<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本文研究我国制度背景下上市公司选择员工持股计划的动机。本文发现,我国上市公司所实施的员工持股计划长期激励导向较弱,但员工持股计划的推出能带来公司股价的短期提升。公司在发生股价崩盘后更倾向于推出员工持股计划,且当大股东股权被质押时和大股东减持前,股价崩盘对公司推出员工持股计划倾向的影响更明显。本文的结果表明,我国上市公司可能出于市值管理的动机选择员工持股计划,这对于理解我国制度背景下的员工持股计划有所裨益,也丰富了员工持股计划动机研究的文献,为监管层和企业对员工持股计划的进一步探讨提供参考。</span>

Objective To evaluate the inter-bottle variations, stability in consumption and interchangeability of unassayed biochemistry serum controls. Methods Comparison between unassayed serum controls from a domestic "Pretrol?" and an international "Bio-Rad" manufacturer was conducted in department of laboratory, in May 2016, with Roche Cobas 8000, Roche Hitachi 7600 and Siemens 2400 modular analyzer. The inter-bottle variation was determined by monitoring the inter-batch variation of 10 bottles of control samples after eliminating the intra-batch variation from the same bottle. Stability in consumption was determined as the precision after 7 days storage under 2℃ to 8℃ or 30 days of storage under -20 ℃ since reconstitution. The interchangeability was determined as the precisionbetween the controls from different manufacturers for the same test. Results The inter-bottle imprecision of controls from domestic manufacturer for 13 biochemistry tests (CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2) were potassium (0.26％/0.42％), sodium (0.26％/0.21％), phosphorus (0.00％/0.62％), cholesterol (0.56％/0.54％), total protein (0.52％/0.33％), albumin (0.44％/2.00％), alanine aminotransferase (1.72％/0.57％),γ-glutamylaminotransferase (0.52％/0.62％), aspartate aminotransferase (3.10％/1.09％), lactate dehydrogenase (0.76％/0.91％), alkaline phosphatase (1.13％/0.97％), amylase (0.30％/0.39％) and glucose (0.00％/0.40％). The stability in consumption of the controls from the domestic manufacturer (CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2 under 2℃to 8℃storage;CV concentration 1/CV concentration 2 under-20℃ storage) were potassium (1.06％/0.36％; 0.74％/0.48％), sodium (0.49％/0.59％; 0.72％/0.65％), phosphorus (0.95％/0.80％;1.43％/0.84％), cholesterol (1.49％/1.58％;2.17％/1.80％), total protein (0.84％/0.75％; 1.60％/1.68％), albumin (1.33％/2.28％; 1.94％/2.43％), alanine aminotransferase (1.41％/0.51％;3.24％/1.60％) γ-glutamylaminotransferase (1.16％/1.16％; 2.85％/2.49％), aspartate aminotransferase (4.37％/2.14％; 2.99％/1.31％), lactate dehydrogenase (2.70％/2.54％; 3.84％/2.97％), alkaline phosphatase (2.63％/1.96％; 2.31％/2.10％), amylase (0.95％/2.19％; 1.58％/1.38％) and glucose (0.60％/0.48％; 1.41％/1.55％). The Inter-bottle variation and stability in consumption of biochemistry test unassayed controls from the domestic manufacturer were compatible for clinical assay according to the CV％ specification from the Clinical Biochemistry Test Quality Requirement (WS/T 403-2012). The imprecision of the controls from both the domestic and international manufacturers (CVp concentration 1/CVp concentration2;CVq concentration 1/CVq concentration 2) were potassium (0.52％/0.46％; 2.39％/0.47％), sodium (0.30％/0.17％; 0.81％/0.47％), phosphorus (2.72％/1.11％;4.57％/2.07％), cholesterol (0.29％/1.38％;2.94％/1.81％), total protein (0.66％/2.46％;1.85％/2.54％), alkaline phosphatase (2.67％/4.66％;3.58％/8.55％), total bilirubin (5.71％/5.09％; 9.55％/7.41％), albumin (1.10％/2.61％; 4.79％/1.93％), alanine aminotransferase (6.42％/1.25％;5.74％/1.63％), γ-glutamylaminotransferase (2.27％/4.35％; 4.38％/0.74％), aspartate aminotransferase (0.56％/2.84％; 0.91％/2.11％) and lactate dehydrogenase (2.36％/2.47％; 3.10％/1.52％). The interchangeability of serum controls from domestic manufacturer was better than clinical serum samples. Conclusion The unassayed serum biochemistry test controls from domestic manufacturer are suitable for the intra-laboratory quality control and showed a promising compatibility for inter-laboratory quality control usage .

