[目的]探讨低温胁迫下不同光照对橡胶树品种热研7-33-97和湛试327-13耐寒性和光合特征的影响,为橡胶树抗寒性研究及抗寒选育种提供参考.[方法]对橡胶树品种湛试327-13和热研733-97进行低温胁迫,在不同光照条件下,调查平均回枯率和发芽率,测定叶绿素含量和荧光值,分析不同光照条件下的耐寒性和光合特征差异.[结果]热研7-33-97 和湛试327-13 的平均回枯率分别在50%～96%和87%～100%;发芽率分别为7%～60%和0～33%;叶绿素含量变化处于40～60.不同光照处理的热研7-33-97 和湛试327-13荧光值变化差异较小,两者差异不显著.[结论]光照强度差异会影响橡胶树的耐寒性,相比于湛试327-13,光照条件对热研 7-33-97的耐寒性影响更大;随着光照强度的提高,两者的叶绿素含量都会降低,但光照强度变化对叶绿素含量和荧光值的影响不大.

白粉病和炭疽病是我国橡胶树的主要病害,严重影响胶乳产量,给天然橡胶产业带来了很大的经济损失.挖掘培育抗病性种质资源是最经济、有效的防治措施.本研究通过分析2018、2019、2021年白粉病和炭疽病田间自然发病数据,评价192份橡胶树种质的抗病性,旨在为橡胶树抗病育种提供数据支撑.结果表明,白粉病2019年发病严重,种质群体的病情指数平均值达34.37,最大值为94.07;2018年和2021年则发病较轻,病情指数平均值分别为10.68和9.70.炭疽病2021年发病严重,种质群体的病情指数平均值达29.12,最大值为65.31;2018年和2019年则发病较轻,病情指数平均值分别为18.64和18.15.利用重病年数据鉴定出白粉病高抗品种24个、中抗品种9个,炭疽病抗性品种35个.这33份和35份抗性种质在3 a内对白粉病和炭疽病均达到抗性水平,分别占供试种质的22％和19％.利用隶属函数和聚类分析对这些候选抗病种质进行抗性水平排序,对白粉病抗性排名前10的种质隶属函数平均值为0.86～1.00,标准偏差值为0.003～0.073.在白粉病抗性聚类树遗传距离2.5处,排序第1的'湛试5025'单独聚为一类,排序前2～6位的种质聚为一类,与其他类区分明显;对炭疽病抗性排名前10的种质隶属函数平均值为0.83～0.90,标准偏差值为0.020～0.102.在炭疽病抗性聚类树遗传距离2.5处,排序前5的种质单独聚集为一类,与其他类区分明显.初步筛选出抗白粉病优异的种质'湛试5025'湛试12-3'湛试5005'天任31-45'湛试5026',筛选出抗炭疽病优异的种质'湛试477-6'湛试366-2'湛试485-114'湛试41-3'RO42'.本研究建立的抗性鉴定、隶属函数和聚类分析相结合的分析方法为橡胶树种质抗病性综合评价提供了重要的技术参考.

Amomum villosum, serving as an important medicinal material, is complex in the genetic background of germplasm resources. Exploring the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of germplasm resources is conducive to clarifying the germplasm source and genetic background of A. villosum, so as to improve the efficiency of parent selection and variety breeding of A. villosum. Seventy-one pairs of SSR primers were used for PCR amplification of 84 A. villosum samples by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifty-four pairs of SSR primers with high polymorphism were screened out for the analysis of genetic diversity. The results showed that 293 alleles were detected from 84 germplasm resources by 54 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 5.32 alleles for each pair of primers, and a variation range of 3-8, and the primer AVL12 marked the highest number of alleles. The PIC value of each locus varied from 0.068 7 to 0.828 9, with an average of 0.529 9, and the highest was marked by AVL24. The genetic diversity of A. villosum was the highest in Yunnan, followed by Guangxi, and the lowest was found in Guangdong. The population structure analysis and cluster analysis showed that the samples were classified into two groups. In terms of origin, samples from Yunnan and Guangxi had a close genetic relationship, and there was no obvious differentiation of A, villosum resources from different origins. In this study, 54 pairs of SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 84 germplasm resources, which can reflect the genetic relationship between A. villosum samples from different germplasm sources and different populations, thus providing a theoretical basis for the collection, research, and breeding of A. villosum resources.

