Youth soccer players face considerable pressure as they pursue a successful career in the sport. Research shows that some players navigate these pressures better than others, with the immediate coaching environment playing a key role. We examined the relationship between different perfectionism subtypes, and burnout, and depressive symptoms in youth soccer, and whether perceptions of empowering and disempowering climate moderated these relationships. Two-hundred and sixty-six youth male soccer academy players completed measures of perfectionism, burnout, depressive symptoms, and empowering and disempowering climate. Moderated regression analyses typically supported the hypotheses of the 2 x 2 model and differentiated between subtypes for burnout and depressive symptoms. A more empowering climate also decreased one aspect of burnout- devaluation-in three of four subtypes. The findings show that some perfectionism subtypes are related to higher burnout and depressive symptoms in youth soccer, and an empowering climate might help reduce burnout for most subtypes.

The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance (across five languages, two time points, and two experimental conditions) of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach (EDMCQ-C; Appleton et al., 2016) when completed by 9256 young sport participants (M age = 11.53 years, SD = 1.39 years; 13.5% female). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of a 2-factor (empowering and disempowering) model running a multiple group analysis without any equality constraint (configural invariance) followed by measurement invariance of factor loadings and thresholds (scalar invariance). Findings provided support for partial invariance across languages and scalar invariance across time and experimental groups. The factors were interpretable across the analyses, and items loaded as intended by theory except for item 15. This study provides further evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the EDMCQ-C and suggests this scale (minus item 15) can be used to provide meaningful latent mean comparisons (Marsh et al., 2013) of empowering and disempowering coach-created climates across athletes speaking the five targeted languages, across time, and across experimental groups.

Using a self-determination theory (SDT) framework, the aims of our study were to examine the perfectionism-exercise dependence relationships, and whether basic psychological needs and introjected regulation explained these relationships. Distance runners ( n = 260, M age: = 42.41 years; SD: = 11.95 years, n = 144 female) completed measures of multidimensional perfectionism (self-oriented perfectionism (SOP); socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP)), basic psychological need satisfaction and thwarting, introjected regulation, and exercise dependence. Bivariate correlations revealed significant positive SOP-exercise dependence and SPP-exercise dependence relationships. Structural equation modelling suggested that, in combination, perfectionism, basic psychological need satisfaction/thwarting and introjected regulation accounted for large amounts of variance in exercise dependence. Tests of indirect effects showed that the SPP-exercise dependence relationship was mediated by basic psychological need thwarting and introjected regulation. Our findings suggest that while the SOP-exercise dependence relationship is more direct, need thwarting and introjected regulation represent a motivational signature of SPP and exercise dependence.

Previous findings highlight the relationships between 2 × 2 perfectionism and burnout in dancers, but researchers are yet to examine the relationships between 2 × 2 perfectionism and, the opposing outcome of, engagement in dance. Similarly, we know little about the factors that may moderate these relationships. We therefore sought to extend previous research by examining the relationships between 2 × 2 perfectionism and both burnout and engagement in dancers, and by assessing whether autonomy support moderated the relationships between subtypes of perfectionism and the two opposing outcomes. Adolescent dancers ( N = 244, female n = 198, M age = 15.00 years, SD = 2.90 years) completed measures capturing four subtypes of perfectionism (pure personal standards perfectionism, pure evaluative concerns perfectionism, mixed perfectionism, and nonperfectionism), burnout dimensions (reduced sense of accomplishment, emotional/physical exhaustion, devaluation), engagement dimensions (confidence, dedication, vigour, enthusiasm), and autonomy support provided by their dance teacher. Moderated regression analyses supported all four hypotheses of the 2 × 2 perfectionism model for burnout (all dimensions) and dedication, vigour, and enthusiasm, and supported three hypotheses for confidence (Hypotheses 1a, 2 and 3). In addition, autonomy support moderated the relationships between subtypes of perfectionism and burnout (reduced accomplishment and devaluation) and engagement (all dimensions). The findings suggest that providing autonomy support offers a potential strategy to prevent burnout and promote engagement in perfectionistic dancers.