细胞形态结果是很多疾病诊断的金标准,然而形态学的教学尤其是实习生教学一直是教学中最薄弱的环节.以视频为主要载体,记录教师在课堂内外教学过程的“微课”,不仅占用很有限的教学资源,还充分利用优质师资并能发挥移动教学独特的优势,开展具有针对性的教学.本研究通过分组研究比较检验专业的学生在网络环境下的移动教学与传统教学两种不同模式的学习效果,科学评价微课堂实际成效,从而探讨其在临床实习生带教中的应用价值.

Objective To investigate the clinical,endoscopic and pathological features of gastritis cystica profunda (GCP).Methods A total of 40 patients with GCP confirmed by pathology who received endoscopic or surgical treatment at Renji Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiaotong University from May 2013 to May 2018,were included in the retrospective analysis.The clinical data such as population composition,clinical manifestations,endoscopic findings and pathological results were summarized and analyzed.Results Among the 40 patients were predominantly males (75.0％,30/40),and the mean age of onset was 61.2 years.The most common sites were cardia (32.5％,13/40) and gastric antrum (30.0％,12/40).The clinical symptoms of the patients were atypical and it was difficult to diagnose GCP with routine endoscopy examination.The endoscopic findings were mostly type 0-Ⅱ (50.0％,20/40).GCP with neoplastic lesions accounted for 55％ (22/40).Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that male (P =0.013,OR =31.093,95％ CI:2.079-464.976) and Helicobacter pylori infection (P =0.041,OR =10.225,95％ CI:1.096-95.411) were risk factors for GCP with neoplastic lesions.Conclusion GCP commonly occurs in middle-aged and elderly men,and varies in different manifestations under white light endoscopy.GCP is not a benign lesion,but can also coexist with neoplastic lesions,which are mostly differentiated intramucosal cancer.

目的 探讨他汀类药物代谢相关基因检测在心脑血管疾病患者个体化用药及血脂管理中的作用.方法 选取141例心脑血管疾病患者(冠心病72例、脑梗死69例)及70名体检健康者(正常对照组).检测所有对象血清载脂蛋白A(apo A)、载脂蛋白B(apo B)、载脂蛋白E(apo E)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平,同时检测他汀类药物代谢相关基因ABCB1(2677G>T)、ABCB1(3435C>T)和SLCO1B1*5(T>C)单核苷酸多态性(SNP).在72例冠心病患者中选取41例进行他汀类药物治疗前后基因多态性与血脂水平的相关性分析.结果 心脑血管疾病组血清TG、HDL-C、apo A、Lp(a)、FFA水平与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);冠心病组血清TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、apo A、Lp(a)、FFA水平与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);脑梗死组血清TG、HDL-C、Lp(a)水平与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其他血脂项目各组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).心脑血管疾病组、脑梗死组、冠心病组的基因分型和基因频率分布一致,均为ABCB1(2677G>T)G等位基因频率高于T等位基因频率、ABCB1(3435C>T)C等位基因频率高于T等位基因频率、SLCO1B1*5(T>C)T等位基因频率高于C等位基因频率.41例冠心病患者采用他汀类药物治疗后,血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平明显低于治疗前(P<0.05),血清HDL-C水平明显高于治疗前(P<0.05).不同基因型患者对他汀类药物的疗效存在明显差异(P<0.05).结论 心脑血管疾病患者血脂水平异常,同一疾病患者的基因多态性存在明显的个体差异.心脑血管疾病患者的药物基因组学检测对指导他汀类药物临床降脂治疗有重要作用.