砂仁是姜科豆蔻属多年生草本植物,喜荫湿环境,光照是其生长发育的重要影响因子.为了解砂仁种质材料的光合特性,更好地对砂仁种质资源进行保护和利用.以'湛砂11'的幼苗为材料,农家栽培种'热科1'和'热科2'为对照,使用SPAD-502Plus叶绿素仪、3051D光合仪和WALZ MINI-PAM-Ⅱ叶绿素仪,分别测定叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光合有效量子产量(Y2)等参数,分析'湛砂11'的光合特征和环境适应性.结果表明:'湛砂11'叶片SPAD值为44,比'热科1'高12.47％、比'热科2'低18.59％;叶片净光合速率(Pn)为12.19μmol/(m2·s),分别是'热科1'和'热科2'的1.63倍和5.11倍,极显著高于对照,蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用效率(WUE)显著高于'热科2'.光合有效辐射在10～1082μmol/(m2·s)条件下,叶片电子传递速率(ETR)随光合有效辐射的增强而上升,'湛砂11'的ETR比'热科1'和'热科2'的高,说明'湛砂11'的PSII具有强的光电子传递能力.因此,'湛砂11'具有较好的光合特性,将光能转化为电子流的能力和潜在光合能力较强,且具有较广的光辐射范围,适宜荫蔽度较低的生长环境.

我国橡胶园(简称"胶园")林下经济产业逐渐成为近几年发展的热门,多种胶园林下间种和养殖模式取得了一定的效果,但由于目前林下经济主要以林下种植为主,种植获得的原材料经济效益不高,农产品加工方面还远远跟不上需求,导致胶园林下经济产业效益不佳,林下经济相关模式难于推广.林下种养虽然可以获得较好的经济效益,但是存在风险大、技术要求高等问题.随着畜禽养殖中抗生素的使用被逐渐摒弃,中草药作为饲料或其提取物逐渐替代了抗生素.发展胶园林下生态循环种养模式,既可以充分利用林下空间,又能获得好的畜禽肉质,提高经济效益,市场前景广阔.笔者总结了目前我国胶园林下种植、养殖模式发展现状、存在问题等,并对胶园林下经济发展前景进行了分析,旨在为我国胶园林下经济发展提供参考.

砂仁是重要南药品种之一,在我国西南和华南地区广泛种植,而生产上种源混杂严重影响产量和品质.为了解砂仁资源‘湛砂11’的形态和品质特性,更好地对砂仁种质资源进行保护和利用,通过测定‘湛砂11’的株高、叶片数、花序长度、果实大小、单果重等形态指标,以及种子团挥发油含量,挥发油中乙酸龙脑酯、樟脑和龙脑等含量的品质指标,分析其形态特征和品质特性.结果表明,‘湛砂11’的株高和叶片数显著高于对照,分别比对照增加7.85％和23.04％;叶片长度无明显差异,叶宽显著增加,外侧叶面平行于主脉的突起线较明显;叶舌棕红色、长0.53 mm,比对照显著长23.26％.花序长度显著低于对照,小花数量与对照无显著差异;小花梗长、苞片、花萼和花冠管都显著短于对照.果实近圆形,单果重比对照轻21.40％;果实种子数平均46.7粒,千粒重9.24 g,分别比对照少17.64％、轻20.35％.种子团挥发油含量3.30％,其中乙酸龙脑酯含量明显高于对照;挥发油组分在不同材料中存在特异性,‘湛砂11’共检测出16种物质,与对照品种共有12种物质,另4种物质对照品种未检出.由此可知,‘湛砂11’的植株、花、果实和种子形态特征明显,挥发油含量及成分特异,可作为优良材料重点培育.研究结果可为砂仁生产中亲本选配及品种更新和选育提供一定的理论依据.

