Modern adhesive applications under dynamic loading conditions demand materials that combine exceptional toughness with high cohesive strength, a combination fundamentally challenging for conventional adhesives. To address this challenge, we developed a supramolecular elastomer adhesive (PU-X) featuring a gradient dynamic bond network comprising single/double hydrogen bonds and Mn2+ coordination bonds. This innovative architecture enables sequential bond dissociation under stress, where weaker bonds rupture preferentially to dissipate energy, while stronger bonds maintain structural integrity. The optimized PU-X exhibits remarkable mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 42.7 MPa and a toughness of 166 MJ/m3, capable of supporting loads exceeding 20,000 times its own weight while demonstrating 246% greater cohesive strength than control samples. The adhesive shows superior bonding performance across various metal substrates, achieving 7.24 MPa lap shear strength and 12.45 MPa adhesion force on iron substrates, which outperform most reported polyurethane adhesives. Furthermore, the optimized PU-X maintains over 88% of its original adhesive strength after six reuse cycles and demonstrates a 91% self-healing efficiency at 40 degrees C with solvent assistance. This bioinspired design strategy offers a recyclable, high-strength adhesive solution for flexible electronics and wearable devices, paving the way for sustainable materials in demanding applications.

Macroscale liquid superlubricity has profound significance for energy conservation and emission reduction. However, it suffers from low tolerance to high roughness, which seriously hinders the application in engineering friction systems. Although conventional understanding holds that wear debris accumulations increase friction and wear, the anti‐wear metal oxides (e.g., Fe 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 ) in the debris from steel friction pairs are expected to form a protective oxidation film and reduce surface roughness. Here, a strategy using the synergetic effects of wear debris‐converted tribofilm and hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to promote the low‐wear superlubricity on high‐roughness steel surfaces ( R a ≈ 57 nm) is reported. The wear rate (4.41 × 10 −8 mm 3 Nm −1 ) is reduced by 64% while achieving a low coefficient of friction (COF ≈ 0.005). The debris is manipulated to convert into a protective oxidation film and reduce surface roughness via surface design. Then, the increase in metal hydroxides generated by tribochemical reactions allows the formation of a strengthened hydrogen bond network and the stronger adsorption of the CNTs, reducing friction and wear. This work, which turns wear debris into a “treasure”, can offer a new insight into the role of wear debris in promoting low‐wear superlubricity for highly rough engineering steel.

Wear debris particles play a crucial role in frictional interfaces. Conventional understanding holds that debris accumulation causes severe wear. Interestingly, the debris from metal friction pairs includes anti-wear metal oxides generated by tribochemical reactions, which can form a protective oxidation film to resist wear. However, minimizing the abrasive damage caused by accumulated debris and using the anti-wear property of the metal oxides can be mutually exclusive. Here, a rational design of a coupling surface that manipulates nanoscale wear debris to resist further wear is reported. It consists of surface textures used to capture and temporarily store excess nanoscale wear debris, a deposited self-cleaning coating that subsequently helps transfer part of the captured debris into the sliding-contact interface, where it converts into a protective oxidation film. The coexistence of the two elements with contrasting properties in manipulating nanoscale wear debris considerably reduces wear under conditions of water lubrication, oil lubrication, and macroscale superlubricity. Our strategy achieves the manipulation and utilization of wear debris for anti-wear purposes. This work holds the potential to promote further investigation into the role of nanoscale wear debris and its utilization approaches.

