojisi ışık ve elektron mikroskobu ile incelenmiş; tohum ve polenlerinin in vitro koşullarda çimlendirilmesi, polen canlılığının belirlenmesi, polen tüpü oluşumunun gözlemlenmesi ve tohum ile polen mikromorfolojisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye’de korunması öncelikli 9 orman sıcak noktadan biri olarak nitelendirilen Küre Dağları Milli Parkı ve onun tampon bölgesini de içine alan Batı Küre Dağlarından toplanan S. mesogitana subsp. flaccida’nın tohumlarının in vitro koşullarda çimlendirilmesi amacıyla farklı sükroz konsantrasyonları ve pH değerlerinde Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besin ortamları hazırlanmıştır. In vitro tohum çimlendirme denemelerinde en yüksek çimlenme oranı 20 g/L sükroz içeren ve pH 5.8 olan ortamda %34.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Canlı polen sayısı, polen tüpü oluşumu ve polen tüpü uzunluğunu belirlemek amacıyla farklı sükroz konsantrasyonları denenmiş sonuç olarak en yüksek çimlenme oranı %30 ile 20 g/L sükroz içeren ortamda gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca türün polen fertilitesi ortalama %88 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tohum ve polen yüzey morfolojisi taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile değerlendirilmiş; tohumların ventral ve dorsal yüzeylerinin papilli ve tuberküllü yapıda, renklerinin koyu kahverengi-siyah; polenlerin ise sferoidal formda ve polen ornamentasyonlarının mikroekinat-mikroperforat özellikte olduğu belirlenmiştir. Morfolojik karakterler, bitki taksonomisinde sınıflandırmaya katkı sağlayan önemli veriler sunduğundan, endemik S. mesogitana subsp. flaccida türüne ait tohum ve polen çimlenme verileri bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur.

In this study, the aim was to try to increase the anthocyanin-producing in callus and to investigate the ultrastructure of the developing callus cells of leaf, apical meristem, and node explants of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. To generate callus, sterilized explants were seeded in Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing different concentrations of indoleacetic acid or zeatin. The most calluses containing anthocyanin were obtained from the apical meristem explant cultured on medium containing 2.0 mg L−1 indoleacetic acid. The medium containing 2.0 mg L−1 indoleacetic acid was modified with different sucrose concentrations and were prepared to increase anthocyanin production and callus biomass. The best callus production was obtained with apical meristem explants cultured on medium containing 50.0 g L−1 sucrose and was observed as a pink color callus when examined under a fluorescence microscope with 525-nm green and 610-nm red wavelengths. The callus had autofluorescent. The cell ultrastructures of the pink- and yellow-colored callus growing in medium containing 50.0 g L−1 sucrose were examined using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) after the preparation process. Cells that developed from yellow callus and were called type 1 had an elliptical or long, angular shape. Type 1 cells had a large vacuole. There were electron-dense vesicles around the vacuoles attached to the inner surface of the tonoplast, and anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion–like inclusions were seen in the vacuole. The cytoplasm and organelles were trapped between the vacuole and the cell wall. It was observed that cells developed from pink color callus (called type 2) often had an elliptical shape. Similar to type 1 cells, it has a large vacuole; its cytoplasm is trapped between the cell wall and the vacuole with very few intercellular spaces. Some of the vesicles had an anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion appearance within the vacuole. A macroautophagy-like fusion was placed between the cytoplasmic vesicles and the vacuole. These observations showed that the anthocyanin-producing cells of the V. arctostaphylos L. transported anthocyanins to the vacuole using the vesicular transport method. The current research is the first study to fill the gap in the literature, so it is extremely important as a source for future studies.

