Scabies is a common health issue in Sudan, influenced by factors such as poor hygiene, overcrowding, malnutrition, low socioeconomic status, and limited access to healthcare, particularly in developing regions. Globally, scabies accounted for 0.21% of DALYs in the Global Burden of Disease in 2015 study, with the highest burden observed in East and Southeast Asia, Oceania, and parts of Latin America. Despite its impact, there is limited data on scabies prevalence in Sudan. This cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted at El-Gadarif Dermatology Clinic from January to December 2019 to assess the effect of socioeconomic factors on the epidemiology of scabies. A total of 200 patients were selected using systematic random sampling, and data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results showed that most patients were male children and adolescents from low-income, overcrowded households with poor hygiene practices. Farmers, workers, and the unemployed represented the majority of cases. The findings confirm that poverty-related factors significantly contribute to scabies prevalence, even in severely resource-limited communities. Despite high transmission pressure, proper hygiene remains a potential protective factor. This study, the first of its kind in El-Gadarif State, highlights the urgent need for public education and stronger healthcare responses to reduce the disease burden in underserved populations. (c) 2025 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong non-progressive, complex neurobehavioral condition that appears at early childhood, characterized by impairments in social interaction, difficulties in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language, combined with rigid and repetitive behaviors. Objective: We aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with autism. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Khartoum State, Sudan. A sample of 100 children was selected from Autism care centers. The study tools included direct interviews, observation and questionnaire. Result: The study revealed that about two-thirds of autistic children were males. Most autistic children showed signs of autism after completing the first year of their life. Similar siblings with autism occurred in 9%. About one-quarter of participants had a positive family history of autism and other mental disorders. About one-fifth of autistic children were dependent on artificial milk during the first six months of their lives. Most of the respondents (90%) started watching television before age one year and more than one-third of them watched television for more than seven hours/day. Two-thirds of respondents used electronic devices before having autism and 40% of them started using electronic devices at the age one year to less than two years for more than four hours/day. Conclusion: ASD is more prevalent in males and it appears in early childhood. It is associated with several factors such as heredity, social and economic factors and the early use of electronic devices by children.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a significant global health challenge, comprising among some of the most common unfavorable outcomes in healthcare service provision. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infection control measures among public health students at Umm Al-Qura University. Methods and Material: Methods: Data were collected using an online, cross-sectional questionnaire from public health students at Umm Al-Qura University (n = 400). The survey probed into the students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning infection control. Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the data for patterns and significant differences. Results: Differences in infection control practices and knowledge were found between academic years. Notably, 80% of first-year students consistently adhered to glove use in clinical settings, compared to only 65% among fourth-year students. Knowledge about specific infection control measures like hand hygiene and PPE usage, however, did not significantly differ across grades (P = 0.453). The application of practices such as proper hand hygiene and PPE varied, with a notable decrease in strict compliance in higher academic years. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical need for ongoing education and practical application of infection control measures among public health students. It calls for an educational strategy that not only imparts knowledge but also ensures its application, preparing future healthcare professionals to effectively manage HCAIs.

