ATPase activity. Training significantly reduced systolic (-9.2 %; p<0.01), diastolic (-13.3 %; p<0.01), mean blood pressure (-11.3 %; p<0.001), resting heart rate (-14.5 %; p<0.001), plasma lactate levels (-44.8%; p<0.05) and a higher erythrocyte Na + ,K + -ATPase activity (41.5 %; p<0.05). It is suggested that the exercise-induced increase of erythrocyte Na + ,K + -ATPase activity may contribute to decreased blood

Merriman H, Brahler CJ, Dinan L, Finzer L. Gender Differences in Motivation to Resolve Eating and Body Image Concerns in College Students. JEPonline 2008;11(5):24-34. The objective of this study was to identify similarities and differences between college women and men with respect to their eating and body image concerns, weight fluctuation and level of motivation to resolve these concerns. 101 University of Dayton college students participated in this study. Students completed an eating and body concern survey online. Body image concerns were significantly greater for females compared to males (p=0.007) and significantly greater as motivation level to resolve the concerns increased (p=0.019). Eating concerns followed the same trends but did not reach statistical significance. Weight fluctuation in both genders increased significantly as motivation level increased (p=0.047). Important eating and body image concerns exist in college students with higher levels of concern being paired with higher levels of motivation to resolve them. Body image concerns are significantly different between genders whereas eating concerns are not.

Hutchison AT, Lewis DE, Bush JA, Strohacker K, Carpenter KC, McFarlin BK. Four weeks of acupuncture does not alter natural killer cell response to exercise. JEPonline 2008;11(5):42-50. Exercise may suppress natural killer cell activity (NKCA) for up to 24-h, creating an “open window” during which an individual may be more likely to get sick. Previous research has shown that acupuncture improves NKCA in animals and immuno-compromised humans. The purpose of the study was to determine whether 4-wks of acupuncture could prevent postexercise suppression of NKCA. Thirteen well-trained aerobic athletes were randomly assigned to either an acupuncture (ACU) or placebo (SHAM) group. All subjects completed two exercise sessions (60-min of cycling at 78% VO2peak): prior to and after 4-wks of ACU/SHAM. NK cell number (CD3/56) and activity (CD69 and CD107a) were quantified by flow cytometry before (PRE), immediately following (POST), and 2-h (2H) post exercise. Serum cortisol was determined by EIA. NK cell number, activity, and cortisol concentration were not altered by ACU. NK cell surface expression of CD107a was higher in the ACU group following 4-wks of acupuncture treatments (5.48 vs. 3.65 MFI, P = 0.022), however, this effect was abolished by exercise. In conclusion, ACU may alter selective aspects of resting NKCA; however, it does not appear to protect against the suppressive effects of strenuous aerobic exercise.

Lambert, GP, Lanspa, SJ, Welch R, Shi, X. Combined Effects of Glucose and Fructose on Fluid Absorption from Hypertonic Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions. JEPonline 2008;11(2):46-55. This study examined the effect of glucose and fructose, compared to glucose alone on water absorption from hypertonic carbohydrateelectrolyte solutions (CES) in the small intestine. Six solutions were perfused into the duodenojejunum and water flux was determined using the segmental perfusion technique. The solutions were: 1) 6% glucose, 2) 3% glucose + 3% fructose, 3) 8% glucose, 4) 4% glucose + 4% fructose, 5) 10% glucose, or 6) 5% glucose + 5% fructose. All solutions also contained 20 mEq sodium, 3 mEq potassium and flavoring/coloring to simulate commonly ingested CES. Water flux was related to osmolality (r = 0.79) and the 6% glucose, 3% glucose + 3% fructose, and 4% glucose + 4% fructose solutions promoted a greater (P < 0.05) water absorption rate than the 8% glucose, 10% glucose and 5% glucose + 5% fructose solutions. These results indicate increasing osmolality negatively affects fluid absorption, and this is attenuated in a moderately hypertonic 8% CES by using both fructose and glucose compared to glucose alone.

Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Homocysteine in Adults: A Meta -Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JEPonline 2008;11(5):12-23. The effects of exercise on homocysteine (Hc y), an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease, are controversial. The purpose of this study was to use the metaanalytic approach to examine the effects of exercise and physical activity on Hcy in adults. Studies were retrieved by searching computerized databases, cross-referencing, and review of our reference list by authors of eligible studies. Studies were included if they were randomized, controlled exercise and physical activity interventions > 4 weeks in adults > 18 years of age. Random and fixed-effects models were used to pool results and examine heterogeneity. Five studies representing six outcomes in 167 men and women (88 exercise, 79 control) were included. Overall, nonsignificant exercise minus control group reductions of approximately 8% were found for Hcy (mean, -0.8 µmol/L, 95% confidence interval, -1.9 to 0.4 µmol/L) with statistically significant heterogeneity observed (Q=32.0, p <0.001; I 2 =84.4%). When the only statistically significant outcome in overweight/obese adults (mean, -3.0, 95% CI, -3.9 to -2.1 µmol/L) was deleted from the model, no statistically significant heterogeneity was observed (Q=2.7, p=0.61; I 2 <0.0001%) and the pooled results remained non-significant (mean, -0.6, 95% CI, 1.4 to 0.3 µmol/L). Our results suggest that insufficient evidence currently exists to support the role of exercise in lowering Hcy in normal weight adults but that Hcy may be lowered in overweight/obese adults. However, additional research is needed on this topic before any definitive recommendations can be made.

Andreacci JL, Dixon CB, Dube JJ, McConnell TR. Validation of SenseWear Pro2 Armband to Assess Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Exercise in Children 7 – 10 Years of Age. JEPonline 2007;10(4) 35-42. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the accuracy of a newly developed, child-specific exercise algorithm for the assessment of energy expenditure (EE) using the SenseWear TM Pro2 armband (SWA) in children. Thirty-three children (16 females; 17 males) between 7 – 10 years of age participated in this study. All participants performed three 8-minute sub-maximal exercise bouts on a motorized treadmill (1.7 mph, 0% grade; 2.5 mph, 0% grade; and 3.4 mph, 0% grade) each separated by a 5-min seated rest period. EE was assessed using the SWA and compared to indirect calorimetry (IC), the criterion measure. The total EE estimates of the SWA were not significantly different from IC. The results demonstrate that the SWA, when equipped with the child-specific exercise algorithms, accurately estimates EE during intermittent sub-maximal treadmill exercise in children.

Lambert CP, Bopp MM, Johnson LE, Sullivan DH. Resistance Training and Testosterone Replacement Induced Changes in Body Composition, Free Testosterone, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 in the Frail Elderly. JEPonline 2007;10(1):48-56. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of two resistance exercise intensities and testosterone replacement on changes in circulating hormone/growth factor concentrations and their relationship to body composition changes in frail elderly individuals. This study design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial with Drug (100 mg/wk of testosterone; T or no-testosterone), Resistance Exercise (Low Intensity and High-Intensity) and Time (Pre and Post Intervention). The duration of the interventions was 12 weeks. Subjects for this investigation were sixty-one men with a mean age of 77.8+6.1, a total testosterone concentration of <480 ng/dL, and who were in the recuperative phase of a recent illness. Serum was analyzed for insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and total testosterone. Leg strength and mid-thigh cross-sectional muscle area were also measured preand post-intervention. As expected, total testosterone and free testosterone were significantly elevated by testosterone administration (each p<0.001). There were trends for a reduction in IGFBP-3 (p=0.175) and an increase in IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio (p=0.094) by testosterone administration. There was a significant time effect with regard to IGF-I with the mean of the four groups increasing over time (p=0.013). Significant correlations were observed between the post-intervention Resistance Training in the Frail Elderly 49 total (r=0.385; p=0.002) and free (r=0.315;p=0.013) testosterone concentrations and the % change in mid-thigh cross-sectional muscle area. The Post-intervention IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio correlated significantly with % change in mid-thigh cross-sectional muscle area (r=0.269 p=0.036) and the % change in fat free mass (r=0.261; p=0.05). These data would suggest that elevations in the total and free testosterone as well as in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio after testosterone administration may be indicators of changes in muscle mass with testosterone administration in older hypogonadal men recovering from a recent illness.

