Background: The study aimed to assess the impact of copulation on estrus length and ovulation timing in Beetal goats. Methods: Fourteen healthy, multiparous does were synchronized for estrus during the fall breeding season using a CIDR device for 7 days. Each received 5mg of PGF₂α at removal and 50µg of intramuscular gonadotrophin releasing hormone at insertion. The does were split into two groups at random: control (CON; n = 7) and treatment (TRE; n = 7). TRE does undergo two natural copulations within first four hours of estrus expression, while CON does were only mounted by apron-equipped bucks to prevent intromission. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed after every 4 hours following the estrus onset until ovulation. Results: The onset of estrus was similar between groups (41.2±14.8 h in TRE vs. 44.5±11.9 h in CON; P = 0.68). However, the estrus duration was significantly shorter in the TRE group (27.4±4.8 h) than in CON (35.6±5.1 h; P = 0.01). Ovulation occurred earlier in TRE (30.7 ± 2.5 h) than in CON (35.2 ± 3.4 h; P = 0.03). A higher proportion of TRE does ovulated after estrus ended compared to CON (83% vs. 29%; P = 0.04). The number of ovulations per doe did not differ significantly (2.0 ± 0.6 in TRE vs. 2.1 ± 0.5 in CON; P=0.87). Conclusion: In conclusion, copulation significantly shortens estrus and advances ovulation timing in Beetal goats, without affecting ovulation count.

Chlamydia abortus causes enzootic abortion in sheep and poses a zoonotic public health threat. Since chlamydiosis leads to significant economic losses, this cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydia abortus in ewe flocks with a history of abortion from the district Layyah of Pakistani Punjab. For this purpose, 184 serum samples were tested from 50 privately owned sheep flocks located across three sub districts (Tehsils) by commercially available iELISA kit. The seroprevalence (

Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric (Curcuma longa) has long been used in traditional medicine and exhibits antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential of curcumin nanoparticles as a resistance modulator against the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in cross bred cows affected by endometritis. A total of 1,000 cows were screened using ultrasound, and uterine flush samples were collected for bacterial isolation. P. aeruginosa was identified through selective culture methods, biochemical testing, and genetic profiling. Potential risk factors such as parity, reproductive disorders, body condition score (BCS), herd sizeand breeding methods were analyzed for association with bacterial prevalence. Antibiotic resistance testing using the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods showed widespread resistance among isolates. Curcumin nanoparticles were prepared by sonication method and characterization by Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy, particle size (zeta size), and zeta potential. Out of the 1,000 animals, 337 tested positive, indicating an overall endometritis prevalence of 33.7%. Of these 337 samples 97 were positive for P. aeruginosa (28.7%). However, analysis of risk factors such as reproductive disorders and parity revealed statistically significant association (P<0.001) with P. aeruginosa associated endometritis. In contrast, BCS, herd size and breeding method, were found to have non-significant differences (P>0.05). After antibiotic profiling, five MDR isolates were selected. Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed the presence of beta-lactamase genes, with blaTEM found in 60% of MDR P. aeruginosa. Additionally, blaCTX-M was detected in 20% of P. aeruginosa. Zone of inhibition produced by nano curcumin against MDR isolates were 20.36 +/- 1.36 mm at 100 mu g/mL and 31 +/- 2 mm at 200 mu g/mL, with a minimum inhibitory concentration as low as 16 mu g/mL. Curcumin nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an environmentally benign biogenic approach employing an extract of kernels of Nigella Sativa (kalonji). The presence of primary and secondary metabolites in Nigella Sativa extract acted as the capping and reducing agent. The assynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using various advanced techniques i.e., UV, SEM, XRD, EDS, TGA, DSC, and FTIR spectra. UV characterization of ZnO NPs revealed a peak within the 350-400 cm- 1 range, confirming their successful formation. XRD spectra revealed that the particles possess a nano-rods and platelets structure, with an average size of 65 nm. XRD analysis revealed that the particles possess a size of 65 nm with a nano-rods and platelets structure. FTIR spectra of the ZnO NPs exhibited a peak at a wavenumber range of 500-600 cm-1. The newly fabricated ZnO NPs were utilized in a pyrolysis reaction for the production of high-yield bio-oil, resulting in a maximum yield of 65.6 % at 350 degrees C. The spectra of the bio-oil display distinct peaks at 1340 cm- 1, 2923.6 cm- 1, and 1617 cm-1, which suggest the existence of phenolic and carbonyl chemicals. After incubating for 24 h under UV light, they also demonstrated significant catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The highest degradation was recorded to be an average of 71 % in 60 min of UV exposure. Taken together, ZnO NPs developed by eco-benign methods have the potential to be implemented as a novel catalytic system in the production of bio-oil as well as the remediation of dye-harboring industrial wastewater.