Slippery liquid-infused porous coating (SLIPC) has aroused considerable attention because of its broad potential applications, but it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve a stable lubricating layer and mechanical robustness in one coating. Herein, a dual-bridging design strategy is proposed to create a SLIPC, in which aminoterminated polydimethylsiloxane (NH2-PDMS) is grafted onto rod-like cellulose and then incorporated into epoxy resin. Owing to the ability of NH2-PDMS to participate in the crosslinking reaction of the epoxy resin, the cellulose exhibits a strong bonding strength with the resin, thereby enhancing the toughness of the coating to prevent cracking. Moreover, due to the strong van der Waals interactions between NH2-PDMS and lubricating silicone oil, a stable lubricating layer can form on the coating surface. Therefore, a high-performance SLIPC with a very low water sliding angle (WSA) of 0.7 degrees is successfully prepared. The durability and robustness endow the coating with a low WSA of 2.3 degrees even when subjected to sandpaper abrasion for 1000 cm and high-speed shear at 8000 r min-1 in sequence. The robust anti-bacterial adhesion property of the SLIPC is also demonstrated. We envision that the SLIPC will boost practical applications of slippery coatings in harsh environments.

This study investigated the effect of surface electronegativity and calcium release from human enamel on the adsorption and lubrication of salivary proteins from the perspective of interfacial water using three model substrates: calcium-releasing electronegative hydroxyapatite (which represents enamel), calcium-free electronegative silica, and calcium-free electropositive zirconia. The interfacial water layer was probed using attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, and the adsorption and lubrication of salivary proteins were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and nanoindentation/scratch techniques. The strong affinity of electropositive substrates for water contributed to a thick interfacial water layer, which served as a physical barrier to weaken electrostatic attraction to salivary proteins. Thus, the proteins randomly adsorbed, forming a pellicle without a multilayered structure and good lubricity. The interfacial water layer on electronegative substrates tends to be thin. Driven by strong electrostatic interactions, salivary proteins are adsorbed through self-assembly to form a pellicle with a two-layered structure. While the hydrated calcium ions caused by substrate calcium release thickened the interfacial water layer, they served as a bridge to connect proteins. Consequently, a two-layered pellicle, both stiff and viscoelastic, formed to provide excellent lubricating action. In summary, the surface electronegativity and calcium release of enamel benefit the adsorption and lubrication of salivary proteins by regulating interfacial water.

High optical transmittance can endow solar panels with sufficient light energy intake, while anti-fouling and anti-icing properties ensure stable power generation in environments where dust, bird droppings, algae, and ice are prone to accumulate. A highly transparent and ultra-slippery surface is promising for meeting these requirements. However, it remains a huge challenge to achieve superior transmittance, anti-fouling, anti-icing, and durability on the same surface to ensure high energy conversion efficiency for solar panels. Herein, a bioinspired cellulose-based ultra-slippery film (BCUSF) with an extremely low water sliding angle (SA = 0.4°) and high transmittance (≈95% of bake glass) is reported. Benefiting from the impressive slippery property, remarkably low ice adhesion strength (0.38 kPa), and superior self-cleaning and anti-fouling performances are also demonstrated. Moreover, the BCUSF exhibits excellent durability and robustness, maintaining a SA of 0.8° after suffering high shear at 9000 r min-1. Accordingly, the BCUSF with highly comprehensive performance enables solar panels to maintain high energy-conversion efficiency after repeated accumulation/cleaning of ice (ice adhesion strength = 0.91 kPa after 25 tests) and dust, or sand impact. It is envisioned that the BCUSF can boost the practical applications of slippery films on solar panels.