目的 探讨血脂及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的相关性.方法 选取经冠状动脉造影确诊的ACS患者118例,其中ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)30例、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)28例、不稳定型心绞痛(UA)60例.以胸痛就诊且经冠状动脉造影确定冠状动脉无明显狭窄的患者44例作为疾病对照组,以61名体检健康者作为正常对照组.检测所有对象血脂及Hcy水平,按美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级标准将ACS患者分为NYHAⅠ～Ⅳ级.采用多因素Logistic回归分析评估ACS的危险因素.结果 ACS组血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]、Hcy水平明显高于疾病对照组及正常对照组(P<0.05);血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白(apo)A1水平明显低于疾病对照组及正常对照组(P<0.05).血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、apo B水平3组之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).STEMI组血清Lp(a)、Hcy水平明显高于NSTEMI组和UA组(P<0.05),血清HDL-C、apo A1水平明显低于NSTEMI组和UA组(P<0.05).NSTEMI组与UA组之间血清Lp(a)、HDL-C、apo A1、Hcy水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).在NYHAⅠ～Ⅲ级的ACS患者中,随着NYHA分级的增高,血清Lp(a)及Hcy水平逐渐升高(P<0.05),血清HDL-C、apo A1水平NYHA各分级间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,Lp(a)及Hcy升高为ACS的危险因素[比值比(OR)分别为4.590、2.808,95％可信区间(CI)分别为1.375～15.322、1.026～7.685].结论 Lp(a)和Hcy可能参与了冠状动脉粥样硬化的病变过程.Lp(a)和Hcy或可作为筛查ACS高危人群的血清学指标.

M蛋白是浆细胞或B淋巴细胞单克隆大量增殖时产生的异常球蛋白,其氨基酸组成及排列顺序均一,空间构象、电泳特征完全相同,本质为免疫球蛋白或其片段(轻链、重链等).由于M蛋白产生于单一克隆,因此常出现于多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)、巨球蛋白血症、恶性淋巴瘤(malignant lymphoma, ML)患者的血或尿中.这些M蛋白大多无抗体活性,所以又称为副蛋白.近年来,已有多篇文献报道M蛋白能干扰生化项目检测,涉及不同样本(血清或血浆) 、不同仪器以及不同的检测方法[1].

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of polysaccharide hemospheres on hemostasis and preventing rehaemorrhagia in upper gastrointestinal endoscopic submucosal dissection ( ESD) . Methods Sixty-seven hospitalized patients who underwent ESD for upper gastrointestinal tract mucosal lesions were selected. Among them, 32 cases still had bleeding wounds after regular treatment, and they were treated with polysaccharide hemospheres. Thirty-five cases had clear wounds and used lyophilizing thrombin powder to prevent rehaemorrhagia. Time of hemostasis and the success rate of hemostasis were observed in polysaccharide hemospheres. After 30 days of follow-up, the safety was observed. Results In the 32 patients treatment with polysaccharide hemospheres, the average dosage during operation was (1. 97 ± 1.04)g, the average hemostasis time was (83.81 ±59.94)s, and the success rate of hemostasis was 96.88%. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, platelet count, prothrombin time, INR, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time in patients with preoperative and postoperative (P>0. 05). After the operation, no rehaemorrhagia was found in polysaccharide hemospheres group, but 4 cases of rehaemorrhagia were found in lyophilizing thrombin powder group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion The effect of polysaccharide hemospheres in the ESD of upper gastrointestinal tract is significant and safe. Compared with lyophilizing thrombin powder, the risk of rehaemorrhagia is significantly reduced.

幽门螺杆菌( Helicobacter pylori,HP)是存在于胃黏膜的细菌,其对消化性溃疡、慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃癌等疾病的危害已得到世界公认[1]. HP导致的慢性炎症状态可能与肿瘤的发生有着密切的关系,近年来自于国外的Meta分析发现HP感染与结肠癌、结肠息肉均有关[2]. 但亦有研究认为HP感染与结直肠肿瘤无明显相关性[3]. 本研究对同一时间接受胃镜及结肠镜检查的患者进行分析,探讨结直肠腺瘤与HP现症感染的特征及相关性进行分析,为HP感染者结直肠肿瘤的治疗及预防提供参考.

