In the present study, we investigated how soybean yield is enhanced upon editing of the gene GmJAG1 and the consequent influence on the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbiome. Field trials revealed that gene-edited (GE) soybeans had a 55.22% increase in yield without concomitant changes in root length. Metagenomic sequencing of the rhizosphere soil microbiome showed that, compared with the corresponding non-edited line (CK), the alpha diversity of the GE groups remained unaltered, whereas beta diversity differed significantly at the soybean reproductive (R2) stage. Notably, the rhizosphere microbiome of GE soybeans at the R2 stage exhibited enrichment of functional pathways related to transport, amino acid biosynthesis, and central metabolism. These findings suggest that GmJAG1 editing may shape the functional profile of the rhizosphere microbiome, which could potentially contribute to yield gains. This work offers a novel microbiological perspective for understanding the mechanisms by which yield may be improved in GE crops.

A key safety concern for gene-edited (GE) crops is whether unintended molecular changes resulting from off-target genomic editing impact non-target organisms. Here, we combined proteomic and metabolomic profiling with insect bioassays to assess the effects of two GE wheat lines (MLO-edited, TaALS-edited) on the aphid Schizaphis graminum, benchmarking the two lines against their parental lines and five conventional wheat varieties. Our results show that the molecular alterations induced by gene editing were minimal and fell within the spectrum of natural variation. Among 11,748 identified proteins, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in GE/parental comparisons (104–132) were significantly fewer than those found among conventional varieties (243–469). Similarly, among 3,044 detected metabolites, the differential metabolites (DMs) in GE lines (153–332) were comparable to or lower than the variation observed in conventional lines (390–863). Notably, all DEPs unique to GE wheat were also present in conventional varieties. Consistent with these molecular findings, aphid bioassays revealed no significant differences in key life-history traits—including survival, lifespan, and fecundity—between insects reared on GE wheat and those on parental controls (all P > 0.05). We conclude that the unintended omic changes in GE wheat neither exceed natural variation nor have a detectable impact on aphid fitness. This integrated approach offers a powerful paradigm for environmental risk assessment of future GE crops.

“Rundao118” is a glyphosate-resistant rice; it contains both endogenous wild and mutated 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) genes. Conventional qualitative and quantitative detection methods face significant challenges for direct analysis. Here, we describe five detection methods for identifying EPSPS mutations in this rice line: (1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification-based Sanger sequencing, (2) next-generation sequencing (NGS) based on PCR amplification, (3) allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), (4) real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR), and (5) blocker displacement amplification (BDA). All five methods effectively identified EPSPS mutations, with the following detection sensitivities: Sanger, 10%; NGS, 1%; AS-PCR, 0.05%; qPCR, 0.01%; and BDA, 0.1%. Among these, the Sanger, NGS, and BDA methods excelled at the rapid identification of single-nucleotide mutations, making them suitable for precise mutation site characterization and identification. In contrast, the AS-PCR and qPCR methods were more appropriate for large-scale rapid screening of known mutation sites. The detection systems established in this study provide a comprehensive technical solution for rapid identification of EPSPS mutations in glyphosate-resistant rice. These methods not only enable accurate determination of mutation sequences but also effectively trace mutation origins, offering crucial technical support for both safety regulations and intellectual property protection.

The application of insect-resistant cotton has yielded substantial benefits for both agriculture and the environment. Genetically modified insect-resistant cotton conversion MON531 represents one of the earliest instances of genetically modified cotton cultivated in China. The full-length insertion sequence of MON531 was elucidated through third-generation sequencing, revealing a total length of MON531 was 11,166 bp, which primarily comprises a complete cry1Ac gene reading frame alongside an incomplete counterpart. Notably, the incomplete cry1Ac gene reading frame and the complete one establish a head-to-head reverse repeat structure at the 3 ' end of the full insertion sequence in MON531, with the repeat sequence measuring 1432 bp. The complete cry1Ac gene spans 3537 bp and encodes 1178 amino acids. Transcriptomic sequencing results indicated that only the nptII gene and the complete cry1Ac gene were transcribed. Methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme qPCR (MSREqPCR) and Bisulfite Sequencing (BS-seq) demonstrated elevated high levels of cytosine methylation within the 3 ' terminal sequence of the cry1Ac gene and its terminus. Furthermore, siRNAs were found to be highly enriched in the 3 ' terminal region of the cry1Ac gene, as determined by siRNA sequencing. The concurrent presence of DNA methylation and siRNA suggests that siRNA may facilitate DNA methylation in the reverse repeat region of the cry1Ac gene via the RdDM pathway.