Academic examination periods are a significant source of stress, particularly for medical students, yet few studies explore how these periods affect mental health and sleep in specific cultural contexts like Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess whether exam periods exacerbate depression, anxiety, stress, sleepiness, insomnia and fatigue among male undergraduate medical students at a university in Western Saudi Arabia, compared to post-exam periods. Using a convenience sample (n = 109), we administered electronic surveys during and after exams in April-May 2024, employing validated scales: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale and Insomnia Severity Index. Results revealed significantly higher depression (M = 7.67 vs. M = 4.89; p<0.001) and anxiety (M = 7.10 vs. M = 4.30; p<0.001) during exams, with moderate effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 0.346 and 0.422), alongside elevated stress, sleepiness, fatigue and insomnia and reduced sleep time (6.76 vs. 7.28 hours). These findings underscore how academic stress impairs mental well-being and sleep, potentially affecting academic performance. Post-exam recovery was partial, with lingering performance concerns prolonging psychological strain. Given the all-male sample and potential cultural influences, generalizability is limited. Universities should implement targeted interventions-such as stress management workshops, sleep education and flexible exam scheduling-to mitigate these effects. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore long-term impacts and evaluate intervention efficacy, enhancing support for student mental health in high-stress academic settings.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 identified in China, in 2019 and reported at least two waves. Objective: To compare pattern, severity and the outcome of the first and second waves of COVID-19. Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective comparative hospital-based study conducted during the period of first and second pandemic waves. The study involved patients aging above 18 years who had COVID-19. We collected the completed data from 385 patients’ records out of 1041by using a standardized data collection tool. Results: Male were common with a ration of (3:1 versus 3:2) between first and second waves consecutively. More than half of them were within the middle age. Comorbidity was a risk in more than one-third of patients; in which diabetes was the most common comorbidity which was significantly associated with the outcome (p-value = 0.038). Moreover, fever was the most common symptom occurred in (79% versus 79.3%), cough was (70% versus 60%). Results showed the systemic involvement had higher incidence among the second wave, while the pulmonary presentation was higher among the first were (82.3% versus 54%). ICU admission incidence was 54.8% and oxygen required was (50% versus 73.9%). Reinfection were (4% versus 13%). The outcome among first wave showed a higher incidence of recovery (55.6% versus 39.1%), while the death incidence was lower in the first wave (25.8% vs. 40.6%). Conclusion: There was a significant variation between first and second epidemic waves, the higher mortality rate of the second wave with dominant severe pulmonary and extra pulmonary manifestation and rapid progression made the second labeled as severe.

Dengue fever is caused by four common serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Patients infected with one serotype may develop lifelong serotype-specific protective immunity. However, they remain susceptible to reinfection with the other serotypes, often increasing the risk of severe forms of dengue. This cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence of the four dengue serotypes in patients who presented with dengue fever at Makkah hospitals between April 2023 and May 2024. Data were collected from the medical records of the Regional Laboratory in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The 238 positive dengue samples included 185 samples (77.73%) from male patients. The average age of the patients was 37.65 years (SD = 15.05). Dengue type 2 was the most common serotype, followed by type 1, type 3, and type 4. Most of the dengue patients were Saudi nationals, followed by Egyptians. There were 11 dengue-positive samples that were not diagnosed with any of the four dengue serotypes. Since Makkah receives numerous international travelers, these samples might contain novel dengue serotypes circulating in different parts of the world. This study underscores the need for the continuous monitoring of dengue serotypes to predict potential outbreaks and mitigate the risk of severe dengue in susceptible populations.

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic changed people's lives. The majority had to adapt to working online including students. The shift to online learning caused serious sleep and mental health issues among students. This study aimed to examine the variations between the prevalence of sleep and mental health problems among undergraduate students during the periods of online learning and on-campus learning. Method:An online survey was distributed to medical students in Saudi Arabia. Results:A total of 110 participated in the study (age = 21 ± 1.4 years). The on-campus anxiety (8.2 ± 6.3) was significantly higher than online anxiety (5.5 ± 5.1). On-campus daytime sleepiness (8.5 ± 4) was significantly higher when compared to online daytime sleepiness (6.7 ± 4.6). Although not significant, the on-campus stress (7.7 ± 5.7) and insomnia (12 ± 7.3) were higher than online stress (6.9 ± 5.5) and insomnia (11.5 ± 6). The online depression (6.6 ± 5.7) was higher than the mean on-campus depression (5.8 ± 5.4). A significant strong positive correlation was found between on-campus anxiety and on-campus stress. A significant moderate positive correlation was detected between on-campus anxiety and on-campus daytime sleepiness. A weak but significant correlation was found between on-campus anxiety and on-campus insomnia. On-campus anxiety was significantly predicted by the following model, which included on-campus stress, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness (P < .001). Conclusion:Medical students reported lower anxiety, daytime sleepiness, stress, and insomnia during their online learning compared to on-campus learning. Only depression was higher during online learning compared to on-campus learning.