Objective:To explore the regulatory role and the underlying mechanisms of miR-598 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) migration and invasion,laying a foundation for formulating novel therapeutic target for treatment of CRC.Methods:We detected miR-598 expression in 30 pairs of CRC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues using qRT-PCR analysis;The effects ofmiR-598 on invasion and migration ability of CRC cells were determined using Transwell and Wound-healing assays when miR-598 were over-expressed and silenced.miRNA target analysis tools miRanda,TargetScan and DIANA-microT were used to explore potential target of miR-598;Jagged 1 (JAG1) was predicted to be a target of miR-598;The expression of JAG1 and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) marks (Vimentin and E-cadherin) was detected by western blotting and luciferase reporter assay.Results:miR-598 expression was significantly lower in CRC tissues than that in normal mucosa;The ability of invasion and migration of CRC were decreased when miR-598 were over-expressed,and were enhanced when miR-598 were silenced;Biological information method predicted that JAG1 was a target of miR-598,and further showed that miR-598 can directly bind the 3'UTR of JAG1 by luciferase reporter assay.Western blot revealed that the expression of the JAG1 and Vimentin (one of EMT markers) were decreased after miR-598 over-expression,while E-cadherin which was another EMT marker was increased.MiR-598 inhibitor tood the opposite results.Conclusion:miR-598 was downregulated in CRC,and then inhibited the occurrence of EMT in CRC,which suppressed the ability of invasion and migration of CRC through negatively regulating JAG1 expression.

IgG4相关性疾病（ IgG4 related disease ， IgG4－RD ）是近年来逐渐被认识的一种与IgG4相关的炎症性、纤维化性疾病，通常累及单个或多个器官，以IgG4阳性淋巴细胞浸润，同时伴有组织纤维化、肿大或结节性病变为特征［1－2］。该病好发于中老年男性，临床常见累及胰腺、胆道、肾脏、肺部、淋巴结等，且大多患者血清IgG4水平显著升高。本文就在临床中发现的两例实验室检测血清IgG水平低于IgG4水平的IgG4－RD病例进行了分析。

Objective By analysis of the key performance indexes of the clinical laboratory automation system, to clarify the advantage and optimize the comprehensive performance of the laboratory automation system.Methods Key performance indexes were Collected from January 2017 to April 2017 in biochemistry and immunoassay group of Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital.(1)The data were collected and compared by the before-and-after method,the starting time of the automation system and initial sample test were analyzed.(2)Key performance indexes were analyzed for the time of specimen registration,inspection,and reporting.(3)The specimen turnaround time(TAT)was analyzed based on two months operation of the laboratory automation system.In view of disadvantage of infectious assays, setting up priority sample absorption, then TAT performance was re-evaluated.(4)By the assessment of total serum dosage required in the automation system, the number of blood vacuum tubes were reduced reasonably.The pros and cons of laboratory automation system were analyzed and the potential improvement were proposed.Results (1)According to the sample peak shift forward,the system start time could move forward 30 minutes earlier.(2)With the adopting of railway logistics,the specimens were sent to the lab and the registration time was at 7:25 am,and the time required for specimen delivery was greatly reduced which made specimen test,report and audit time all moved forward accordingly.(3)Data has shown that specimen TAT declined dramatically based on the performance of the first two month operation of the automation system,biochemical items were shortened 2 h,and the immunoassay shortened 4 h,respectively.Moreover the trend keeps better gradually.With setting up priority absorption infectious tests,the TAT was improved greatly,TAT reduced the average by 40 min.(4)500 μl(including the sample in dead space of vacuum tube)were needed for all the 65 biochemical items included in the system, and 1 495 μl serum were used for the 28 immunoassay.As a result, a total of 2 000 μl serum will be enough for sample analysis by the system, which provided the feasibility to reduce 3 vacuum tubes averagely.Considering the current automation system does not include all the analysis items in our lab directory, a few tests remain to be performed on offline instruments respectively.The methodology for some infectious agents are different from previous method, therefore some test results may need a period of time for comprehensive clinical appreciation.Furthermore,due to the parallel connection of multiple instruments included in the system, more rigorous and frequent quality control becomes a necessity,which may rely on more strict quality control procedure to guarantee the quality.Conclusions The application of the automation system significantly enhanced the efficiency of clinical laboratory all round.In addition, by the quantitative indicators, it is possible to monitor the system operation performance real time, which may feedback and facilitate the improvement constantly,and result in auto confirmation the majority results,eventually.

