Pramkratok W, Yimlamai T. Effects of Acute Hypoxia on PsychoPhysiological Response and Muscle Oxygenation during Incremental Running Exercise. JEPonline 2021;24(3):44-54. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute hypoxia exposure on physiological and perceptual responses, and muscle oxygenation during maximal incremental running exercise. Seven male elite rugby sevens players volunteered to participate in this study. In a randomized crossover design, the subjects completed two incremental running exercise tests either under normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%) or after a 3-hr exposure to hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.5%). During both exercise conditions, pulmonary gas exchange was measured using a portable Metamax3B, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) using Borg's (6-20) scale, and muscle oxygenation at the quadriceps using a portable near-infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that VO2peak, VEpeak, HRpeak, vVO2peak, and time to exhaustion were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the tissue oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin were significantly higher (P<0.05) in acute hypoxia than in normoxia. There was no significant difference in RPE scale during maximal exercise between the conditions (P>0.05). In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between RPE and time to exhaustion (r = 0.930) only in normoxia but not in hypoxia, with no correlations observed in other variables in both conditions (P<0.05). The present finding suggests that despite hypoxia-induced higher physiological and metabolic stress during maximal exercise, perceptual response did not differ between the conditions. These findings suggest that RPE scales may be used as a viable method for monitoring and prescribing exercise intensity during exercise, independent of hypoxia.

Starkoff BE, Lenz EK, Mattern CO, Too D, Byrne HK. Protein Supplementation Does Not Enhance Recovery from ExerciseInduced Muscle Damage. JEPonline 2020;23(1):99-112. This study determined whether the ingestion of a supplement containing carbohydrate and protein (CHO-PRO) improved recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) compared to an isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) only control supplement, while controlling for diet. Twenty resistance-trained males (22.1 ± 3.9 yr, 176.0 ± 6.9 cm, 84.2 ± 17.6 kg) participated in a 10-day, doubleblind, randomized trial. The subjects consumed a provided diet (61.0 ± 1.3% CHO, 26.3 ± 1.4% fat, 14.7 ± 0.8% protein) and daily supplement of 60 gm CHO or 40 g CHO + 20 gm protein for 8 days. On the 7th day, subjects completed an EIMD protocol. Creatine kinase and myoglobin were assessed prior to EIMD and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hrs post exercise. Muscle soreness and lower body muscle force production were measured pre-EIMD and at 24, 48, and 72 hrs post-EIMD. Creatine kinase levels (U/L) were elevated at 12 (227.1 ± 18.5), 24 (216.1 ± 17), 48 (189.6 ± 18.3), and 72 (168.1 ± 18) hrs post-EIMD compared to baseline (121.4 ± 15.2). Myoglobin levels were elevated 12 hrs post-EIMD (60.4 ± 56.6 ng∙mL) compared to baseline (8.8 ± 6.3 ng∙mL). No significant differences in creatine kinase or myoglobin between CHO and CHO-PRO groups were found. Muscle soreness was increased at all time points post-EIMD, yet there were no significant differences between conditions. There were also no significant differences in lower body muscle performance between groups. Results indicate that CHO-PRO supplementation does not reduce muscle damage or soreness following EIMD compared to CHO supplementation.

Hong SK, Lee DG, Lee GC. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Compliance in Patients with Essential Hypertension, JEPonline 2018;21(5):9-18. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure and arterial compliance in patients with essential hypertension; and (b) to suggest a regimen of aerobic exercise to prevent cardiac risk factors in patients with essential hypertension. There were 14 patients in this study. Seven patients were in the Experimental Group (Medication and Exercise) and 7 patients in the Control Group (Medication). All subjects had hypertension with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 to 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg. Each subject performed 12 wks of aerobic exercise, 4 sessions·wk, 1 hr·session. After 12 wks of aerobic exercise, there was a significant difference in SBP between the two groups (P<0.01). In both groups, SBP and DBP decreased, but it was not significant in the Control Group (Medication). The decrease in the Experimental Group (Medication and Exercise) was statistically significant (P<0.001). After 12 wks of aerobic exercise, there was a statistically significant difference in pulse wave velocity (PWV) between both Groups (P<0.01). The Experimental Group (Medication and Exercise) showed a significant increase after exercise (P<0.05), while the Control Group (Medication) showed no statistically significant difference. Thus, the 12-wk aerobic exercise program in patients with essential hypertension resulted in an increase in arterial compliance and a decrease in blood pressure and body weight.