[目的]从表型性状和分子标记两个方面分析亲本和杂交子代群体的遗传特性和遗传分化,为亲本组合的甄选和杂交子代的差异分析等工作提供参考依据.[方法]以35份橡胶树杂交后代群体为供试材料,利用表型性状和SSR分子标记进行遗传特性及遗传多样性研究.[结果]32个表型性状的变异系数平均值为32.59％,其中叶枕沟的变异系数最大为60.90％,小叶柄沟的变异系数最小为0;多样性指数分布在3.22～3.53,平均为3.49.杂种优势分析表明,F1杂种在树围、年平均增长量和产量上具有较强的杂种优势,分别为101.2％、117.2％和95.38％.在35个杂种F1中,产量最高的是材料A38,最低的是材料A9.2017-2020年4年间,材料A22每年都是树围最大的杂交子代;35个F,杂种的年增长量分布在5.6～10.4 cm,年平均周长增量居6.7～8.8 cm.根据分子标记分析结果,从104对引物中筛选出扩增效果较好的引物15对,利用15对SSR标记亲本和后代群体遗传多样性分析,共扩增出15个等位基因,多态信息含量值(PIC)在0.2710～0.6827,Shannon's信息指数(Ⅰ),观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别处于0.5004～1.3459、0.1714～1.0000和0.3246～0.7400;采用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,结果表明杂种可分为3个类群.[结论]亲本选配合理,杂交子代多样性丰富,解析了杂交子代遗传变异和遗传多样性,为杂交育种及亲本选配提供材料和理论支持.

行间覆盖绿肥是幼林胶园管理的主要方式之一.覆盖葛藤可以有效提升胶园土壤质量,以往的研究在改变胶园土壤微生物多样性和结构方面研究较少.通过幼林胶园行间覆盖葛藤试验,研究对胶园土壤细菌群落结构特征的影响.结果表明:覆盖葛藤提高了0～20 cm土层有机质含量24.38％和pH 4.60％,调节了土壤细菌群落结构.1379个细菌性OTUs比对注释在23门、55纲、103目、184科、366属;其中,丰度不低于0.5％的属分类水平上注释的29个细菌中,Achromobacter和Delftia丰度在覆盖葛藤后分别是不覆盖的31.94和7.22倍,Acinetobacter比不覆盖的显著降低13.30％.相关分析表明土壤有机质的升高是细菌群落变化的主要原因.研究表明,幼林胶园覆盖葛藤2年,提升土壤有机质和氮含量,调节土壤pH,改善土壤细菌群落结构,增强胶园物质转化与利用.

早期快速鉴定橡胶树F1杂交子代,获取真杂种对橡胶树优良品系的创育和遗传学研究具有重要的意义.以橡胶树优良品系'PR107'和'93-114'进行杂交,获得杂交组合子代,以亲本作为模板从104对SSR引物中筛选出3对多态性引物对35株杂交子代进行真实性鉴定,结果表明:35株杂交子代均鉴定为真杂种苗;筛选出的3对多态性引物都具有较高的杂种鉴定率,并验证了1对引物鉴定真伪杂种的可靠性,后续可作为橡胶树杂交子代真实性鉴定的理想SSR分子标记.

[目的]阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是砂仁中的佳品,具有悠久的药用历史.通过系统分析阳春砂农家种热科2特征性状,为阳春砂品种识别和生产种植提供依据.[方法]对阳春砂农家种热科2植株、花、果实等性状进行跟踪调查研究与对比分析.[结果]热科2阳春砂植株高大粗壮,株高2.84 m,茎粗13.12 mm;叶片大而厚,叶长43.52 cm、宽6.46 cm,外侧叶缘波状不明显、叶面具平行于主脉的突起线,叶舌长椭圆形、棕色、长0.95 mm;花序"曲线型",花梗长9.70 mm,小花数9.3朵,唇瓣长2.24 mm、宽2.39 mm,中脉黄色而染紫红色、顶端黄色外延、基部紫红色"八"字型痂状斑;果实扁圆形、褐色,内含种子23.2粒,千粒质量14.14 g,种子团挥发油体积分数3.6％;花期和果实成熟期晚.[结论]明确了热科2阳春砂的形态特征性状,可作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为该品种的精准识别以及阳春砂优异资源保护与选育种奠定基础.