Background: Several behavioral factors are considered to be obstacles to adopting a healthy life for those over 60 years of age; such factors have strong associations with mortality related chronic illnesses, physical inactivity, bad eating habits, and sleeping disorders. Objective:This study aimed to identify the population specific factors that affect adopting a healthy lifestyle for the elderly in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify possible ways to encourage the elderly into adopting a healthy life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional community-based study. Elderly Saudi citizens aging 60 years old and above were targeted. A non-random (quota sampling) sampling technique was used to recruit 330 participants. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Results: The Majority of participant (70 %) were in the age group of 60-66 years. Many of which (40 %) reported hypertension as the most common chronic disorder affecting them. Moreover, near half of the participants did not participate in any form of physical exercise. Additionally, fatigue was reported as the major obstacle (29%) that prevented participants from regular exercise. Conclusion:Two probable factors preventing the elderlies from adopting a healthy lifestyle were identified namely fatigue which kept older people from engaging in regular exercise and sleeping disorders which probably had an impact on overall physical health which eventually could affect their ability to participate in physical exercise.

Background: Spiders are distributed worldwide except in Arctic and Antarctica. More than 45,700 species of spiders and 114 families have been identified. Spiders produce silk in order to capture their prey. reported that people of the Carpathian Mountains used spider webs from Atypus spiders as bandages. Experiments showed that silk from spider house is bio-degradable, non-antigenic and non-inflammatory. These are ideal properties for healing wounds. We aimed to identify the effect of spider threads on healing wounds and injuries compared to healing of wounds by application of tetracycline ointment.Methods: This is an experimental analytical study in which we investigated ten participants tested in three groups. Group A participants were treated with tetracycline and group B were treated with spider threads. wooden rulers used to collect spider silk threads along with sterilizer, tissue, paper, bandages, and Tetracycline ointment. Silk was collected from four types of spiders: Cellar Spider, Salticidae Spider, Venatoria Hetropoda, and Galeodes Arabs. These spiders are the mostly distributed in Sudan. Silk was collected by using wooden rulers from cracks and corners of walls at Alzaiem Alazhari University and then placed on clean, soft tissue paper.Results: revealed that spider threads heal surface injuries without leaving scars in 90% of participants. The healing process with spider threads lasts between 8 -24 hours. The comparison between three tests showed that the percentage of wound healing was highest by 70% by using spider threads in comparison with tetracycline and self-healing.Conclusion: It was observed that healing of injuries by using spider threads was 70% faster than healing by using tetracycline ointment. Self-healing was observed to be faster than healing by use of tetracycline ointment.Keywords: Spider threads; Healing; Injuries; Tetracycline

There are many factors that can impact people's quality of life such as sleeping patterns, eating habits, and other health behaviours. Current scientific evidence indicates that there is a possible relationship between the aforementioned variables. Additionally, insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. Therefore, this study aims to investigate; (i) the relationship between chronotypes and health behaviors among university students in Saudi Arabia; (ii) explore the prevalence of insomnia among university students and its potential impact on their health behaviors. A cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected from a convenience sample of 325 Umm Al Qura University students via an electronically validated Arabic-language survey distributed from October 2022 to March 2023. Students classified as evening persons reported significantly higher levels of insomnia compared to those classified as intermediate and morning persons (p < 0.001). Insomnia was negatively correlated with energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, and general health (p < 0.001), indicating a broader impact on well-being beyond sleep-related issues. Chronotype was significantly associated with several aspects of well-being (p < 0.05), including role limitations due to physical and emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, and general health, highlighting the potential impact of an individual's sleep-wake preferences on their overall health and well-being. Factors such as social jetlag, psychological disorders, and lifestyle habits may contribute to the association between chronotype and well-being outcomes. These findings could have important implications for the development of interventions to improve sleep and well-being among university students.

Background:The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 experience several complications including hypertension or elevated blood pressure which is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, and kidney diseases. Objectives:To assess the prevalence and control of hypertension in COVID-19 patients. Methods:Cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based study conducted in an isolation center at Atbara Teaching Hospital in 2021. The data were collected by interviewing patients through a close-ended questionnaire and analyzed using a statistical computerized program (SPSS version 21). Results:The main results of the study revealed that the prevalence of blood pressure amongst patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was mild 45%, moderate 17.7%, and severe 10%; of the cases, 25.7% were newly discovered hypertension cases, of the cases 26.7% were diabetic patients; and 70.7% of the study group full recovered form COVID-19 at discharge. Conclusion:The study concluded that most of the study group had hypertension with COVID-19, some of them were newly discovered cases of hypertension and also had diabetes mellitus which indicates that COVID-19 may cause the onset of hypertension.