The structure and expression of exogenous genes in transgenic crops are critical for the target traits. R7569 has the same exogenous insertion structure as the transgenic insect-resistant cotton MON531 but with a deletion in the 3′ end of the cry1Ac gene and the terminator region. Thus, in the present study, transcription, expression, and insecticidal activity assays were conducted to determine the function of the truncated cry1Ac gene. R7569 has a truncated cry1Ac gene with a length of 2554 bp encoding 881 amino acids, and the transcription termination site was mainly concentrated downstream of the truncated position and extended 160–270 bp from the truncated position using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The transcript levels of the cry1Ac gene in R7569 were significantly higher than those of MON531 implants, except for during the boll stage. The content of the Cry1Ac protein in R7569 was higher than that of MON531 in the cotton leaf in all three periods. The corrected mortality rates of R7569 and MON531 against bollworms were 93.09% and 88.83%, respectively. The LC50 value of R7569 was 0.732 ng/g (dw), indicating a high level of resistance to bollworm. In this study, for the first time, we found a partial deletion of the target gene in commercially applied transgenic crops, and the partial deletion of the 3′ end of the cry1Ac gene retained a better transcription, expression level, and insecticidal activity, which can provide a specific case for the safety evaluation of transgenic crops.

Genetically modified maize (Zea mays L.) MON810 was approved for importation into China for feed use in 2004; however, the localization data concerning exogenous insertion sequences, which confer insect resistance, have been questionable. MON810 maize plants discovered in northeastern China were used to analyze the molecular characteristics of the exogenous insertion. Using PacBio-HiFi sequencing and PCR assays, we found the insertion was located in chromosome 8, and there was a CaMV35S promoter, hsp70 intron, and insecticide gene cry1Ab, except for genome sequence insertion in the MON810 event. Importantly, the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences were located in the region of 55869747–55879326 and 68416240–68419152 on chromosome 5, respectively. The results of this study correct previous results on the genomic localization of the insertion structure for the MON810 event. We also found a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the hsp70 intron, which is most likely the first SNP found in a transgenic insertion sequence. PCR amplification in conjunction with Sanger sequencing, allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), and blocker displacement amplification (BDA) assays were all effective at detecting the base variance. The integrated strategy used in this study can serve as a model for other cases when facing similar challenges involving partially characterized genetic modification events or SNPs.

The structure and expression of exogenous genes in transgenic crops are critical for the target traits. R7569 was a mutant event identified in this study with deletion at the 3' end of cry1Ac gene compared to the transgenic insect-resistant cotton MON531 event with commercial application. R7569 has the same exogenous insertion structure as MON531, but with a deletion in the 3' end of the cry1Ac gene and the terminator region. R7569 has a truncated cry1Ac gene with the length of 2,554 bp, encoding 881 amino acids. The transcription termination site was mainly concentrated downstream of the truncated position and extended 160-270 bp from the truncated position using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The transcript levels of cry1Ac genes of R7569 and MON531 decreased gradually at seedling, bud and bell stages, and the transcript levels of cry1Ac genes of R7569 were significantly higher than those of MON531 in seedling and bud stages, but there was no significant difference in the boll stage. The content of Cry1Ac protein in R7569 gradually decreased with the seedling, bud and boll stage, and the content of Cry1Ac protein in all three periods was higher than that of MON531. The insect resistance assay showed that the resistance levels of R7569 and MON531 were both at the high level, and the corrected mortality rate against bollworms was 99.5% and 95.2%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them. The LC50 value of R7569 was 0.732ng/g dw, with a slope of 1.654 indicating a high level of resistance to bollworm. In this study, for the first time, we found a partial deletion of the target gene in commercially applied transgenic crops, and the partial deletion of the 3' end of the cry1Ac gene retained a better transcription, expression level and insecticidal activity, which can provide a specific case for the safety evaluation of transgenic crops.