通过分析南华农场9个橡胶树品系风害、生长、木材特性及其相关性研究,结果得出:(1)不同橡胶树品系间抗风性存在显著差异,红星1抗风性最强,其次为湛试167-16,云研1抗风性最差;(2)不同橡胶树品系间生长和木材特性存在显著差异,纤维形态差异不显著.红星1的树皮厚度和树围均为最小,而云研1的树围和Pilodyn值为最大,这可能是造成两者抗风性差异的原因;(3)相关性分析得出风害等级与树皮厚度、树围和Pilodyn值存在极显著的正相关,断倒率和平均风害级别与纤维宽存在显著负相关性.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是我国四大南药之一,具有极高的药用价值.我国阳春砂栽培种源混杂、退化严重等问题制约着其品质与药效的提升,亟待加强优质资源的筛选与改良.本研究通过调查阳春砂农家栽培种'热科1'植物学性状,发现:阳春砂主茎高度208 ㎝,叶缘波状程度强且整齐,叶舌椭圆形、棕色,叶鞘绿黄色、边缘轻度棕色带;新抽芽被鲜艳棕红色膜质鳞片;花序"L"型、花梗长8.46 ㎝,小花数11.9朵;唇瓣中脉黄染深紫红,花粉囊覆盖处中部黄色、边缘染微红色;果实椭圆形、基部微三棱形,种子团挥发油含量3.7％,乙酸龙脑酯含量1.68％;种子褐色、不规则形状,千粒重11.42 g.本研究对阳春砂农家栽培种'热科1'植株、花、果实与种子特性进行了详细的描述,具有鲜明的特征,作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为识别'热科1'品种提供科学依据,为砂仁品种保护奠定基础.

幼龄胶园行间覆盖葛藤被广泛应用于生产管理,是符合橡胶树生产和环境协调发展的农林复合模式.幼龄胶园覆盖葛藤周期较长,研究多集中在前3a的覆盖效益,对后期的效果评价较少.对覆盖葛藤4～6a的幼龄胶园土壤肥力状况和葛藤生物量累积特征进行调查分析.结果表明:幼龄胶园覆盖葛藤4～6 a、0～20㎝土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾含量分别在0.81％～1.43％、0.04％～0.07％、2.73～4.00 mg/㎏、12.00～43.75 mg/㎏,属于低肥力型胶园,不能满足橡胶树的正常生产;但胶园覆盖的葛藤产生丰富生物量,4～6 a累积葛藤活体和枯落物总干重合计有9.01～14.01 t/hm2,相等于施入氮素、五氧化二磷、氧化钾251.26～405.94、189.29～331.94、60.59～130.19 kg/hm2;为胶园土壤肥力的提升,促进胶树生长与产胶提供持续生物原料.

针对广东省红五月农场热研73397部分开割胶园橡胶树死皮高发的问题,中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所与湛江实验站派出相关专家,会同广东农垦阳江局及广东红五月农场相关部门负责人组成调研小组,调研死皮高发胶园.通过实地调研与分析,调研人员认为导致热研73397部分开割胶园局部橡胶树死皮高发的原因最有可能与寒害导致树体生产功能减弱有关,进而出现低产甚至严重死皮.针对调研结果与生产实际,调研人员从区划、品种、栽培方面提出了改进建议.

天然橡胶是我国国防战略不可缺的资源,在国计民生方面具有不可替代的作用.物候能直观反映作物特征,人们可根据物候确定割胶、施肥、育苗、采种和病虫害防治等各项作业的农时安排,而叶蓬物候是橡胶树物候的重要方面,也是橡胶树物候研究的热点之一.但我国橡胶树物候研究起步较晚,橡胶树叶蓬物候方面的研究并不深入.重新划分了橡胶树叶蓬物候期,介绍了叶蓬物候的观测方法,并综述了与施肥、育苗、割胶、生理生化和抗逆性相关的橡胶树叶蓬物候研究,发现橡胶树根系生长快慢、芽接成化率、根接成化率与叶蓬物候有关,落叶期到萌动期不宜进行割胶,萌芽抽叶阶段植株代谢调节和能量转化旺盛,古铜期和淡绿期抗逆性差,最后展望了橡胶树叶蓬物候未来可研究的方向.

