Urban green space (UGS) equity has emerged as a critical metric for evaluating global urban sustainability and spatial justice. Although previous studies have highlighted the importance of balancing economic value and social equity in urban spatial governance, high-density built environments encounter deep-rooted structural barriers in achieving this objective. In this study, we developed an analytical framework, "social structure-exposure behavior-equity perceived," to systematically investigate the dual dimensions of inequality in UGS: objective exposure equity and subjective equity perception. Results reveal that: (1) Green exposure equity declines significantly throughout the life course, with older adults facing pronounced structural disadvantages in accessing UGS. (2) Green perceived equity (GPE) is strongly influenced by socioeconomic status (SES), exhibiting a stratified pattern in which higher SES groups are more likely to perceive UGS distribution as fair. In contrast, lower-SES groups report greater feelings of deprivation and exclusion. (3) Pathway analysis demonstrates that SES indirectly affects green space exposure (GSE) through the premium effect of green environments, thereby exacerbating disparities in perceived equity among different social groups. By unveiling the market-driven mechanisms and socially embedded structures underlying UGS distribution, this study raises concerns about the potential social costs of "green gentrification." The findings provide robust empirical evidence and governance-oriented insights to support the pursuit of ecological justice and social equity in the green transformation of high-density urban areas.

ABSTRACTNeglecting integrated management may exacerbate the imbalance between the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs) in transboundary watersheds. Although management strategies such as payments for watershed services (PWS) have been implemented to mitigate the externalities and imbalance of ESs, the complexity of transboundary watersheds is often underestimated, diminishing their effectiveness. This study proposed a comprehensive transboundary framework to assess the dynamics of recreational service supply and demand in China's Xin'an River, identifying the driving factors. Results showed that: (1) the supply growth rate of recreational services in upstream (50.5%) was higher than that in downstream (8.4%) during the study period; (2) demand in the upstream was lower than that in the downstream. This observation was corroborated through choice experiments; (3) recreational services exhibited a significant supply–demand imbalance with 74.5% oversupplied. These results suggest that environmental externalities are not fully internalized, especially in upstream areas; (4) the study identified road accessibility, land degradation, and demand preferences as key driving factors. These insights offer a new perspective on the internalization of PWS and can inform the development of policies for transboundary region‐integrated management.

It is crucial to study ecological footprint production intensity (EFPI) in the ecological compensation strategy of designated industries and to delineate high-polluting industries. Environment-extended input-output (EE-IO) tables are suitable for analyzing embodied pollution or land occupation among its economic sectors. The ecological footprint (EF) and input-output tables (IOTs) were used to analyze China’s EFPI and its (net) flow among sectors in 2005, 2010, and 2015. With the environment-extended matrix and Leontief inverse matrix of EE-IO analysis, the direct pollution coefficient (DPC) and total pollution coefficient (TPC) of China’s EF were studied. The (net) embodied EFPI flows between any two sectors were decomposed and demonstrated in detail. The key embodied EFPI component transfer paths among sectors were tracked and analyzed. The results for China’s EFPI in 2005, 2010, and 2015 show that the averages of the TPC component and net embodied EFPI transfer components showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2015. The sector of electricity, heat, gas, and water (S11) and the sector of Agriculture (S1) provided larger component values of both TPCs and net embodied EFPI transfers. From the analysis of the three transfer levels of EFPI, high-value transfer paths were further marked for key governance. Imposing an ecological tax and controlling high-EFPI industries were recommended as optimizations from the production and consumption ends. Additionally, this paper provides a reference for the division of ecological responsibility among Chinese sectors.

城市绿色空间作为最公正的公共产品,应打造最普惠的民生福祉,以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要.文中基于天津市938份城市居民微观调查数据,运用有序Logit回归模型与中介效应模型探讨社会经济地位对特大城市居民绿色公平感知的影响及其作用机制.研究发现:1)不同社会群体间存在绿色公平感知的分化,且呈现出由中心城区向城市外围不断蔓延的趋势.2)社会经济地位能够显著影响居住时间较长、年龄较高社会群体的绿色公平感知,且不同居住时长与不同年龄阶段的社会群体间存在绿色公平感知的异质性.3)绿色租金溢价在社会经济地位影响城市居民绿色公平感知的过程中起到中介作用.因此,应从调控住房绿色租金溢价、调整绿色空间规划策略以及注重城市边缘区绿化改造三方面,进行有意识的反"绿色绅士化",以促进全民共享绿色福祉.