[目的]探索获得高质量、高纯度的甜玉米籽粒总RNA的提取方法.[方法]以授粉后20 d的超甜玉米系SY01籽粒为试验材料,比较了RNAiso法、Trizol法、CTAB法3种方法对甜玉米籽粒总RNA的提取效果,用琼脂糖凝聚电泳、Nanodrop2000、Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer检测了提取的RNA的完整性、纯度和浓度.[结果]RNAiso法提取的总RNA样品,OD260/280值为2.09,浓度为1250 ng/μL,RIN值为8.6,条带清晰完整,获得率高,质量好.[结论]RNAiso法适合玉米籽粒总RNA的大量提取,总RNA产物可直接用于MicroRNA和转录组测序等试验.

为明确糯玉米高产种植密度和鲜穗适宜采收期,兼顾产量和商业品质,推动辽宁省糯玉米产业发展,进一步完善糯玉米增产增效栽培技术体系.研究以辽糯5号为试材,在D1:3.75×104株/hm2、D2:4.50×104株/hm2、D3:5.25×104株/hm2、D4:6.00×104株/hm2和D5:6.75×104株/hm2密度处理下,测定了产量、穗部经济性状指标,并在授粉后18 d(H1)、20 d(H2)、22 d(H3)、24 d(H4)、26 d(H5)、28 d(H6)和30 d(H7)取样测定了果穗品质指标,结果表明,D4密度处理下玉米产量较高,密度对穗部经济性状的影响程度为粒重>穗长>穗粒数>穗粗.在D4密度下,随采收期推迟,果穗皮渣率、粗淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量均呈不同程度上升趋势,在H1～H3时期采收,支链淀粉占粗淀粉比例较高(97.4％～97.8％),其中,H3时期采收,粗淀粉、支链淀粉含量与产量均呈显著正相关关系(R=0.99?).品尝性鉴定表明,H3～H4时期采收,果穗感官品质和蒸煮品质总评分较高.综上,在沈阳区域,辽糯5号种植密度为6.00×104株/hm2、采收期在授粉后22～24 d时,且授粉后有效积温在577.3～623.8℃之间时,可实现产量与品质协同提高.

苍耳Xanthium sibiricum和藜Chenopodium ablum是我国北方及黄淮海玉米产区主要杂草,其发生和生长会严重影响玉米产量。为明确我国北方及黄淮海玉米主产区的藜和苍耳对草铵膦的敏感性水平,本试验采用整株生物测定法检测苍耳和藜种群对草铵膦的敏感性,以期为转基因抗草铵膦玉米田杂草防控提供数据支持。结果显示,6个苍耳种群对GR50有效剂量为37.54～111.93 g a.i./ha,平均值为64.25 g a.i./ha,表明苍耳对草铵膦敏感。29个藜种群的GR50有效剂量为24.55～106.75 g a.i./ha,平均值为60.43 g a.i./ha,GR50值均低于405ga.i./ha（田间推荐高剂量的1/2X剂量）,表明藜对草铵膦也很敏感。采自北方玉米产区的藜对草铵膦的GR50均值为66.93 g a.i./ha,高于采自黄淮海玉米产区的53.47 g a.i./ha。

玉米新品种辽单1811是由辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所以自选系辽96303为母本,自交系辽96304为父本,选育而成.该品种具有高产、稳产、抗逆性强等特点.适宜在辽宁及其同类生态区种植.