Significance Bioinspired slippery coatings have attracted extensive attention in antifouling, anti-adhesion, and anti-icing applications because of their excellent liquid repellency, self-healing properties, and high-pressure stability. The slippery liquid-infused coating obtained by infusing lubricating oil into porous matrixes and the slippery liquid-like coating afforded by grafting lubricating molecules onto smooth surfaces exhibit the aforementioned properties. However, some limitations still hinder the practical applications of these coatings, such as easy loss of the lubrication layer and insufficient mechanical stability. Therefore, this study introduces the characteristics and research progress of slippery liquid-infused and slippery liquid-like coatings in detail by summarizing the bionic design principles of slippery liquid-infused surfaces. Furthermore, the existing problems related to coatings are highlighted. Progress According to the oil fixation mechanism and lubrication layer thickness, slippery coatings could be divided into three categories. Type 1D slippery coatings, known as slippery liquid-like coatings, mainly stabilize the lubrication layer by chemical grafting; thus, they showed good stability when subjected to gravity, shear force, and water scouring. However, they easily lost their slippery performance when subjected to mechanical wear due to their low thickness and poor wear resistance. The fabrication of type 1D-slippery coatings involved complex preparation processes, harsh preparation conditions, and high costs, limiting their large-scale applications. Type 2D- and 3D-slippery coatings stabilized the lubrication layer through their porous structures. Type 2D-slippery coatings exhibited good mechanical stability and could be easily prepared. However, due to their poor oil-fixing performance, the lubricating oil was easily lost, and they could not recover the oil themselves. Therefore, maintaining their slippery properties for a long time under harsh conditions was challenging. To solve this problem, researchers had conducted several studies on structural design and chemical modification. Despite their effective efforts, the porous structures of type 2D-slippery coatings could only store a small amount of lubricating oil, and the timely replenishment of oil after oil loss remained difficult. Type 3D-slippery coatings included gel and nongel coatings. Gel cross-linked networks and 3D porous physical structures could store/release lubricating oil, thereby improving the slippery stability of these coatings. With the introduction of smart materials, type 3D-slippery coatings could actively adjust the release of lubricating oil according to changes in the environment and coating states. However, the 3D-gel and -nongel slippery coatings exhibited insufficient mechanical stability and weaked oil control-release ability, respectively. Conclusions and Prospects To prepare highly reliable and long-life slippery coatings for large-scale industrial applications, further research is required. First, we need to understand the storage, fixation, and release mechanisms of the lubricating oil in slippery coatings, introduce intelligent materials, and systematically study the influence of structural characteristics, chemical compositions, and preparation methods on the stability of coatings. Second, the influence of lubricating oil on the adhesive strength of coatings must be further investigated because the lubricating oil may affect the bonding properties between the coatings and substrates. Additionally, the coating preparation methods should be simplified, and costs must be reduced to promote the applications of bioinspired slippery coatings. To achieve green production, more attention should be paid to the use of environmentally friendly materials in coating preparation processes. Finally, new slippery coatings need to be developed according to practical application environments by mimicking multiple biological templates.

Anti-wear performance of human enamel in the mouth is closely related to the lubrication of salivary pellicle. It is well known that the inorganic hydroxyapatite (HA) of the enamel plays an important role in the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins on the enamel, but the role of enamel matrix proteins remains unclear. In this study, the adsorption and lubrication behavior of salivary proteins on original, heated, and deproteinated enamel surfaces was comparatively investigated using an atomic force microscopy and nano-indentation/scratch techniques. Compared with that on the original enamel surface, the adsorption and lubrication behavior of salivary proteins remains almost unchanged on the heated enamel surface (where the enamel matrix proteins are denatured but the size of HA crystalline nanoparticles keeps constant) but exhibits an obvious compromise on the deproteinated enamel surface (where the enamel matrix proteins are removed and agglomeration of HA crystallites occurs). The HA agglomeration weakens the electrostatic interaction of enamel surfaces with salivary proteins to cause a distinct negative influence on the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins. Further, the negative effect is confirmed with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. In summary, by regulating enamel nanostructure for appropriate electrostatic interactions between salivary proteins and enamel surfaces, the enamel matrix proteins play an essential role in the adsorption and pellicle-forming of salivary proteins on human enamel, and then contribute to saliva lubrication, which provides the enamel with an anti-wear mechanism. The findings will promote and assist the design of enamel-inspired anti-wear materials.