Silva GF, Almeida AR, Rodrigues SA, Szmuchrowski LA, Silva RAD, Drummond MDM. The Acute Effect of a SportSpecific Stretching Routine on the Performance of Vertical Jumps in Rhythmic Gymnasts. JEPonline 2018;21(2):30-39. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a specific flexibility training session on the height of a countermovement jump (CMJ) in Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) Athletes. The subjects in this study were 13 female athletes with a mean age of 14.5 ± 2.43 yrs. After familiarization with the CMJ, the subjects performed the two evaluation sessions with a 48-hr interval between the two sessions. The athletes performed the CMJ tests without and with a predetermined stretch routine, which had pre-defined parameters specific to the modality. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the height of the vertical jumps in the second session, compared to the first session (P=0.0001). Therefore, the modality-specific stretching protocol that was used generated an acute negative effect on the athletes’ CMJ performance.

Editor-in-Chief Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA Review Board Todd Astorino, PhD Julien Baker, PhD Steve Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Eric Goulet, PhD Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, PhD M. Knight-Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD James Laskin, PhD Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Chantal Vella, PhD Dale Wagner, PhD Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD

Editor-in-Chief Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA Review Board Todd Astorino, PhD Julien Baker, PhD Steve Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Eric Goulet, PhD Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, PhD M. Knight-Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD James Laskin, PhD Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Chantal Vella, PhD Dale Wagner, PhD Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD

Lamego MK, Monteiro W, Lima T, Moura AMS, Soares PPS. Effect of Concurrent Training Execution on Cardiorespiratory Responses During and After Exercise. JEPonline 2018;21(1):62-75. The purpose of this study was to determine, by means of isocaloric series of aerobic exercise, the influence of different concurrent training (CT) sequences exercises on cardiorespiratory responses during and after training sessions. Ten men (age, 27.8 ± 5.80 yrs) performed 2 CT sessions, aerobic exercise + resistance exercise (AE + RE) and resistance exercise + aerobic exercise (RE + AE) in counterbalanced order. Each subject underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test using a treadmill and a 12 maximum repetitions test (12 RM). The AE was set at the speed corresponding to 70% VO2 reserve (VO2R) at an incline of 1%. RE was prescribed at 80% to 12 repetitions maximum (RM). Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures after sessions showed no intergroup difference for excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) (P=0.64), systolic

López-Flores M, Luque-Nieto R, Moreira OC, Suarez-Iglesias D, Villa-Vicente JG. Effects of Melatonin on Sports Performance: A Systematic Review. JEPonline 2018;21(5):121-138. Melatonin has been examined in relatively few studies, especially in regards to its use in the sports field. There is still controversy as to how it affects the body in relation with physical activity. The purpose of this paper was to identify the effects of melatonin on the sports performance and sleep via a systematic review of articles from year 2000 to 2018 using the PubMed database. Eighteen articles were identified and evaluate for this study. The results show no improvement in athletic performance when melatonin is exogenously ingested up to 1 hr before physical activity is performed. Also, it is possible that a dose of 10 mg of melatonin ingested 30 min before sleep can improve short physical performance and sleep quality. It seems that the bigger the concentrations of melatonin at the time of physical activity, the worse the sports performance due primarily to the effect of sleepiness and sympathetic deprivation.