辽单1205是辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所以自选系辽50518为母本、外引系S121为父本选育而成的中晚熟玉米新品种.该品种丰产性好,耐密植,抗病抗倒,淀粉含量高,增产潜力大,可作为粮饲兼用型品种东华北中晚熟区域推广种植.

辽单519是辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所以自选系辽3061为母本、辽3062为父本组配而成的玉米杂交种.辽单519两年区域试验平均产量为798.9 kg/667m2,比对照郑单958增产5.44％,2018年生产试验平均产量为706.4 kg/667m2,比对照郑单958增产4.6％.2019年通过农业部国家农作物品种委员会审定.该品种籽粒品质优、高产稳产性好、抗病抗逆性强,适应性广,具有较好的应用前景.

[目的]转GAT和EPSPS双价基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’是我国具有自主知识产权的抗除草剂材料,喷施草甘膦后,评价草甘膦对杂草防除、大豆安全和杂草发生的影响,为其将来商业化种植后的安全监测与杂草治理提供数据支持.[方法]除草效果:每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m2样点并标记,施药后28d调查禾本科和阔叶杂草株数,并剪取地上部分称取鲜重,计算株防效和鲜重防效.对大豆安全性:每小区以对角线5点取样法,每点随机取4株大豆并标记,在喷药当天、药后7、14、21及28d调查大豆株高和复叶数,观察药害,收获前每小区取50株大豆调查结英数及产量.杂草发生情况:每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m2样点并标记(避开除草效果取样点),调查并记录每种杂草种类、株数,计算每种杂草相对多度.[结果]转基因大豆喷施900、1 800和3 600 g a.i./hm2草甘膦对禾本科杂草株防效2016年分别为84.30％、95.22％和83.62％,阔叶杂草株防效分别为49.80％、64.52％和61.93％,禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别在95.36％和82.05％以上,2017年对禾本科和阔叶草株防效分别达94.93％和85.09％以上,对禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别达98.00％和96.57％以上.转基因大豆喷施草甘膦对大豆生长没有不良影响,产量高于人工除草处理.两年研究结果表明转基因抗除草剂大豆喷施草甘膦后杂草群落发生改变,转基因抗除草剂大豆田不除草处理小区主要优势阔叶杂草为反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、打碗花(Calystegia hederacea)、马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea),禾本科杂草为狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)和牛筋草(Eleusine indica),共6种,喷施草甘膦900-3 600 g a.i./hm2后转基因大豆田5种主要优势杂草为打碗花、夏至草(Lagopsis supina)、马齿苋、牛筋草和狗尾草.[结论]转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’喷施草甘膦900-3 600 g a.i./hm2对杂草有很好的防除效果,对大豆安全.因此,转基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’将在我国有很好的商业化应用前景,喷施草甘膦影响杂草种群的发生,如今后商业化种植需长期密切监测种群变化.

以糯玉米品种为材料,采用盆栽方式研究了土壤水分亏缺和过量条件下幼苗形态、叶片光合和荧光参数特性的变化.结果 表明,水分逆境下,叶片叶绿素a下降明显、气孔导度(Gs)下降、净光合速率(Pn)显著降低,伴随光饱和点(LSP)下降以维持机体代谢平衡;水分胁迫下,初始荧光(Fo)和可变荧光(Fv)增加,而电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭(qP)下降,以此提高荧光代谢系统的稳定性.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of PEG‐induced seeds on the emergence and seedling development of sweet corn(Zea mays L ) ,and to reveal the mechanism of PEG‐induced sorghumseed regulationunder drought stress.[Methods] Sweet cornseeds var.Golden Crown 218 were induced by 20% PEG 8000 solution ,and pot experi‐ments were conducted.Plants were irrigated at four levels as drought stress ,including 100% of the filed soil optimal water ca‐pacity (30%) as control group ,80%,60%,and 40% as drought treatments.Seed germination rates and parameters of phys‐iological characteristics of seedlings were measured.[Results] The results indicated that the resistance of PEG induced seeds to drought stress was enhanced due to the improved germination ability and increased germination rate.In addition ,leaf photo‐synthesis rate of PEG treated seeds was promoted under drought stress compared to non‐PEG treated groups.In terms of os‐motic adjustment ,the proline ( P‐value ＝ 0.001**) , free amino acid P‐value ＝ 0.002**) and conductivity ( F value ＝0.003**) of seedling leaves with PEG‐induced seeds were significantly different from non‐PEG treatments under drought stress.The activities of both SOD and CAT in PEG treatments demonstrated the extremely significant difference from non‐treated groups between 6 to 12 days after sowing under all different drought stress levels ,with the declined increasing rate of O2－ .[Conclusion] In conclusion ,seed priming with PEG could be used as an important strategy for drought tolerant cultiva‐tion of sweet corn in the field.