Over the past two decades, superhydrophobic surfaces that are easily created have aroused considerable attention for their superior performances in various applications at room temperature. Nowadays, there is a growing demand in special fields for the development of surfaces that can resist wetting by high-temperature molten droplets（>1200℃） using facile design and fabrication strategies. Herein, bioinspired directional structures（BDSs） were prepared on Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 （YSZ） surfaces using femtosecond laser ablation. Benefiting from the anisotropic energy barriers, the BDSs featured with no additional modifiers showed a remarkable increase from 9.2°to 60°in the contact angle of CaO–MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 （CMAS）melt and a 70.1% reduction in the spreading area of CMAS at 1250℃, compared with polished super-CMAS-melt-philic YSZ surfaces. Moreover, the BDSs demonstrated exceptional wetting inhibition even at 1 400℃, with an increase from 3.3°to 31.3°in contact angle and a 67.9%decrease in spreading area. This work provides valuable insight and a facile preparation strategy for effectively inhibiting the wetting of molten droplets on super-melt-philic surfaces at extremely high temperatures.

Reversible wettability transition has drawn substantial interest because of its importance for widespread applications, but facile realization of such transition on ceramic surfaces, which is promising for achieving on-demand droplet manipulation under harsh conditions, remains rare. Herein, superhydrophobic zirconia ceramic surfaces that can reversibly and repeatedly transit between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity after alternate heating treatments have been fabricated using a femtosecond laser. The underlying mechanisms of the complex wettability transitions on the laser-ablated zirconia surfaces are elucidated. Hydrophilic polished zirconia surfaces immediately become superhydrophilic after laser ablation, which is mainly attributed to the amplification effect of the laser-induced micro/nanostructures and has no obvious relationship with oxygen vacancies. The obtained superhydrophilic surfaces are transformed into superhydrophobic surfaces because of rapid adsorption of airborne organic compounds driven mainly by physical interaction under heating conditions. With the alternate removal and re-adsorption of organic compounds, reversible and repeatable wettability transition between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity happens on the zirconia surfaces. The laser-induced micro/nanostructures also contribute to the wettability transitions. Furthermore, utilizing the superhydrophobic zirconia surfaces with switchable wettability, on-demand transfer of strong acid droplet in air and oil droplet under strong acid solution has been achieved. This work will inspire the environmentally friendly fabrication of switchable superhydrophobic ceramic surfaces and their multifunctional applications under harsh conditions.

Surface texturing is a promising way to reduce wear, but further improvements in wear resistance via single textures remain challenging. Inspired by multiple biological surfaces, we design and prepare two microtextures (MTs) on AISI 440C steel by femtosecond laser and then construct superhydrophobic micro/nanostructures in the MTs to obtain two multi-bioinspired hierarchical textures (MHTs). The MHTs show significant wear resistance under relatively low loads and high frequencies. Remarkably, compared with polished surfaces, the wear rates of the dimple-shaped MHTs (DMHTs) and the groove-shaped MHTs decrease by 64.6% and 50.0%, respectively. The introduction of the superhydrophobic micro/nanostructures enables the maximum wear reduction rate of the DMHTs 121.2% higher than that of the corresponding single textures. The wear resistance of the MHTs originates from the synergetic effects (manifested by the increases in surface hardness and hydro-dynamic pressure) of the laser-ablated MTs and superhydrophobic micro/nanostructures. We envision that this work will inspire the design and fabrication of more multi-bioinspired textures to achieve further improvements in wear resistance of mechanical parts under water lubrication.

To investigate the synergetic effects of laser texturing and super-hydrophobic coatings on tribological performances, we prepare micro-grooves on steel substrates by femtosecond laser and then deposit super-hydrophobic coatings in the micro-grooves to obtain coated groove-textured surfaces (CGSs). The tribological behaviors of polished steel surfaces (PSSs), groove-textured surfaces (GSs), and CGSs under water lubrication are examined. Compared with PSSs and GSs, CGSs show significant anti-friction and wear-resisting properties under a relatively low load. With increasing the texture density, the wear resistance of CGSs decreases. When a load of 0.5 N is applied on the CGSs with a texture density of 10%, the friction coefficient and wear loss are reduced by 22.3% and 73.5%, respectively, compared with PSSs.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have aroused considerable attention because of their extensive potential applications, but such surfaces are mechanically weak which is a major limitation hindering their practical applications. Herein, we develop a facile strategy for fabricating robust superhydrophobic surfaces on zirconia ceramic substrates. The robust micro/nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces are obtained via the direct ablation using a femtosecond laser without extra chemical modification. The experimental results demonstrate that the superhydrophobicity results from the special micro/nanostructures and the adsorbed chemical compounds from the air. Notably, these surfaces can retain their superhydrophobicity after being rubbed with an 800# grit sandpaper for 8 m at a contact pressure of 4.4 kPa, indicating superior mechanical stability. Moreover, the durability and self-cleaning functions of the obtained surfaces are also demonstrated. We envision that this work not only provides a facile and environmentally friendly approach for constructing robust superhydrophobic surfaces with excellent mechanical stability, but also inspires new applications of zirconia ceramics, especially in various extreme environments.