Bitki sekonder metabolitlerinin büyük bir grubunu oluşturan antosiyaninler fenolik bileşikler sınıfının flavonoid grubuna ait pigmentlerdir. Antosiyaninler, angiyosperm grubu meyve, sebze ve çiçeklere; somon rengi dahil olmak üzere pembeden kırmızıya ve menekşeden koyu maviye kadar değişen birçok rengi veren bileşiklerdir. Antosiyaninler bitkilerde oksinleri taşıma, abiyotik ve biyotik streslere karşı kendini koruma, mikroorganizmalar için sinyalizasyon sağlama, patojenlerden korunma, tozlaşmayı sağlama gibi görevler üstlenmiştir. Sentetik renklendirici maddelere ve raf ömrünü artıran katkı maddelerine alternatif doğal bileşikler olan antosiyaninler, uzun zamandır geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri kullanılarak elde edilmektedir. Ancak mevsime bağlı bir üretim dalgalanması olması, sürekliliğin sağlanmasının güç olması, üretimi için çok fazla bitkisel materyale gereksinim duyulması, elde edilen ürünün saflık derecesinin ve kalitesinin düşük olması ise sınırlayıcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca nadir bulunan bitkilerin türünün tükenmesi tehlikesi de göz ardı edilmemelidir. Bu nedenle, antosiyaninlerin üretimi için laboratuvar koşullarında aynı özellikte, yüksek saflıkta, her daim üretilebilen ve başlangıç materyalinin az miktarda kullanıldığı biyoteknolojik yöntemler daha avantajlı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Biyoteknolojik metot olarak sıklıkla in vitro hücre ve kallus kültürü yöntemleri kullanılarak antosiyaninlerin üretimi gerçekleştirilebilir. Bu derlemede antosiyaninlerin bitkilerdeki etkinliği, in vitro üretimi ve stabilitesi incelenecektir.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Coriandrum sativum L. (CSL) seed extract on gingival levels of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and on alveolar bone and attachment levels after experimental periodontitis induction in rats and compare it with low-dose doxycycline (LDD). Forty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into 5 groups as follows: 1 = periodontally healthy (control); 2 = periodontitis; 3 = periodontitis + CSL (32 mg/kg); 4 = periodontitis + CSL (200 mg/kg); and 5 = periodontitis + LDD (6 mg/kg). Gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta eta (IL-1 beta) immunoreactivity was detected immunohistochemically. Alveolar bone area in the furcation space (ABA), alveolar bone loss (ABL), and attachment loss (AL) were evaluated histomorphometrically. The SOD level was lower in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. The IL-1 beta level was highest in group 4. The TNF-alpha level was statistically higher in groups 2 and 4 than in groups 1, 3, and 5. The IL-6 level was highest in group 4. Its level was higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 5. ABA was less in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to groups 1 and 5. ABL was less in group 5 than in groups 2, 3, and 4. AL was greater in group 4 than in group 5. The use of 200 mg/kg CSL showed a pro-inflammatory effect and IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels decreased after 32 mg/kg CSL application in the treatment of periodontitis.