Background Sepsis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis may be difficult because the clinical presentations are often nonspecific. Neonatal sepsis may have an early onset (zero to three days) or a late onset (four days or later). Onset is most rapid in premature neonates. In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between positive cultures, high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methodology This descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken over four months starting from December 15, 2019, to April 15, 2020, in Atbara Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Data were collected from 71 patients. CRP levels were measured, and blood cultures were performed. Results High CRP level >10 mg/L was seen in patients having positive blood culture (55.3%), mainly in preterm babies (CRP >10 mg/dL (61.1%), positive culture (55.6%)) and very low birth weight babies (CRP >10 mg/dL (83.3%) and positive culture (67%)). Conclusions Our findings suggest that Klebsiella is an important cause of neonatal sepsis. CRP was positive in babies mainly with proven sepsis. There is a high correlation between CRP and blood culture in patients with neonatal sepsis which may give access to remodeling the prioritization of the management options in the clinical setting.

Both obesity and depression pose significant public health challenges. Understanding the age-gender differences in the BMI-depression associations is crucial, especially in the Saudi context, where cultural norms, lifestyle factors, and socio-economic conditions may significantly influence these associations. We aimed to explore and elucidate these associations in Saudi adults, considering age and gender as crucial factors. The research utilized a cross-sectional web-based survey to examine the impact of age and gender on the associations between BMI and depression. The study included 4,683 Saudi adults aged 18–60 years. The questionnaire assessed socio-demographics, lifestyle factors, chronic illnesses, and self-reported height and weight to calculate BMI. Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), a self-reported scale, was used to evaluate depression, categorizing participants into depression and non-depression groups. A snowball convenience sampling was utilized, with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria established to mitigate potential biases. Data analysis was stratified by age and gender, and binary logistic regression was utilized to determine the associations between depression and BMI, incorporating odds ratios (ORs) in both crude and adjusted forms, along with 95

Globally, the WHO estimated 241 million malaria cases with 627000 deaths in Africa in 2020. Studying inversions in the X-chromosomes could detect behavioral changes and efficiency of transmission of Malaria in Anopheles phronesis species. These changes may lead to shifting from becoming a major vector of Malaria after the inability to transmit Malaria. The knowledge of the malaria transmission pattern of Anopheles pharoensis in Sudan needs to be improved. We aimed to detect the presence of any inversions or mutations in Anopheles pharoensis species collected from Egypt and Sudan and to undergo a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to detect mutations or X-chromosome inversions in the Sudanese and Egyptian strains of Anopheles pharoensis also to compare between the X-chromosome of the two species. It is an experimental, analytical study that aimed to detect inversions in the X –chromosomes of Anopheles phronesis collected from Egypt (Faiyoum Governate) and Sudan (Khartoum, Gezira, and Sennar states) of Sudanese Mosquito species. From the gel electrophoresis and PCR assay, inversions were detected by the 100Bp PCR products using primers. Only very few revealed bands from 75 Egyptian strains were detected by bands. The study revealed that Anopheles pharoensis species collected from Egypt have X- chromosome inversions. Inversions were absent in the Sudanese strains. The study also reacted to the fact that Anopheles phronesis could be a sibling species or a species complex, but further studies are needed to prove this. From the results and observations of this investigation, it was recommended to undergo further genetic studies on Anopheles species in Sudan and use of PCR technique in the classification.