The reversible wettability transition has drawn substantial interest because of its importance for widespread applications, but the facile realization of such transition on ceramic surfaces remains rare. Herein, superhydrophobic zirconia ceramic surfaces that can reversibly and repeatedly transit between superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic states by alternate heating treatments have been fabricated using a femtosecond laser. More importantly, the underlying mechanisms of the complex wettability transitions that occur on the laser-ablated zirconia surfaces are elucidated. The hydrophilic polished zirconia surfaces immediately become superhydrophilic, which is mainly attributed to the amplification effect of the laser-induced micro/nanostructures. The obtained superhydrophilic surfaces transform into superhydrophobic surfaces because of the rapid adsorption of airborne organic compounds under heating conditions. More interestingly, we demonstrate that the reversible and repeatable wettability transition between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity mainly results from the alternate removal and re-adsorption of organic compounds. The laser-induced micro/nanostructures also contribute to the wettability transitions. We envision that this work will inspire the environmentally-friendly fabrication of more superhydrophobic ceramic surfaces with reversibly switchable wettability.

Superhydrophobic surfaces with structure-dependent switchable wettability have recently drawn considerable attention due to their special applications in droplet manipulation, rewritable liquid patterns, friction control, etc. However, it still remains a great challenge for developing tunable superhydrophobic surfaces with multiple functions including friction control through a facile strategy. Here, we apply a templating approach to fabricate switchable superhydrophobic surfaces that can reversibly transit between high-adhesion superhydrophobic and hydrophobic states by dynamically controlling the morphology of the micro/nanostructures. Notably, due to the dynamically controllable micro/nanostructures and wettability, the superhydrophobic surface shows multiple functions. The superhydrophobic surface under different wetting states can serve as a droplet capturer or reaction platform to achieve droplet manipulation. Moreover, the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic surface can be switched between similar to 0.4 and similar to 0.13, demonstrating the application potential in friction control. This work offers a promising multifunctional superhydrophobic platform with dynamically controllable morphology of micro/nanostructures and wetting behaviors for the applications of droplet manipulation and friction control.

There has been substantial recent interest with respect to the broad potential applications of superomniphobic surfaces, but it remains enormously challenging to enhance the dynamic stability of such surfaces impacted by high-pressured droplets. Herein, a robust superomniphobic surface with dual-scale re-entrant structures (DRSs) has been designed and fabricated through a facile combination of magnetic particle-assisted self-assembly and a dip-coating technique. Compared to superomniphobic surfaces with single-scale re-entrant structures, this superomniphobic surface with DRSs shows highly improved repellency against the impact from different highpressured droplets, a property which is furnished by the extension of three-phase contact lines, the increase in local geometric angles, and the formation of additional air pockets. Furthermore, the superomniphobic surface can serve as a platform to well maintain lubricating fluid so as to realize a photoresponsive slippery surface wherein near-infrared light can be used to manipulate various liquid droplets with a large range of volumes. Overall, this study provides a strategy for obtaining the robust superomniphobic and photoresponsive slippery surfaces through the DRS design, which provides a new insight into enhancing the dynamic stability of superomniphobic surfaces and also demonstrates the application of slippery surfaces for droplet manipulation.