Editor-in-Chief Tommy Boone, PhD, MBA Review Board Todd Astorino, PhD Julien Baker, PhD Steve Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Eric Goulet, PhD Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, PhD M. Knight-Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD James Laskin, PhD Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Chantal Vella, PhD Dale Wagner, PhD Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD

Stephenson S, Bolyard C, Stover S. Effects of Increased Caloric Intake on Resting Metabolic Rate and Respiratory Quotient during a Ketogenic Diet: A Six-Month Case Study. JEPonline 2018;21(5):6472. A ketogenic diet is characterized by high fat content and very low carbohydrate content. It is associated with favorable anthropometric and cardiovascular outcomes. A CrossFit-trained male was on a high protein ketogenic diet for six months. Midway through the study, he increased his daily energy intake by 1000 kcal. Anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolic impacts were determined before and after the caloric increase. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, and respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as the ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption. Prior to the caloric increase, the subject exhibited an elevation in RMR and a dramatic decline in RQ, indicating increased utilization of fat as metabolic fuel. Following the caloric increase, compensatory adjustments for elevated body weight led to fluctuations in RMR and a significant increase in RQ, which indicate a shift to carbohydrate utilization.

Elyza E. Montano, Jamie M. Keith, Christina A. Buchanan, Lance C. Dalleck. Do Younger and Older Adults Experience Similar Adaptations to Individualized Exercise Training? JEPonline 2018;21 (6):41-59. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to identify whether or not younger individuals experience greater training adaptations when compared to their older counterparts in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, body composition, and flexibility; and (b) to identify whether or not younger individuals have more pronounced improvements in their cardiometabolic risk factor profile faster with individualized exercise training than older counterparts. Physically inactive men and women between the ages of 18 to 35 (n=10) and 50 to 70 (n=8) participated in an 8-wk exercise program separated into two phases: Phase 1 (weeks 1-4) at HR < VT1 and Phase 2 (weeks 5-8) at HR ≥ VT1 < VT2. There were significant differences in all fitness measures (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, body composition, and flexibility) from baseline to post-program in the younger group (P<0.05). Similarly, there were significant differences found for all fitness measures except leg press 5-RM and sit-and-reach from baseline to postprogram in the older group (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant reduction from baseline to post-program systolic blood pressure (P<0.05) in the older group alone. Cardiometabolic risk factor profiles generally improved in both age groups, although were not significant. The findings indicate that the older individuals were able to improve their fitness levels to the same relative extent as younger individuals with an individualized exercise prescription.

Petrizzo J, Dimenna FJ, Douris PC, Jung M, Feigenbaum J, Page R, Machaby J, Wygand J, Otto RM. A Feasibility Study Investigating the Sustainability and Safety of a Non-Periodized Protocol with Linear Load Progression during the Initial 12 Weeks of Strength Training. JEPonline 2018;21(5):84-96. This study determined the sustainability and safety of a linearlyprogressive, non-periodized resistance training protocol for beginners by having the subjects attempt to complete 12 wks of training comprising the squat exercise. Fifty-eight subjects with no previous history of resistance training participated in this study. The main finding from this feasibility study was that 60% of the subjects were able to linearly progress their load on the squat during each session of a 12-wk intervention. Our findings show that it is feasible for a majority of young strength-training novices to complete 12 wks of non-periodized resistance training involving the squat exercise performed with a load that is linearly progressed during every workout session.

Langer MD, Byrne HK, Henry T, Lewis G, Mattern C. The Effect of Low Intensity Wearable Ultrasound on Blood Lactate and Muscle Performance after High Intensity Resistance Exercise. JEPonline 2017;20(4):132-146. The purpose of this study was to determine if a low intensity wearable ultrasound (LIWU) device enhances recovery from exercise by reducing blood lactate resulting in improved isokinetic muscle performance after lower extremity resistance exercise. The impact of LIWU on exercise recovery and performance were explored through, a double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover design. Sixteen subjects completed 1-repitition maximum (1-RM) estimation for five lower-body resistance exercises. The subjects performed identical exercise sessions wearing either an active LIWU or a sham device applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings at rest and during exercise. Blood lactate concentration was measured before circuit weight training at 70% of the 1-RM and during the 60min recovery. After recovery, the subjects performed leg extension and flexion exercises on an isokinetic dynamometer at two movement speeds. At each post-exercise time point, the lactate concentration was significantly reduced in the active treatment compared to the sham treatment. There were also significant differences between the active and sham conditions on muscle performance. These data suggest the LIWU device is an effective modality for reducing post-exercise blood lactate and improving slow speed knee extension.