Background: Current literature lacks information regarding Anopheles pharoensis malaria transmission patterns. Anopheles pharoensis succeeded in transmitting Malaria in Egypt. However, it was unsuccessful in doing the same in Sudan. From here arises these important questions: Why does it transmit malaria in Egypt but not in the Sudan or other Countries? Is it a Sibling species or a Sub-species? This investigation aimed to answer these questions by studying the genetics of Anopheles pharoensis collected from Egypt and Sudan.Methods: A comparative study was conducted in Egypt and Sudan to determine the population genetic structure of Anopheles pharoensis species based on chromosomal inversion of karyotypes. Fourth-stage larvae of Anopheles pharoensis were collected from Egypt (Faiyoum government) and from Sudan (Khartoum, Gezira and Sennar states).Result: Significant levels of differentiation were observed among the species studied.Conclusion: Investigations suggest that Anopheles pharoensis species collected from Egypt can transmit malaria due to the presence of an inversion in the X-chromosome. The lack of the aforementioned inversion probably prevented the transmission of malaria by Anopheles pharoensis in Sudan. The results above provide insight into malaria transmission patterns by Anopheles pharoensis. However, more needs to be done and hence it is recommended to undergo further research on genetics and morphological studies using molecular biological tool son Anopheles pharoensis in Sudan.

Background: Mobile phones have become part of everyday life with a potential risk for microbial transmission. Makkah is a mass gathering city that may act as hotspots of disease transmission. The contact between public and both visitors and pilgrims to Makkah can't be overlooked, and any small outbreak within the public can be transmitted rapidly to them.Aim: We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of general population towards infection transmission via mobile phones in Makkah and different characteristics relevant to KAP scores.Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted on general population in Makkah city using a snowballing sampling method. Participants answered questions about their KAP towards infection transmission via mobile phone. The overall KAP scores were graded as good, fair, and poor and explored against different population characteristics using suitable statistical methods.Results: The study included 385 participants aged 15-64 years. About 88.8% owned personal mobile phone, 3.9% encountering a patient with infections transmitted via mobile phones, and 60.5% know nothing about potential role of mobile phones in infection transmission. Only 16.6% had good knowledge, 64.1% with positive attitudes, and 55.3% reported poor practices. The mean knowledge score was significantly higher among young adults (p = 0.002) and those with higher education (p = 0.005). Their mean attitude and practice scores were significantly higher among older adults (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015), female (p = 0.001 and p = 0.022), and those with higher education (p = 0.036 and p = 0.041) respectively.Conclusion: The overall public knowledge and practices towards the role of mobile phones in infection transmission in Makkah was below average though they have positive attitudes. Raising public awareness is important to decrease the possibility of cross-contamination via mobile phones and to develop adequate preventive strategies in a mass gathering setting like Makkah city.

Treatment failure of Artemether-Lumefantrine drug in treating uncomplicated malaria is increasing in many endemic malaria countries. Tolerance, recrudescence, and resistance of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax parasites to the drug are increasing all over the world. We aimed to measure the treatment failure of antimalarial Artemether-Lumefantrine (Coartem) and it is contributing factors in uncomplicated malaria among adults in health centers. This study was a descriptive cross-sectional health-facility-based study conducted from the first of April to the end of June 2022 and included 166 malaria patients with positive test results for malaria visited health centers. 9.6% of malaria patients were not responding to coartem, 6.0% of them were plasmodium falciparum, 2.4% were plasmodium vivax, and 1.2 were mixed infections. Thirty-one percent of those not taking the drug with the fatty meal tested positive for malaria after two weeks of receiving coartem, and 25% of those not adherent to the treatment timetable have not cleared the parasite despite receiving coartem. The results showed that nearly one-third of the patients received Coartem without laboratory tests for malaria. Artemether-Lumefantrine is becoming less effective in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria among adults in Khartoum state, Sudan. Prospective studies are needed to assess the frequency of treatment failure and the contributing factors that assist in decreasing drug efficacy. We also encourage pharmacists not to give antimalarial treatment without a medical prescription and a positive test.