: The anti-friction function of superwetting surfaces with superhydrophobicity has been demonstrated. However, the influence regularity of wettability to tribological performance, and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. Here, two kinds of microstructured surfaces with different wettability are fabricated on the substrate of steel by controlling surface chemical compositions. The water contact angles on these surfaces range from 0° to 151°. The ball-plate tribological tests are performed under water lubrication. The results show that the tribological performance is closely related to surface wettability. The friction coefficient increases with the increase of contact angles when the surfaces are hydrophilic rather than superhydrophilic. In contrast, the friction coefficient on the hydrophobic surfaces decreases with the increase of contact angles. Furthermore, the best anti-friction capability is obtained on the superhydrophobic surfaces, and the anti-friction mechanism is elucidated. The lowest friction coefficient was 0.12 under the load of 10 N. This work provides strong evidence of an association between tribological property and wettability, which may inspire the fabrication and application of special wetting surfaces in friction control.

The switchable wettability is essential for widespread applications in droplet manipulation, rewritable liquid patterning, fluid carrying, and so forth. However, it remains difficult to achieve the multistimuli-responsive, large-range, and reversible wetting switching especially for liquids with low surface tensions through surface topographical management. Here, we apply a simple and effective template-free self-assembly strategy to fabricate microstructured superamphiphobic surfaces that can reversibly switch the wetting performance for oil by transforming the surface morphology in response to multiple stimuli of magnetic fields and mechanical strains. Notably, the noticeably different wetting switching of oil triggered by different stimuli is demonstrated. The contact angles of hexadecane droplets on the as-prepared surfaces can be reversibly switched between 150 ± 1° and 38 ± 2° in response to mechanical strains. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of wetting switching has been further elucidated using mathematical models. Interestingly, these switchable surfaces dramatically demonstrate the ability to transport oil droplets, without requiring lubricating liquid films. This work not only achieves the large-range and reversible wetting switching for oil but also opens new avenues for fabricating tunable superamphiphobic surfaces with transformable mushroom-like microstructures that can be easily extended to microstructure-dependent friction or adhesion control and used in other fields.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have great potential for application in self-cleaning and oil/water separation. However, the large-scale practical applications of superhydrophobic coating surfaces are impeded by many factors, such as complicated fabrication processes, the use of fluorinated reagents and noxious organic solvents and poor mechanical stability. Herein, we describe the successful preparation of a fluorine-free multifunctional coating without noxious organic solvents that was brushed, dipped or sprayed onto glass slides and stainless-steel meshes as substrates. The obtained multifunctional superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces (MSHOs) demonstrated self-cleaning abilities even when contaminated with or immersed in oil. The superhydrophobic surfaces were robust and maintained their water repellency after being scratched with a knife or abraded with sandpaper for 50 cycles. In addition, stainless-steel meshes sprayed with the coating quickly separated various oil/water mixtures with a high separation efficiency (>93%). Furthermore, the coated mesh maintained a high separation efficiency above 95% over 20 cycles of separation. This simple and effective strategy will inspire the large-scale fabrication of multifunctional surfaces for practical applications in self-cleaning and oil/water separation.

In this study to screen for stable, high Taxolproducing cell lines（CL5, CL12, and CL21） of Taxus cuspidata, stem tissues were used to induce calli, which were then subcultured nine times to establish suspension cell cultures. From 97 cell lines obtained from conditioned cultures, 10 cell lines with high Taxol content were selected. Stability analyses on solid and liquid B5 media were then used to obtain lines that stably produced high levels of Taxol. Fresh biomass and Taxol production of the ninth generation became stable. Taxol content of selected CL5, CL12, and CL21 samples was 0.0448, 0.0477, and0.0428% of dry mass（DW）, respectively. Proliferation of CL5, CL12 and CL21 was 346.3, 382.5, and 409.2%,respectively. From work over about 2 years, the three cell lines appear suitable for mass production of Taxol,promoting the industrialisation and commercial-scale production of Taxol using cell culture.