One of the main subjects of plant biotechnology is plant tissue culture and in recent years is considered a possible approach model for green and eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. This study aimed to present calli produced from the natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. containing high amounts of phenolic compounds and glycosidic bioactive macromolecules and the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from calli. Combinatorial optimization of silver nanoparticles was achieved for the first time in this study, thanks to the stabilizing and reducing properties of hypocotyl, apical meristem, and epicotyl derived callus extracts of the natural tetraploid T. pratense L. biosynthesized nanoparticles from three different callus extracts. Callus extracts were used to create different experiments with AgNO3 at various concentrations (0.16, 0.5, 0.84, 1.18, 1.52 and 1.96 mg L-1), different temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100°C), and different pH levels (5, 7, 10) to carry out the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Biologically synthesized AgNPs were easily monitored by color change in ultraviolet and UV-Vis spectroscopy proved to be a fast and simple method. Also, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses were done to characterize and confirm the formation of crystalline nanoparticles. It was determined that antibacterial activity inhibition was achieved by using the Agar-well diffusion method for antibacterial activity measurements on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli CECT 4972 bacteria. Biosynthesized AgNPs were observed in the wavelength range of 400-500 nm in the UV-VIS spectrum. TEM analysis demonstrated the size and shape of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles under different conditions. It was observed that the smaller silver nanoparticles were spherical and the larger silver nanoparticles were triangular, elliptical, and spherical shape. The XRD analysis proved the presence of Ag0 in nanoparticles and showed crystal structure for silver nanoparticles. By FTIR analysis, O-H hydroxyl groups of functional groups on the AgNP surface, H-linked OH stretching, C-H stretching, -CH stretching of -CH2 and -CH3 functional groups, C-N and carboxylate, aliphatic phosphate and primary amine stretching were expressed. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria, AgNP hypocotyl (1.7mm), AgNP-epicotyl (1.1mm) against Gram-negative E. coli CECT 4972 bacteria. Among the hypocotyl, apical meristem, and epicotyl callus cultures, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the AgNPs obtained from hypocotyl-concentration experiments, with a DPPH radical activity of 52% and an ABTS radical activity of 68%. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of biotechnological strategies in green nanotechnology, which can be offered for developing metal nanoparticles with potential biomedicine and biotechnology applications.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Kırmızı Kantaron, Hypericum capitatum var. capitatum (H. capitatum) bitkisinin fenolik içeriğinin ve antioksidan aktivitesinin belirlenmesi, standart suşlar ve klinik izolatlar üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: H. capitatum’un, standart bakteri suşları ile kolistin dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) ve çok ilaca dirençli (ÇİD) A. baumannii klinik izolatları üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etki düzeylerine sıvı mikrodilüsyon testi (MİK) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir (ISO, 2006). Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (YPSK) ile bazı içerikleri aydınlatılan H. capitatum ekstraktının, tohum, gövde ve yaprak örneklerinde total fenol içeriği araştırılmıştır. DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) yöntemi ile antioksidan etkinlik tayini yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Metanolle ekstrakte edilen bitkinin, Gram (+) bakterilere karşı Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) ATCC-29213 ve Metisilin dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin 16 (mg/mL) olduğu saptanmıştır. Dirençli A. baumannii klinik izolatlarına karşı, 64-128 mg/mL MİK değerleri ile etkin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. YPSK ile bitkinin tohum kısmındaki içerikler ise, sırasıyla; şikimik asit (1720.42 ppm(mg/ml), kafeik asit (52.50 ppm(mg/ml), sinaminik asit, (14.217,61 ppm(mg/ml), rosmarinik asit (30,90 ppm(mg/ml) olarak belirlenmiştir. H. capitatum kısımlarına göre toplam fenolik madde miktarlarının, yaprak (155,93 mg/L), gövde (177,85 mg/L) ve tohum (344,22 mg/L) şeklinde farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. DPPH İnhibisyon aktivitesi; tohum (%55.476 mg/mL), gövde (%57.318 mg/ ml), yaprak (%53.241 mg/ml) BHA (Butil hidroksi anozil) ve BHT (Butil hidroksi tolüen) sırasıyla (%93.77 ve %88.62) askorbik asit ise (%95.21) olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Fenolik içerikçe zengin olduğu görülen H. capitatum’ un, antioksidan etkinlik sonuçları, farklı kısımlarının metanol ekstreleri orta derecede etkili serbest radikal gideren doğal bir antioksidan kaynağı olduğunu göstermiştir. Antimikrobiyal etkinlik sonuçları ise, standart suşlar ve özellikle klinikte tedavisinin zor olduğu bilinen dirençli A. baumannii izolatlarına karşı etkinliğinin umut vaat edici olduğu görülmüştür.