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (M-age = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.

Perfectionism involves extreme requirements for perfection that may give rise to antisocial behavior in team sport. To test this possibility, we first examined pathways linking self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism to antisocial behavior. We then examined pathways linking other-oriented perfectionism to antisocial behavior via angry reactions to poor teammate performance. A cross-sectional design was used. Competitive team sport athletes (n = 257, M-age = 20.71 years. s = 4.10) completed measures of perfectionism. angry reactions to poor teammate performance, and antisocial behavior. In testing the first aim, we found that self-oriented perfectionism shared no relationship with antisocial teammate behavior and a negative relationship with antisocial opponent behavior. By contrast, socially prescribed perfectionism shared positive relationships with antisocial behavior toward teammates and opponents. In testing the second aim, we found that other-oriented perfectionism shared positive indirect relationships with antisocial behavior toward teammates and opponents via angry reactions to poor teammate performance. In line with recent theoretical assertions, these findings suggest that there may be a darker side to perfectionism that is related to antisocial behavior in team sport.

El Inventario Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo en Deporte (MIPS) es una medida deportiva específica del perfeccionismo desarrollado a partir de una combinación de diferentes modelos multidimensionales. Este estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas del MIPS en una muestra de adolescentes deportistas. Participaron 429 futbolistas españoles con edades comprendidas entre 9 y 13 años. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que un modelo bidimensional obtenía adecuados índices de ajuste y los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach mostraron niveles de fiabilidad interna aceptables. La validez criterial y convergente del MIPS español ha sido confirmada analizando su asociación con medidas de ansiedad competitiva, auto-estima contingente y con otras dimensiones de perfeccionismo. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la versión española del MIPS es un instrumento específico para deporte, bien adaptado, fiable y válido para su utilización con jóvenes deportistas. The Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport (MIPS) is one sport specific measure of perfectionism developed on the basis of a combination of different multidimensional models. This study assesses the psychometrics of the MIPS-Y in a Spanish adolescent sport sample. Participants were 429 Spanish football players with ages ranging from 9 to 13 years. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a two-dimensional model obtained adequate fit indices and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients showed acceptable levels of internal reliability. The criterion and convergent validity of the Spanish MIPS was also confirmed via its association with measures of sport anxiety, contingent self-worth and additional perfectionism dimensions. The results of this study suggest that the Spanish version of the MIPS is a well-adapted, reliable and valid sport specific instrument for employment with young athletes. O Perfeccionismo Multidimensional em Inventário Desportivo (MIPS) é uma medida específica de perfeccionismo desenvolvida a partir de uma combinação de diferentes modelos multidimensionais. Este estudo analisa as propriedades psicométricas da MIPS em uma amostra de atletas adolescentes. Havia 429 futebolistas espanhóis entre os 9 e os 13 anos. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias mostraram que um modelo bidimensional obteve índices de ajuste adequados e os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach mostraram níveis aceitáveis de confiabilidade interna. A validade convergente e criterial da MIPS espanhola foi confirmada pela análise da sua associação com medidas de ansiedade competitiva, auto-estima contingente e outras dimensões do perfeccionismo. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a versão espanhola da MIPS é um instrumento específico do esporte, bem adaptado, confiável e válido para uso com jovens atletas.