天然橡胶是我国重要的战略资源和基础工业原料,但目前受劳动力价格上涨、胶价低和进口胶冲击等影响,我国天然橡胶产业发展处在低谷期.当前,国内开展关于胶园林下经济研究较多,但相关研究存在很多问题,都没有起到很好效果.基于此,分析目前胶园林下经济研究的现状,并提出相关发展建议.

To study the effects of different proportions of stems and leaves of Amomum villosum in the diet of Guangdong Leizhou black goats on growth performance and blood biochemical indexes, 20 goats were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (CK, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ), with 5 black goats per group. The control group (CK) was fed with a standard premixed diet. The test Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ groups were fed with 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % of King grass, respectively, which was replaced by an equal quantity of fresh A. villosum along with a constant basal diet. The trial period was 60 days. It was found that there was a significantly higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) in the test Ⅰ and Ⅱ and CK groups than in the test Ⅲ group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the CK and test Ⅲ group (P > 0.05). Feed to gain of the test Ⅱ group was significantly lower than that of the control and other test groups (P < 0.05). The glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the test Ⅲ group was significantly higher than that of the CK group (P < 0.05); other blood biochemical indexes were not significantly different in the other test groups (P > 0.05). In summary, 10% was the optimal proportion of stems and leaves of A. villosum, as a Chinese herbal medicine and source of roughage, in the daily diet of Leizhou black goats. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the stems and leaves of A. villosum as forage.

[目的]本文旨在分析胶园覆盖柱花草的土壤循环和根系分布特征.[方法]于2008年建立胶园覆盖柱花草复合系统,2014年对试验区土壤样品和橡胶树根系进行分析与调查.[结果]胶园覆盖柱花草分别提高了0～ 10和10 ～ 20 cm土层有机质含量465％和17％、达到显著水平,提高了土壤全氮含量,以及转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性;促进了橡胶树根系的生长,根系干重和鲜重分别增加了98.07％和77.11％,根系分布以10 ～ 20 cm为主变为0～10 cm为主,根系水分含量大于50％,细根增加,木质化程度降低.[结论]胶园覆盖柱花草提高了胶园表层土壤熟化程度,促进了养分物质的转化与利用,调控了橡胶树根系的分布,提高了根系活性,促进了土壤养分的吸收与利用.

In this paper the 6 years Hongjiangcheng of tangerine rootstock and lemon rootstock as experimental materials,the fresh keeping effect of Hongjiangcheng of different rootstocks on different storage temperature was studied comparatively. The results showed that Hongjiangcheng of different rootstocks on low-temperature storage reduced weight loss ratio and rotting rate significantly,the best effect of 5℃,Hongjiangcheng of tangerine rootstock and lemon rootstock weight loss rate were lower than the control,and decreased 72.29% and 72.09%,respectively. The Hongjiangcheng of lemon rootstock rotting rate decreased by 81.3% under 5℃. Different degrees of low temperature storage delayed the decrease of vitamin C(VC),soluble solids and soluble sugar content and fruit hardness. The effect was best at 5℃,followed by 10℃.

Saccharum arundinaceum has strong drought tolerance, the abundant stress tolerance gene resource could be used in sugarcane breeding programs. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial enzyme in reactive oxygen species (ROS) action, which are likely to function as components of a stress-signaling pathway. To investigate the gene of SOD, by using a homologous cloning strategy, a Cu/Zn-SOD cDNA sequence(NCBI accession number XM_ 002445626.1) in Sorghum was as probe to retrieve, aligned and spliced with Saccharum EST database, a full length of Cu/Zn-SOD gene named SaSOD-1b (NCBI accession number: KJ 002570) from Saccharum arundinaceum was cloned. The cloned gene sequence was 692bp, including 136bp 5’ untranslated regions (UTR), 162bp ORF and 135bp 3’ UTR, encoded 206 amino acids. By bioinformatics analysis, the cloned genic protein molecular weight was 20.78kDa, and pI was 5.32, the amino acid sequence owned the Cu/Zn-SOD conserved domain, and it had high similarity with other plants’ Cu/Zn-SOD. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the cloned gene was most closely relative with Sorghum Cu/Zn-SOD gene, this study could laid a foundation for further understanding the relation between SOD and Saccharum arundinaceum drought resistance.