Objective To investigate the changes of apolipoprotein E(apo E) and lipoprotein(a)[Lp (a)] in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD),and to investigate the correlations of apo E and Lp(a) with CHD severity.Methods A total of 229 CHD patients diagnosed by coronary arteriongraphy were enrolled. They were classified into 3 groups,unstable angina pectoris(UAP) group(73 cases),stable angina pectoris(SAP) group(40 cases) and acute myocardial infarction(AMI) group(116 cases). Totally,102 healthy subjects were enrolled as healthy control group. Serum apo E and Lp(a)levels were determined. CHD patients were classified into New York Heart Association(NYHA)Ⅰ-Ⅳ according to NYHA cardiac functional classification. CHD risk factor assessment was performed by Logistic regression analysis.Results The levels of Lp(a) in UAP,SAP and AMI groups were higher than those in healthy control group(P<0.05),and the level of apo E in UAP group was higher than that in healthy control group(P<0.05). The levels of Lp(a) and apo E were increased along with the increasing of CHD severity according to NYHA cardiac functional classification. However,the levels of apo E had no statistical significance between NYHA Ⅰ and NYHA Ⅱ(P>0.05),and the levels of Lp(a) showed no statistical significance between NYHA Ⅲ and NYHAⅣ(P>0.05). There was statistical significance for Lp(a) and apo E among other NYHA classification(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that apo E and Lp(a) were independent risk factors for CHD [for apo E,odds ratio(OR)= 10.780,95% confidence interval(CI) 1.437-80.830;for Lp(a),OR=4.930,95%CI 1.699-14.280].Conclusions Lipid metabolic disorders are commonly seen in CHD patients with the decline of cardiac function. The parameters of apo E and Lp (a) may play roles in the pathogenesis of CHD.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and reflux of bile into the stomach may contribute to the induction of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM), however, the mechanism underlying IM is not yet fully understood. Aims: To study the correlation of total bile acid (TBA) in gastric juice and Hp infection with two reliable IM markers, CDX2 and MUC2. Methods: Eighty-one patients with gastric bile reflux and without a history of abdominal operation were enrolled and forty subjects without gastric bile reflux were served as controls. When undergoing gastroscopy, gastric juice sample was collected for measurement of TBA concentration, and antral biopsy specimen was taken for HE staining, typing IM with HID-AB-PAS staining and immunohistochemical staining for assessing the expressions of CDX2 and MUC2. Serum Hp IgG was determined simultaneously. Results: Thirty-seven patients were identified as chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG), and 44 as chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in bile reflux group. All patients in CAG subgroup had complete IM. All control subjects were identified as CNAG. Concentration of gastric juice TBA and positivity rates of mucosal CDX2 and MUC2 proteins were significantly higher in bile reflux group than in control group (P<0.01), and were significantly higher in CAG subgroup than in CNAG subgroup (P<0.01). Difference in positivity rate of serum Hp IgG was insignificant between bile reflux group and control group. In bile reflux group, the positivity rates of CDX2 and MUC2 proteins were increased with the increase of TBA concentration (P<0.01), and were significantly higher in Hp-positive subgroup than in Hp-negative subgroup (P<0.05). The positivity rates of the two IM markers were significantly higher in TBA>3000 μmol/L subgroup than in Hp-positive subgroup (91.2% vs. 63.0% and 91.2% vs. 60.9%, P<0.01). Conclusions: Besides Hp infection, high concentration of bile acid plays an important role in the induction of IM and expressions of CDX2 and MUC2 in the stomach. The effect of high concentration of bile acid might be greater than that of Hp infection.

有关XBRL的研究方兴未艾,维度(Dimension)就是其中的一个热点。早期的维度研究主要着重于维度的计算机实现,而近期的研究更着重于维度的应用领域与应用形式。特别的,由于在复合概念的表达中,元组具有固有的缺陷,其中最主要的就是可比性差,因此本文提出将维度作为元组的代替者,用以表达复合概念。维度作为一种"纯"语法手段代替元组实现复杂结构(无论是否有语义意义上的维度含义),能够提高元素访问的确定性,进而保持XBRL的可比性。