Objectives: Research has found that the four subtypes of perfectionism from the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism (i.e., Non-perfectionism, Pure PSP, Pure ECP, and Mixed perfectionism) are associated with different youth sport experiences. Extending this research, the current study examined the 2 x 2 model in regard to undesirable outcomes indicative of negative experiences in youth sport: negative (and positive) affect, anxiety, antisocial (and prosocial) behavior, and intentions to dropout of sport. Design: A cross-sectional design was employed. Method: Two hundred and twenty-two youth sports participants (65 males, 157 females, M age = 13.51 years, SD = 1.53 years, range = 11-18 years) were recruited from a variety of school- and community-based sports and completed a multi-section questionnaire. Results: Regression analyses revealed that, for the most part, Pure ECP was associated with the most negative experiences (higher negative affect, anxiety, and intentions to dropout and lower positive affect) and Pure PSP was, typically, associated with the least negative experiences (lower negative affect, anxiety, antisocial behavior, and intentions to dropout and higher positive affect) in youth sport. One notable exception was antisocial behavior towards teammates and competitors for which Mixed perfectionism was most problematic. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the four subtypes of perfectionism can be distinguished based on their association with both negative and positive experiences in youth sport.

Objectives: Research demonstrates that four subtypes of perfectionism from the 2 x 2 model are associated with different youth sport experiences. This study provided the first exploration of the experiences of youth sport participants exhibiting different subtypes of perfectionism using mixed-methods. Design: A two-stage, mixed-methods, approach was adopted (quantitative identification then qualitative data collection). Method: In stage one (quantitative identification), 192 females enrolled in school- or community-based sport groups (M age = 13.91; SD =.90; range 12-16 years) completed a domain-specific perfectionism instrument (Sport-MPS-2) to identify participants prototypical of the four subtypes of perfectionism. In stage two (qualitative data collection), 19 prototypical participants (M age = 13.74; SD =.65; range 13-15 years) described their experiences of their youth sport involvement. One focus group (n = 4 to 5 per group) and one follow-up individual, semi-structured, interview (n = 4 in total) per subtype were conducted. Results: Thematic analysis revealed that the meaning youth sport participants gave to their sport involvement (i.e., goals, values, and purposes) and the features of the social-environment they perceived to be important differed between the four subtypes of perfectionism. For the "pure PSP" and "mixed perfectionism" subtypes, sport was a time to shine and experience success. For the "non-perfectionism" and "pure ECP" subtypes, sport was a place to make friends and belong. Participants from all four subtypes described the importance of the coach and peers, with some groups identifying different preferred roles for the coach in terms of type and amount of involvement. Conclusions: Youth sport participants exhibiting different subtypes of perfectionism vary in their experiences of youth sport. Practitioners working with young people in sport should consider these differences so to better understand and improve youth sport experiences.

Objectives: Research has found that trait and dispositional perfectionism are related to pre-competition emotions. However, less is known about whether other aspects of perfectionism, such as perfectionistic cognitions, are related to pre-competition emotions. To address this limitation, the current study examined (i) the relationship between self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and pre-competition emotions, and (ii) whether perfectionistic cognitions predict pre-competition emotions after controlling for these two dimensions of perfectionism. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Method: Two hundred and six youth footballers (M age = 15.54 years, SD = 1.93) completed self-report measures prior to their next competition. Results: Regression analyses revealed socially prescribed perfectionism was a positive predictor of anger, while self-oriented perfectionism was a positive predictor of excitement. After controlling for self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, perfectionistic cognitions were a positive predictor of anxiety, anger, and dejection. Conclusion: The findings suggest that perfectionistic cognitions are important in regard to pre-competition emotions.

The relationship between perfectionism, burnout and depression among youth soccer players is of interest due to the competitive academy environments that must be navigated in order to become a professional soccer player. Three alternative theoretical models have been proposed to explain the relationship between perfectionism, burnout and depression. These models state that perfectionism is (a) a vulnerability factor for burnout and depression (vulnerability model), (b) a consequence of burnout and depression (complication/scar model), or (c) that the relationships are reciprocal (reciprocal relations model). The purpose of this study was to test these three models in youth soccer players. One hundred and eight male soccer players (M = 16.15 years, SD = 1.84) from professional clubs completed measures of perfectionism, burnout symptoms, and depressive symptoms twice, three months apart. Cross-lagged panel analysis provided support for a reciprocal relations model for burnout symptoms and a complication/scar model for depressive symptoms.