Antosiyaninler, bitki sekonder metabolitlerinden fenilproponoid yolla sentezlenen fenolik bileşikler sınıfının flavonoid grubuna ait pigmentlerdir. Fenolik bileşikler, diyabet, beyin ve kalp sağlığı, bazı kanserlere karşı yararları olduğu bilinen maddelerdir. Antosiyanin bileşikleri, angiyospermlerin çoğu meyve, sebze ve çiçeğinde somon rengi, pembeden kırmızıya ve menekşeden koyu maviye kadar değişen çoğu rengin ana nedenidir. Antosiyaninler bitkiler için, böcekle tozlaşmayı sağlayan ve tohum dağıtıcılarının ilgisini çeken maddelerdir. Bunun dışında güçlü antioksidan özellikleri vardır. Abiyotik ve biyotik stres etmenlerine karşı koruma sağlarlar. Hücre seviyesinde zincirleme tepkimelere yol açarak hasara neden olan serbest radikalleri üreten oksidasyon sürecini engellemektedir. Sağlık üzerindeki önemli etkileri antosiyaninleri yakın geçmişte ve günümüzde merak edilen, araştırılan bir konu haline getirmiştir. Bu derlemede antosiyaninlerin yapısı, biyosentezi, kullanım alanları geniş kapsamlı olarak sunulmuştur.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of primary brain tumors in adults, characterized by its ability to proliferate rapidly and its tendency to aggressively and strongly invaded the surrounding brain tissue. The standard treatment approach of GBM is surgical resection followed by simultaneous chemotherapy and radiation. However, a significant number of GBM cases develop resistance to currently used chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. Trifoliumpratense L. is an endemic plant containing various isoflavones such as biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, and formononetin in high concentrations, and it has been shown in various studies that these molecules can function as anticancer agents. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the possible anticarcinogenic effects of the Trifolium pratense L. which grown in our country and to obtain new treatment approaches alternative to the classical treatment protocols applied in the treatment of GBM. C6 glioblastoma cells were cultured with Trifolium pratense L. Cell proliferation, apoptotic cell morphology, and cell structure were evaluated with CCK8, Annexin V, cytochrome c, CD117, and Betatubulin labeling, respectively. And also, investigated effects of this Turkish tetraploid on GBM by TEM. Decreased cell proliferation and increased number of apoptotic cells were observed depending on the increasing doses of Trifolium pratense L. In addition, intense morphological changes were detected depending on increasing doses. In this context, we believe that the plant Trifolium pratense L., may be a new alternative and adjuvant agent for the treatment of GBM.

This study was aimed to present the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. containing high amounts of phenolic com-pounds and glycosidic bioactive macromolecules. Combinatorial optimization of AgNPs was achieved thanks to the stabilizing and reducing properties of the natural tetraploid T. pratense L. flowering herb extract. The biologically synthesized AgNPs were visualized by color change in UV-Vis spectroscopy. UV-Vis spectroscopy proved to be a fast and simple method to determine the synthesis of AgNPs. In addition, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses were performed to confirm and char-acterize the formation of crystalline silver nanoparticles. It was shown by the TEM analysis that AgNPs changed their size and shape when biosynthesized in different conditions. It was determined that smaller AgNPs were spherical and larger AgNPs had a truncated octahedron shape. The XRD analysis proved the presence of Ag0 in nanoparticles and showed its crystal structure and faced cubic shapes for AgNPs. Interactions between the plant bioactive compounds and the AgNPs were distinctly visible in the FTIR spectra. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS; furthermore, the total phenol content was also high.

Background: Bituminaria bituminosa is a long-day plant. The plant has a high pastoral value and palatability. It is grazed by cattle, goats and sheep. Leaves and stems contain four furanocoumarins’ psoralen, angelicin, xanthotoxin and bergapten. The seed is covered by the fruit. Germination was not observed in beaked fruits. A cut with a scalpel can increase the germination rate. According to the literature there are not enough studies about the culture media and convenient conditions. Methods: In our study, we tried six medium for callus production with different hormone concentrations including 2,4-D, BAP and kinetin. In this study, a protocol for callus induction and analysis of isoflavonoids and terpenes of Bituminaria bituminosa has been developed. Result: Maximum callus induction frequency was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D + 2.5 mg/L kinetin in young primary leaves. 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D+2.5 mg/L kinetin medium is more successful in the production ofses of flavonoids that can be produced in vitro and is more successful in producing phenols. In terpene production, it is seen that 1.25 mg/L 2,4-D+3.5 mg/L BAP, which is the best callus producing medium containing BAP, is the most successful medium among all tested mediums.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemically-administered Coriandrum sativum L (CSL) and low dose doxycycline (LDD) on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and intensity of inflammatory cells in rats with experimental periodontitis. Material and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided randomly into 5 groups as follows: group 1: periodontally healthy (control); group 2: periodontitis; group 3: periodontitis+CSL (32mg/kg); group 4: periodontitis+CSL (200mg/kg); group 5: periodontitis+LDD (6 mg/kg). Serum gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated by ELISA. The intensity of inflammatory cells were evaluated by histopathologically. Results: SOD levels were statistically lowest in group 1 and statistically were highest in group 2 than those of other groups. There was a statistical difference in SOD levels in paired comparisons of groups 1 and 2 with other groups. Its level did not have statistically significant among groups 3, 4 and 5. CAT levels were statistically lowest in group 2 than those of other groups, and no differences were reported among groups 1, 3, 4, and 5. GSH-Px levels did not have statistically significant among groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration was found to be statistically higher in groups 2 and 4 compared to group 1, and no statistical significance was reported among groups 1, 3, and 5. Conclusion: CSL and LDD application groups did not show differences in terms of serum SOD, serum CAT, and intensity of inflammatory cells. Therefore, we suggest that the different dosages of CSL should be examined in the treatment of periodontitis.