Open defecation defined as defecated in fields, bushes, bodies of water or open spaces. Open defecation is the last recourse for those without any form of sanitation, who must endure the daily indignity of defecating in open. In the year 2016, about 12 percent of the global population, practiced open defecation. The situation is even worse in the sub-Saharan African countries including Sudan. The practice of (OD) peaks 44.5% of the population in Abu Haraz, Sudan. This cross-sectional descriptive community-based study was conducted in Abu Haraz, with the aim to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards the risk of open defecation. 397 respondents were selected by using multi stage sampling techniques. The data were collected by using standardized questionnaire and observation checklist and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS computer program and ÷2 test is used to show the association between the independent and dependent variable. The findings were presented in text, figures and Tables. Study findings revealed that (79.8%) of the respondents know that open defecation causes diseases, pollute water, affect women health and dignity and expose girl to sexual molestation. Study findings revealed that (17.4%) of respondents beliefs that open defecation is part of their daily routine. Findings also revealed that (47.9%) of respondents practicing open defecation, 10.1% of them leave the feces without burying, 15.9% of respondents use soil for cleanliness after defecating. The findings revealed that poverty was the major influencing factor for latrine owning among the households with (÷2=58.826; P<.05). (37.3%) of respondents said that type of soil influences latrine owning.

Background: Saudi Arabia has been severely affected by COVID-19 since March 2020. The COVID-19 “infodemic” has spread a plethora of misinformation on social media leading to public panic and serious public health consequences. We aimed to investigate the impact of social media infodemics on mental health status among health colleges’ students, as future healthcare workers, at Saudi universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used a cross-sectional web-based survey to collect data from 400 health colleges’ students. We assessed average time spent on social media and used the shortened Pittsburgh sleep quality index, generalized anxiety disorder scale, and Center for Epidemiology scale for depression to measure sleep quality, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive symptoms. Generalized linear regression was used to determine associations with mental health burdens. Results: About 21.5% reported more than 3 hours/day of exposure to social media. Prevalence of poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depression disorders was 16%, 31%, and 24%, respectively. No significant difference was determined between males and females (P>0.05); however, a significant association was detected with time spent on social media (P<0.001). Conclusion: We found a significant mental health burden among health colleges’ students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Spending too much time on social media is a potential risk factor. Controlling social media infodemics, early mental health interventions, and continuous monitoring of consequences should become routine as part of preparedness efforts.

Background: Public acceptance, trust, and actual uptake of COVID-19 vaccines are crucial to stem the pandemic. Although roll out of vaccines was high in KSA, the public response was not sufficiently studied. We aimed to investigate knowledge level, acceptance, and trust in COVID-19 vaccination and related predictors among adults in Makkah, KSA. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey using a snowballing sample was carried on 507 adult Saudi population living in Makkah city. The survey was developed based on literature search. In the logistic analysis, the dependent variables included acceptance rate and trust in effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, while the independent variables (predictors) were sociodemographics and level of knowledge. Results: The survey included 507 participants, aged 18-78 years, 55.8% were females, and 36.7% had (or one of their family members) previously been exposed to COVID-19 infection. Their knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination was satisfactory (86.2%) with 71.2% intended to receive COVID-19 vaccination, and 56.4% was confident of the vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, schedule of vaccination, and recommendation by authorities may favor their decision to accept or decline COVID-19 vaccines. Good knowledge about vaccines (OR = 2.07; CI: 1.24-3.48 for acceptance and OR = 2.67; CI: 1.58-4.51 for trust), higher educational level (OR = 1.80; CI: 1.07-3.40 for acceptance and OR = 3.59; CI: 2.08-6.21 for trust), previous seasonal flu vaccination (OR = 1.66; CI: 1.09-2.53 for acceptance and OR = 1.91; CI: 1.31-2.79 for trust), female sex (OR = 1.62; CI: 1.1-2.39 for acceptance and OR = 4.15; CI: 2.86-6.04 for trust), and history of COVID-19 infection (OR = 1.57; CI: 1.04-2.37 for acceptance and OR = 1.69; CI: 1.17-2.46 for trust) were among significant predictors for both vaccine acceptance and trust in vaccine effectiveness. Conclusions: Adult Saudi population in Makkah city showed satisfactory knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination with moderate rate of vaccine acceptance and a relatively low rate of confidence in vaccine effectiveness. Better understanding of public acceptance and trust in COVID-19 vaccines and addressing barriers to vaccination are recommended to improve vaccine coverage and to reinforce some communication characteristics of the current vaccination campaign.