Drake N, Smeed J, Carper MJ, Crawford DA. Effects of ShortTerm CrossFit Training: A Magnitude-Based Approach. JEPonline 2017;20(2):111-133. The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude and direction of the effects of short-term CrossFit (CF) participation on measures of health and fitness. Six male participants completed 4 wks of CF training with outcomes assessed preand post-intervention. Statistical methods consisted of both traditional significance testing and evaluation of magnitude-based inferences. Beneficial effects are noted for the majority of the health and fitness parameters assessed. However, with negative perturbations in inflammatory status and mood states performance, these subjects may have reached a state of functional overreaching. With training intensity not monitored, continuous participation in CF may result in an overtrained individual. Moving forward, research on CF must investigate the utility of improved CF performance outside the gym and integrating appropriate monitoring strategies to improve participant recovery and adaptation while maintaining the integrity of the original programming philosophies.

Ornelas F, Nakamura FY, Dos-Santos JW, Batista DR, Meneghel V, Nogueira WJ, Brigatto FA, Germano MD, Sindorf MAG, Moreno MA, Lopes CR, Braz TV. Daily Monitoring of the Internal Training Load by the Heart Rate Variability: A Case Study. JEPonline 2017;20(1):151-163. The objective of this study was to present a descriptive case study with daily monitoring of the internal training load (ITL) according to the heart rate variability (HRV) in an amateur road running athlete. The subject was male (24 yrs old, 67.8 kg, 168 cm, %fat = 13%, 7 yrs of training, 3 times·wk in the last 6 months, 6 to 7 hrs·wk) with no history of recent muscle, joint, or bone injury (<6 months). The proposed training was of 12 sessions during 3 wks. The maximum aerobic speed (MAS), threshold HRV (ThHRV), and 1 maximum repetition (1RM) at the pre and post training moments were evaluated. The daily HRV monitoring was carried out according to the natural logarithm of the root mean square differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (lnRMSSD), mean of the weekly lnRMSSD (lnRMSSDweekly), coefficient of variation of the weekly lnRMSSD (lnRMSSDcv), and division of the lnRMSSD by the R-R interval (lnRMSSD:RR). Improvements in MAS (11.5%), ThHRV (15.0%) and lnRMSSD (45.8%) were verified after 3 wks, and also in the 1RM for the brench press (5.0%), squatting (14.5%), knee

Oliveira-Silva I, Nunes FNX, Barros EB, Diniz EBD, Sales MM, Rabelo MM, Sotero RC, Fontoura HS, Tolentino GP. Autonomic Response on Different Micro-Cycles of Training in Young Healthy Swimmers. JEPonline 2017;20(1):140-150. The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic response on different micro-cycles of training in healthy swimmers, and their relationship with physical fitness indicators. Seven swimmers with national indices underwent three training micro-cycles during the winter. Five minutes of HRV was recorded before the first daily training session. An ANOVA was applied to observe the differences between micro-cycles, and the correlation between fitness and HRV was tested. The aerobic power micro-cycle presented indicators of increased sympathetic activity compared to other micro-cycles. An absolute increase in vagal activity was observed in lactic anaerobic cycle, while the alactic anaerobic cycle showed a decrease in vagal activity compared to lactic. As to physical fitness indicators, body fat and VO2 max impacted positively on sympathetic-vagal control. The intensity of swimming training micro-cycles autonomic control is minimally noticeable after a recovery period with an apparent relationship between aerobic power training and sympathetic activity. The vagal activity is more evident during lactic anaerobic training. The results confirm that the physical fitness indicators impact the sympatheticvagal control, especially the sympathetic activity.

Pizzi J, Furtado-Alle L, Schiavoni D, Lopes WA, Silva LR, Bono GF, Souza RLR, Leite N. Reduction in Butyrylcholinesterase Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Adolescents after 12Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training. JEPonline 2017;20(3): 110-121. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 wks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. The subjects were 54 obese adolescents, divided into two groups: the high-intensity interval training group (HIITG, n = 20) and the control group (CG, n = 34). The HIIT resulted in a significant decrease in BMI z-score, WC, TC, LDL-C, and BChE activity (P<0.05). The CG showed a significant increase in BChE (P = 0.05) with no change in BMI, BMI z-score, CC, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. The decrease in BChE activity with HIIT training was accompanied by the decrease in biochemical markers, thus indicating that the BChE activity can be used as a secondary marker for cardiovascular risk factors that are associated with child and adolescent obesity.