Objective: To investigate the validity and reliability of accelerometers to detect lying, sitting and standing postures or purposeful activity in hospitalized adults recovering from acute or critical illness. Data sources: CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, Cochrane Library, PEDro, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscuss were searched from inception to June 2017. Professional networks and reference lists of relevant articles were also searched. The main selection criteria were hospitalized adults with acute or critical illness and studies investigating the validity or reliability of accelerometers to identify body position or purposeful activity. Review methods: Two authors individually assessed study eligibility and independently undertook methodological quality assessment and data extraction from selected articles. A narrative synthesis of the data was undertaken. Results: Fifteen studies, collectively enrolling 385 hospitalized participants, were identified. Populations included stroke, the elderly, acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease, abdominal surgery and those recovering from critical illness. Correlations of r = 0.36 to 0.98 and levels of agreement of κ = 0.28 to 0.98 were reported for identification of lying, sitting or standing postures. Correlations of r = 0.4 to 0.8 with general activity were found, with r = 0.94 and 0.96 reported for step count. The reliability of accelerometry measurement was investigated in one study evaluating step count quantification (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99–1.00). Conclusion: The validity of accelerometers to determine lying, sitting and standing postures or quantify purposeful activity within hospitalized acute or critically ill populations is variable. The reliability of accelerometry measurement within this setting remains largely unexplored.

Relevance: Functional impairment following critical illness may persist for years following hospital discharge. In the UK, access to exercise rehabilitation services post discharge is limited. Despite evidence of the positive effect of early mobilisation on functional outcome at discharge within this population, persistent inactivity is reported within and beyond the intensive care unit. Early rehabilitation is resource intensive. Reliable methods of identifying volitional activities undertaken by those physically able but less active could provide patient encouragement and enable more targeted rehabilitation and effective resource allocation. Direct observation or patient self-report are available options, but they present significant challenges, including subjectivity, resource intensity, privacy and dignity considerations and recall difficulties particularly in those experiencing cognitive impairment. Wearable activity monitors are a digital solution to objectively identify activity or adoption of specific body postures within clinical populations.

Recent research indicates perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings share divergent associations with athlete burnout and athlete engagement. Guided by self-determination theory, the present study examined whether these associations were explained by basic psychological needs. Youth athletes (n = 222, M age = 16.01, SD = 2.68) completed measures of multidimensional perfectionism, athlete burnout, athlete engagement, basic psychological need satisfaction and thwarting. Structural equation modelling revealed that basic psychological need satisfaction and thwarting mediated the perfectionism engagement and perfectionism burnout relationships. Perfectionistic concerns shared a negative relationship (via need satisfaction) with athlete engagement and a positive relationship (via need satisfaction and thwarting) with athlete burnout. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings shared a positive relationship (via need satisfaction) with athlete engagement and a negative relationship (via need satisfaction and thwarting) with athlete burnout. The findings highlight the role of basic psychological needs in explaining the differential associations that perfectionistic concerns and strivings share with athlete burnout and engagement. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Research adopting self-determination theory (SDT) supports a mediation model whereby coach motivational styles (autonomy support and interpersonal control) predict athletes' engagement and disaffection in youth sport via the satisfaction and frustration of psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Our study extends this research by examining SDT's mediation model longitudinally with three waves of data. Two hundred fifty-two youth sports participants (Mage = 12.98; SD = 1.84; range = 11-17; female n = 67) completed measures of study variables at the start, middle, and end of a competitive soccer season. Cross-lagged path analyses revealed that associations between the two coach motivational styles and athletes' engagement were mediated by psychological need satisfaction. Furthermore, a positive reciprocal association between psychological need satisfaction and engagement emerged over time. This study therefore supports the temporal assumptions underpinning SDT's mediation model but, importantly, evidences a mutually reinforcing interplay between athletes' psychological needs and their engaged behavior.