应用种子引发技术在不同土壤水分逆境条件下对糯玉米的出苗和幼苗生理调节进行了研究.结果表明,采用PEG诱导引发种子技术可拓宽糯玉米种子对水分逆境的适应范围,显著提高水分逆境下种子的发芽率和种子活力指数,并增强幼苗的根系活力,根尖更为明显.种子引发可增强幼苗抗氧化系统中APX、CAT、POD和SOD活性,尤其是APX和CAT变化更为活跃;另外,种子引发可改善游离氨基酸 、还原糖 、脯氨酸 、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等渗透调节物质,较未引发处理减少膜质过氧化.PEG引发种子技术是应对土壤水分逆境下糯玉米种子发芽受阻和出苗困难的有效措施,可提高种子对水分逆境的耐受能力.

草甘膦是目前世界上用量最大、应用范围最广的农药,因为在转基因抗草甘膦作物田中过度依赖其除草,耐草甘膦杂草将演替成优势种群.耐受性杂草不但增加了杂草防除难度和成本,而且还会导致在农田生态系统中因过量使用草甘膦而出现一系列生态风险问题.本文通过对草甘膦特性、耐草甘膦杂草现状和耐受机制等进行较系统的总结和分析,以期为我国未来抗除草剂作物商业化种植后制定杂草治理策略奠定基础,也为草甘膦在转基因作物田高效安全地使用提供理论依据.

以超甜玉米系ZC01-sh2和玉米系ZC01野生型为材料,研究籽粒发育过程中糖分的动态变化规律.结果表明:超甜玉米系ZC01-sh2可溶性总糖含量和蔗糖含量随灌浆期延续呈先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化趋势,最大值出现在授粉后23 d,而葡萄糖含量则呈逐渐下降趋势;其野生型玉米系ZC01可溶性总糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖含量均随着灌浆期延续呈逐渐下降的趋势.该研究结果为甜玉米最佳采收时期确定提供了理论依据.

以10个中晚熟玉米品种为试验材料,在东华北的5个生态区进行种植试验,对产量、穗部性状、农艺性状、抗倒性、抗病性等进行了研究.结果表明:不同生态区对玉米产量潜力存在很大影响(F=13.53),品种间也存在较大差异(F=22.93);产量构成因素的相关系数为稳数＞稳粒数＞百粒重,穗部性状受不同生态区的影响程度为秃尖长＞穗粒重＞穗长＞穗行数,秃尖长是不同生态条件下变化最为活跃的穗部性状,与产量呈极显著的负相关;不同生态区抗倒性变化较小,倒伏率变异系数的变幅仅为1.24％～2.43％;在玉米病害方面,山西是病害易发区,不同病害在各生态区的发病存在很大差异.总体上,参试的10个玉米品种在内蒙古和山西更有利于生产潜力的发挥,抗倒性弱的品种适合在内蒙古种植,抗病性弱的品种不宜在山西种植.根据不同生态区的温度、日照和降水量特点,合理调配播种时间、开花时节是提高玉米生态适应性的关键.