信息技术资产在计量中要面临可靠性与相关性的两难问题。文章讨论了将其作为一个资产项目进行核算的意义与必要性,并提出其特定的确认和计量方法。

Recent studies have reported that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mice and humans can differentiate into primordial germ cells. However, whether iPS cells are capable of producing male germ cells is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of mouse iPS cells into spermatogonial stem cells and late-stage male germ cells. We used an approach that combines in vitro differentiation and in vivo transplantation. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were obtained from iPS cells using leukaemia inhibitor factor (LIF)-free medium. Quantitative PCR revealed a decrease in Oct4 expression and an increase in Stra8 and Vasa mRNA in the EBs derived from iPS cells. iPS cell-derived EBs were induced by retinoic acid to differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as evidenced by their expression of VASA, as well as CDH1 and GFRα1, which are markers of SSCs. Furthermore, these germ cells derived from iPS cells were transplanted into recipient testes of mice that had been pre-treated with busulfan. Notably, iPS cell-derived SSCs were able to differentiate into male germ cells ranging from spermatogonia to round spermatids, as shown by VASA and SCP3 expression. This study demonstrates that iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into late-stage male germ cells. The derivation of male germ cells from iPS cells has potential applications in the treatment of male infertility and provides a model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying male germ cell development.

大肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)包括结肠癌和直肠癌,是常见消化道恶性肿瘤之一.在世界范围内每年约有100万大肠癌新发病例,其中,有超过50万死于大肠癌,相当于全球8％的癌症死亡人数[1].中国年均新发大肠癌病例13万,并以年均4％的增幅不断攀升;在发达地区,以上海地区为例,2003～ 2007年大肠癌粗发病率和死亡率分别为43.35/105和22.42/105,位居全部恶性肿瘤的第2位[2].大肠癌目前尚未有确切的病因,但大肠癌的较为明确的诱发因素包括饮食环境因素、物理放射因素、遗传因素、其他因素等.其中,由于胆囊疾病所引起的大肠癌罹患率的增加,是近几十年关于大肠癌诱发因素研究的一个重要方向.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the expression profile of male germ cell-associated genes during the spontaneous differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and assess the potency of their spontaneous differentiation into male germ cells in vitro.METHODS:Embryoid body (EB) formation was used to promote the spontaneous differentiation of iPS into male germ cells, and the expressions of germ cell-associated genes were detected by real-time PCR and PCR.RESULTS:Real-time PCR and PCR revealed different expression levels of relevant genes at different times of iPS spontaneous differentiation into male germ cells. Each of the 9 genes analyzed exhibited one of the four temporal expression patterns: wavelike increase of Oct4, progressive decrease of Dppa3 and Stra8, wavelike decrease of Dazl, and decrease following initial increase of Tex14, Msy2, Scp1, Scp3 and Akap3.CONCLUSION:Induced pluripotent stem cells express male germ cell-associated genes and male haploid genes during their spontaneous differentiation through EB formation, and have the potency of differentiating into male gametes.

OBJECTIVE To establish a stable recipient mouse model for stem cell transplantation into seminiferous tubules and improve the traditional techniques for transplantation. METHODS Sixty male ICR mice were equally divided into Groups A, B, C and D, and injected with Busulfan at 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg, respectively. The survival rate was recorded every day, and the testis weight and spermatogenesis of testicular tubules were determined at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the injection. We improved the stem cell transplantation technique and designed a new transplantation device, which connected the nozzle end, syringe and puncture needle by a three-way joint. The nozzle end was used for tentative injection, and the syringe for drawing and then injecting the cell suspension. RESULTS Only one mouse in Group C died after the injection. At 4 weeks after Busulfan treatment, the testis weight decreased apparently in Groups A, B and C, with significant differences from D (P < 0.05). The differences remained significant at 8 weeks (P < 0.05), except between Groups A and D (P > 0.05), but at 12 weeks none of the first three groups showed any significant difference from Group D (P > 0.05). At 4 and 8 weeks, the rate of hollow seminiferous tubules was < 50% in Group A and > 50% in Groups B and C, and almost returned to normal at 12 weeks, with no significant differences among the three groups (P > 0.05), but it remained unchanged in Group D. The improved transplantation device increased the success rate (> 90%), lowered the donor cell loss (< 50 microl cell suspension needed for both testes) and shortened the process ( < 10 min for one testis). CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal injection of Busulfan at 30 mg/kg is suitable for the establishment of the recipient mouse model of stem cell transplantation. The improved transplantation device and methods help promote the efficiency and success rate of the transplantation operation.