Global energy crisis and climate change have caused widespread concern about the development of the biomass energy industry. China has committed to exploring feasible policies to promote the development of the biomass energy industry. To analyze the impact of China’s energy tax subsidy policy (ETS) on the development of densified biomass fuel (DBF) industry, this study constructs a partial equilibrium model of the densified biomass fuel industry sector to quantitatively evaluate and optimize the effect of China’s current ETS policy based on the compilation of input–output table for the biomass energy industry sector in China. The results indicate that 1) under the current policy scenario, the price of DBF in China decreased by 15.05%, the supply increased by 40.75%, and the demand increased by 18.62%, while the price of raw biomass (RB) decreased by 14.75%, the supply increased by 42.44%, and the demand increased by 29.41%, and the revenue of enterprises increased by 20.42%. However, compared to China’s 13th Five-Year Plan national DBF development target, there is still a supply and demand gap of 16,560,549 tons. 2) under the optimized policy scenario premised on accomplishing the Chinese government’s DBF development goals, the price of DBF in China decreased by 6.9%, supply increased by 128.5%, and demand increased by 44.5%, while the price of raw biomass decreased by 7.84%, supply increased by 133.34%, demand increased by 45.71%, and corporate earnings rose by 112.1% but required the government to pay extremely high tax benefits and financial subsidies for this, which is not feasible in actual economic operation. Therefore, to support the sustainable development of the DBF industry, relevant departments should not only set the mandatory total target but also pursue production quality and market construction.

Urban green space (UGS) planning and design can not only influence economic development and the ecological environment but also have a significant impact on urban public health. Facing the increasingly serious public health crisis in megacities, promoting environmental justice in UGS, and improving the health and well-being of urban residents have become critical issues to be addressed in response to the global urban sustainable devel-opment goals (SDGs). Using data from a survey of 682 residents in the central district of Tianjin, we constructed a structural equation model based on theoretical analyses of spatial justice, social stratification, and Rawls' theory to reveal injustices in the accessibility of health benefits of UGS among residents of different socioeconomic status (SES) and explore the ways in which SES affects residents' health and well-being via UGS. The results indicate that: (1) Increasing the intensity of green space exposure can improve residents' health and well-being, but due to the urban green space premium effect, inequities exist among residents of different SES in enjoying the health benefits of UGS, thus deepening health inequality in megacities. (2) SES can influence residents' health and well-being through three paths: "green premium mechanism", "green exposure mechanism", and "green chain mechanism", and green space premium and green space exposure play a mediating role in the influence of SES on residents' health and well-being. (3) To promote environmental justice in UGS, provide urban human care, and guarantee public health equality, the UGS in China's megacities needs to be further explored in terms of UGS layout optimization, service quality improvement, and management system guarantee.

Green space, mainly forests, shrubs, and grasslands, provides essential ecosystem services for human well-being. Based on multi-source data and using the Maximum Entropy model and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, this research comprehensively assesses the supply and demand of recreational services from green space in Beijing. The supply of recreational services in Beijing is influenced by natural and human factors, showing large spatial variability. The supply level of mountainous areas with good natural geographical conditions and intact ecological landscape is significantly higher than that of plain areas with reduced vegetation and overexploitation. Residents have a high demand for recreational services in green space landscape and low demand in non-green space landscape. The quantitative balance pattern of supply and demand varies greatly, and most areas show the state of undersupply. The spatial matching pattern of supply and demand varies significantly too, and the mismatch is apparent. Spatial allocation should be more carefully considered than the aggregated supply and demand. Differentiated development strategies such as ecological reshaping, ecological development, restoration, and protection should be implemented for different areas in the future of planning and management in urban green areas. This will optimize and balance the supply-demand matching pattern for recreational services and promote the effective improvement of ecosystem service functions and residents' ecological welfare.

城市绿色空间作为公共产品,应打造普惠的民生福祉,以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要.基于社会分层、空间正义与环境公平理论,利用天津市1655份居民问卷数据,借助结构方程模型,揭示不同社会经济地位的群体在享受绿色空间惠益过程中的不公平现象,并剖析其形成机制.研究结果表明:不同社会经济地位群体在享受绿色空间惠益的过程中存在不公平现象,社会经济地位更高的群体能够获得更多的绿色惠益.在影响居民享受绿色惠益的各因素中,接触体验的影响效应最强,租金溢价次之,暴露水平最弱,绿色空间接触体验是居民获取绿色惠益的主要来源.社会经济地位通过"绿色溢价机制"、"绿色暴露机制"与"绿色感知机制"三大路径影响居民绿色惠益.因此,应从控制房产绿色租金溢价、提升居民绿色暴露水平以及优化居民绿色接触体验三方面改善超大城市绿色不公平现状,提升全民绿色惠益.

A large number of sand shrubs have been planted in western China, especially in Inner Mongolia. Sand shrubs produce a large amount of stump residue, and wood biomass power generation enterprises that use stump residue as raw materials have emerged in Wushen Banner and other areas. In this paper, the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is used to optimize the raw material supply chain of forest biomass power generation enterprises. Optimizations with different objectives represent the choices of different stakeholders. The optimization results are listed as follows. (1) The self-issuance behavior of enterprises is inconsistent with the enterprise behavior required by social planners; (2) When social planners only pay attention to environmental benefits, the utilization rate of raw materials in towns located far from a power plant will be greatly reduced, which is not conducive for the reuse of stump residue; (3) When social planners consider economic, environmental, and social benefits simultaneously, the utilization rate of raw materials in each town will be significantly improved, resources will be effectively utilized, and certain economic benefits will be realized; (4) It is possible to reduce the difficulty of achieving optimization goals by promoting industrial development and encouraging technological progress.