Petry L, Laubach LL, Hovey PW, Rogers NL, Towne B, Chumlaa CW. Development And Validation Of An Anthropometrically Based Prediction Equation For Estimating The Percent Body Fat Of Post­ Menopausal Black Females. JEPonline 2005;8(4):20-28. Anthropometric equations developed specifically for the estimation of body composition parameters in Black females are limited. Data from the Lifespan Health Research Center were used to develop a new, easy to use equation to estimate the percent body fat of post-menopausal Black females using simple and easy to collect anthropometrics. The body composition of 72 post-menopausal Black females was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Validation (N=55) and cross-validation groups (N= 17) were randomly assigned. Prediction models were developed using stepwise multiple regression analyses with percent body fat as the dependent variable and various anthropometrics as the independent variables. The chosen prediction equation uses hip circumference, wrist breadth, bicep skinfold, and weight as predictors of percent body fat. The suggested prediction equation is: %BF= -214.28 + 58.58*1n (hip Circ)- 23.47*1n (wrist BB)+ 7.24*1n (bicep SKF)-0.00108*weight2 and has a model R 2 =0.82 and a SEE=1.0%.

Gómez-Campos R, Urra-Albornoz C, Andruske CL, Almonacid-Fierro A, Pacheco-Carrillo J, Cossio-Bolaños M. Equations to Predict Body Fat Percentage in Young Chilean Soccer Players. JEPonline 2017;20(4):96-107. The purpose of this study was to develop equations to predict body fat percentage in young Chilean soccer players. Ninetyfour footballers 13.0 to 17.9 yrs of age were studied. The anthropometric variables that were recorded included weight, height, sitting height, and five skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular, iliac crest, and abdominal). The reference method used was the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Biological maturity was estimated by age peak height velocity (APHV). Three body fat percentage equations were generated for young soccer players: (a) 7.86 + (0.51*TR) + (0.165*SB) + (0.56*I) (1.33*APHV); (b) 8.834 + (0.47*TR) + (0.017*SB) + (0.29*I) + (0.27*AB)(1.21*APHV); and (c) 8.677 (0.008*BI) + (0.502*TR) + (0.051*SB) + (0.24*I) + (0.28*AB) (1.29*APHV). All three equations displayed similar results when compared with the reference method (P>0.001). The

Simpson, AE, Helm, KD, Saez, GM, Smith, JR. Anaerobic Paramenters of Division I Collegiate Male and Female Tennis Players. JEPonline 2017;20(1):177-187. The purpose of the study was: (a) to determine the anaerobic capacity (AC), anaerobic power (AP), fatigue indices (FI), total work (TW), and blood lactate (BLa) concentration of Division I collegiate male and female tennis players; and (b) to establish Wingate anaerobic testing data on collegiate tennis players via an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Fifteen National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I tennis players (7 males and 8 females) performed a 30-sec WAnT on an electronically braked cycle ergometer at a torque resistance of 8.5% of their body weight (kg). Velotron RacerMate software computed AC, AP, FI, and TW. BLa was assessed with a Lactate Plus Blood Lactate Meter. Male and female AP values were 16.27 W·kg (± 1.16) and 14.82 W·kg (± 0.84), respectively; AC values were 11.17 W·kg (± 1.02) and 9.34 W·kg (± 4.2), respectively. The FI values were 44.03% (± 13.28) and 43.92% (± 12.49), respectively. The TW values were 24,351 J (± 2,615) and 17,463 J (± 1,412), respectively, and the BLa values were 12.33 mmol·L (± 3.14) and 11.50 mmol·L (± 2.88), respectively. Although the results of the present study are similar to the anaerobic parameters reported in other studies of athletes, it is best to use caution when attempting to objectively compare the results of the present study with other Wingate norms.