Brown DB, Mackenzie JE, Dennis KK, Cullen RW. Comparison of Body Composition Techniques to Determine Body Fat in High School Wrestlers. JEPonline 2006;9(3):24-32. Rapid weight loss has been a dangerous behavior associated with the sport of wrestling. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of five body composition assessment techniques at determining body fat percentages in high school wrestlers. Eighteen male wrestlers (mean ± SD) [age: 16.2 ± 1.4 years; height: 171.9 ± 6.3 cm; mass: 74.1 ± 20.3 kg, % body fat 14.0 ± 6.7 %] participated in the study. All testing was completed during a single session with the wrestlers reporting to the laboratory having fasted and restricted fluid intake for four hours prior to testing. Height and weight were obtained followed by five different body composition assessment techniques: Underwater Weighing (UWW), Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP), Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA), 3 site skinfold (3SK) and 6 site skinfold (6SK) analysis. No significant differences existed between the five testing methods (p = 0.297). Pearson correlations ranged from 0.989 to 0.805 (p ≤ 0.05) between UWW, ADP, 3SK and 6SK analyses. These data suggest that % BF may be successfully estimated in high school wrestlers by using ADP, UWW, 3SK and 6SK analyses providing that the same testing procedure is used on the same athlete throughout the season.

Broderick TL, Nadeau A. Plasma free and esterified carnitine levels in the streptozotocin rat after a single bout of exercise. JEPonline 2006;9(3):17-23. Clinical diabetes is associated with disturbances in carnitine metabolism during exercise. In type 1 diabetic patients, the typical reduction in plasma free carnitine (FC) is absent during an acute session of exercise. To establish an experimental model of study, male Wistar rats were divided into a control (n=8) and a diabetic (n=8) group. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. One week following the induction of diabetes, exercise was performed on a treadmill at 22 m/min for 60 min at an incline of 8°. Arterial blood was collected at rest and immediately following exercise in previously cannulated rats. In control rats, compared to rest, FC levels decreased significantly after 60 min of exercise. In diabetic rats, on the other hand, the decrease in FC levels was not observed after exercise. Plasma esterified carnitine levels increased in both groups postexercise, but this increase was non significant from resting levels. Our results indicate that the plasma FC response at the end of acute exercise in the STZ-model of diabetes is consistent with the observations in type 1 diabetic patients. This model may thus be suited to examine the disturbances in carnitine metabolism during exercise typically reported in diabetic patients.

Lund RJ, Dolny DG, Browder KD. Strength-power relationships during two lower extremity movements in female Division I rowers. JEPonline 2006;9(3):41-52. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of strength in the ability to express power during concentric

RJ, Dolny DG, Browder KD. Strength-power relationships two lower extremity movements in female Division I rowers. line 2006;9(3):41-52. The purpose of this study was to examine e of strength in the ability to express power during concentricCO) and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) leg press movements in p of similarly strength-trained members of a Division I female team, and to observe the effect of load on the relationship en strength and power. Subjects (n=30) performed oneion maximum (1RM) tests on the Omnikinetic (Omk) ometer as well as two series (CO vs. SSC) of explosive leg s with loads ranging from 30-80% 1RM. Moderate to strong nships were observed between 1RM and peak power (PP) (r = – 0.718) for both CO and SSC except for 80% CO and 70-80% There were few significant correlations between 1RM and power during the initial 200 ms of the concentric phase (P50-200). nally, subjects were placed into high-RM (n=13, 1RM>187 kg) w-RM (n=17, 1RM<187 kg) groups and compared. The high-RM had significantly greater PP at all loads for both CO and SSC 5). There were no significant differences at P50 for both CO and Stronger subjects had significantly greater P100 at 30–50% CO 40% SSC, greater P150 at 30–50% CO and at 40% SSC as well ater P200 at 30-50% CO and at 50-60% SSC. It appears that th plays a significant role in PP during both CO and SSC leg movements in similarly trained female Division I rowers and the of strength diminishes at the greatest loads. ords: Force, Concentric-Only, Stretch-Shortening Cycle Strength-Power Relationships 42