Various synthesis methods are being developed in order to increase the number of scientific fields where nanoparticles can be used.Recently, the biosynthesis methods have eliminated the limitations of the traditional synthesis methods such as physical and chemical ones.They have been also developed as an alternative synthesis method.With green synthesis called herbal nanofactories, primary and secondary metabolites in plants enable the reduction and capping of nanoparticles.The functional groups of alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, ketones, polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, and amino acids in plants react with silver metals in ionic form and reduce "+" valued metals to "0" valued nanostructures.At the same time, functional groups of secondary metabolites form bonds with "0" valued silver nanometals and cover the surface of silver nanometals; thus, stabilization is achieved.Synthesis by biological methods provides high efficiency and rapid synthesis and the production cost of silver nanoparticle decreases.Moreover, biosynthesis is an environment-friendly technique as it takes place inside a living being.With the latest technology, silver nanoparticles stand out in the fields of biosensor and photoimaging.In this review, in which areas silver nanoparticles are used and their biosynthesis, stabilization, characterization, antibacterial mechanism, and use as a biosensor will be discussed.

Isoflavones have attracted much notice due to their health advantages; however, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of isoflavones on endometrium biology remains undiscovered. The expression and deficiency of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor (LIFR) has been shown to be involved in multiple implantations failures in female infertility. Mechanisms implicated in the failure of implantations require further researches, thus our aim is to investigate the effect of the Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extract with abundant formononetin content on implantation through assessing LIF and LIFR expressions. The Ishikawa cells were cultured with 20, 30, and 40 µg/mL concentrations of Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extracts for 24 h and detected staining intensity of LIF and LIFR by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining using image analysis software. As compared with the control and 20 µg/mL Trifolium pratense L. groups, the staining intensity of LIF and LIFR in 30 and 40 µg/mL Trifolium pratense L. groups were significantly increased ( P < .0001). Our findings suggest that Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extract may alter the endometrium expression of LIF and LIFR in the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line.

Isoflavones have attracted much notice due to their health advantages; however, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of isoflavones on endometrium biology remains undiscovered. The expression and deficiency of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor (LIFR) has been shown to be involved in multiple implantations failures in female infertility. Mechanisms implicated in the failure of implantations require further researches, thus our aim is to investigate the effect of the Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extract with abundant formononetin content on implantation through assessing LIF and LIFR expressions. The Ishikawa cells were cultured with 20, 30, and 40 µg/mL concentrations of Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extracts for 24 h and detected staining intensity of LIF and LIFR by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining using image analysis software. As compared with the control and 20 µg/mL Trifolium pratense L. groups, the staining intensity of LIF and LIFR in 30 and 40 µg/mL Trifolium pratense L. groups were significantly increased ( P < .0001). Our findings suggest that Trifolium pratense L. isoflavone extract may alter the endometrium expression of LIF and LIFR in the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line.

In this study, calli of Medicago sativa L. cv. Elçi (alfalfa Elçi) were inoculated in cell suspension culture and analyzed for aggregate assay, cell viability test, total phenolic content assay, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and formononetin assay by means of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Hypocotyl, cotyledon and apical meristem explants were taken from 15-day-old aseptic seedlings and germinated in MS medium. 10 g calli were grown for each explant and then transferred into cell suspension culture. The highest cell viability rate, which was 75%, and the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with 51.36% was measured in 1000 mL cell suspension culture, while the highest total phenolic content, i.e. 40.2 mg/g, was quantified in 250 mL cell suspension culture. In accordance with the findings of the study, the production of formononetin was higher in the calli derived from cell suspension cultures than in herb samples of M. sativa. Moreover, in 1000 mL cell suspension culture, 4.99 mg/g of formononetin concentration was quantified, which scored the highest. In large-scale cell suspension cultures of M. sativa, it was possible to increase the production of formononetin production. Hence, due to its medicinal significance, a method has been tested to obtain higher amounts of this compound.

Plants that can be used for therapeutic purposes are recognized as medicinal. Origanum is a healing plant because it contains a lot of secondary metabolites. Also, it is an aromatic plant that has been known since ancient times. Essential oils that give an aromatic taste to the plant are the richest secondary metabolites in Origanum. Allegedly, the gods in mythology used it as a perfume because of Origanum's highly pretty smell. However, the plant certainly has much more to offer than that. Nowadays, the plant and its seeds are used especially for their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant features, in addition to the cosmetics, agricultural, and food industries. Origanum has the potential to be used for different purposes. Therefore, because of all of its advantages, we suggest that Origanum be cultivated around the world.

Calismada biyolojik ve farmakolojik olarak aktif bilesiklerin potansiyel kaynagi olabilecek Thamnobryum alopecurum turune ait spor ve gametofit yapilarindan in vitro doku kulturu teknikleriyle cogaltilmasi amaclandi. Bu calismada Thamnobryum alopecurum ’un in vitro doku kulturu teknigiyle gametofit uretimi gerceklestirilmistir. Ayrica dogadan toplanan ve in vitro doku kulturu ile uretilen orneklerinde, 12 farkli fenolik bilesigin kantitatif miktarlari belirlenmistir. Ayni zamanda dogadaki taze orneklerinin; total fenol icerigi ve antioksidan aktivitesi yonunden degerlendirilmistir. Calismada in vitro doku kulturu, gametofitin klorofilli uc surgunleri ve sporofit kapsullerinden elde edilen sporlarin modifiye MS (Murashige ve Skoog) ortamlarina (farkli konsantrasyonlarda bitki buyume duzenleyicileri eklenmis) ekimiyle yapilmistir. T. alopecurum ’un spor kulturunde en iyi buyumenin gerceklestigi ortam MS3 iken gametofit kulturunde ise bu ortam MS1’dir. Total fenol icerigi bakimindan gallik asit esdegerine gore T. alopecurum ’un 0,0065±0,0015 mg/g icerige sahip oldugu saptanmistir. T. alopecurum herbaryum ornekleri ile in vitro doku kulturu ile uretilen ornekler arasinda 12 farkli fenolik bilesigin (gallik asit, kafeik asit, p-kumarik asit, taksifolin, rosmarinik asit, kemferol, genistein, kercetin, biokanin A, daidzein, formononetin, sikimik asit) HPLC-UV ile kantitatif miktar tayinleri yapilmistir. T. alopecurum spor ve gametofit kulturlerinde en yuksek miktarda sikimik asit MS8 ortaminda 120,92±41,4 olarak saptanmistir. Herbaryum orneklerinde ise en yuksek miktarda Nisan ayinda toplanan ekstraklarinda sikimik asit 3,52±1,84 mg/g olarak belirlenmistir. T. alopecurum etkin bir sekilde in vitro doku kultur ortamlarinda uretilmis, bununla beraber kayda deger antioksidan aktiviteye sahip oldugu ve ayrica bazi fenolik bilesiklerin bulunmasi nedeniyle briyofit turlerinin gelecekteki ileri biyoteknolojik calismalarda kaynak olacagi kanaatini ortaya koymaktadir.