Mammalian pineal gland, an integral part of brain, is a photo-neuroendocrine gland which controls the circadian rhythms and reproductive activity in seasonal breeders. This study was designed to evaluate the gross morphological and histological changes in pineal gland and plasma melatonin profile of Beetal goat in relation to different age groups. For this purpose, a total of 24 healthy female Beetal goats were selected from the local abattoir of Faisalabad and were divided into three age groups naming, prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal (n=8). Before slaughtering, 10 ml blood was collected in EDTA coated tubes for determination of plasma melatonin level using ELISA kit. After slaughtering, heads of the animals were dissected, pineal gland was enucleated and gross morphometric measurements of the gland were taken. For light microscopic studies, the pineal tissues were fixed in a solution of 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed by the routine tissue paraffin sectioning technique. The tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, modified von Kossa stain and toluidine blue. The results revealed that age of the animals has a significant effect (P <= 0.05) on gross anatomical parameters of pineal gland (weight, length, width and volume) as well as histomorphometric parameters including number and volume of pinealocytes, relative area of parenchyma, brain sand, connective tissue and blood vessels of the pineal gland. Age also affected the plasma melatonin level and was found significantly highest (5.63 +/- 0.20 pg/ml) in the pubertal group. In conclusion, the present study revealed that age influences the gross and histomorphology along with plasma melatonin level of the Beetal goat.

Postpartum infection of the uterus by pathogenic bacteria is exacerbated due to a lack of sufficient epidemiological studies and evidence-based therapeutics. Therefore, this study was planned to find the prevalence, risk factors, and drug-resistance profile of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from bovine endometritis and to evaluate the antibacterial potential of sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles. The study revealed 34.21% S. aureus and 31.57% E. coli, whereas most of the assumed risk factors presented significant association in this study. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against fusidic acid (60%) and cefoxitin (50%), while the highest resistance in E. coli was found against fusidic acid (60%), gentamicin (60%), chloramphenicol (50%), and cefoxitin (50%). Tylosin coupled with MgO nanoparticles stabilized in sodium alginate gel (Tylo + MgO + gel) presented significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, showing 13.88 ± 4.51 µg/mL after 24 h incubation. On the other hand, gel-based preparations showed MIC as 31.25 ± 0 µg/mL (Tylo + gel + MgO) and 26.04 ± 9.02 µg/mL (Tylo + Gel) against S. aureus. Generally, the MICs of non-gel-based preparations were significantly higher against bacteria except ampicillin against S. aureus in this study. The toxicity analysis of MgO nanoparticles presented 20–80% mortality of snails against a wider range of 0.01 mg/mL–10 mg/mL. The histopathological parameters concluded MgO nanoparticles safe to use on off targets. The current study thus concludes the rise in antimicrobial resistance while the gel-based products appearing as effective antimicrobials with sufficient safety margins for off-targets. The study thus invites further investigation for the development of suitable and affordable modified therapeutics for better health and production of animals.

In Pakistan, milk quality control standards are yet to be established. The prime objective of this study was to develop the standard referencevalues for the milk pH, its somatic cell count (SCC), electric conductivity (EC) and NAGase i.e., milk enzyme in the noninfected milk of localbuffalo breed i.e., Nilli-Ravi also known as Black-gold of Pakistan and cows i.e., Sahiwal and other crossbred cows kept locally mostly formilch purpose. A total of 30 animals with lactation number 1-5 (in early lactation of two months) from each breed group were selectedfor milk samples. Samples were then tested for mastitis through Surf Field Mastitis test and microbiological culturing. Reference valueswere determined using negative samples. Fore-mentioned parameters were analyzed for collected Milk samples. The values for NAGaseand SCC were the most eminent in the crossbred cow’s milk i.e., (56.07±2.33 U/mL) & (178645.83±2324.0/mL) respectively. EC value(5.7±0.04) was strikingly high in Sahiwal cow’s milk. Milk of Nilli-Ravi was found superior in quality, based on its lower values of SSC,EC and NAGase. Mean values of each parameter were also compared among different quarters and found to be statistically similar. Inconclusion, milk of Nilli-Ravi was found superior in quality and current findings can be used to provide base line information for NAGaseand other components of milk quality and udder health for above mentioned dairy types.

To search out the cholesterol and serum minerals level in pregnant state and puerperium period of Beetal goat, the research work was carried out. For this purpose, blood sampling was done from the twenty selected Beetal goats at 4 different intervals i.e., at 3.5 and 4.5 month of gestation, and at 14 and 28 days postpartum. Fully automatic chemistry analyzer (Tc 200) was used to calculate the level of various serum minerals like Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and cholesterol with the help of commercially available kits. Significantly variation (P <= 0.01) was observed between pre and post-partum concentrations of serum (mean +/- SE) of Na, K, Mg and P. However, serum concentrations of Na, K, Mg and P did not vary (P>0.05) between 3.5 and 4.5 month of gestation and 14 and 28 days after parturition. Moreover, no difference (P>0.05) was observed in serum level of Ca and cholesterol in pre and post parturient period. Similarly, serum Ca and cholesterol concentrations did not differ during pregnancy (3.5 vs. 4.5 month) as well as in postpartum periods (14 vs. 28 day). It was concluded that with alteration in the physiological status of goat, minerals profile also changes.

Breeding efficiency of Bucks is not similar throughout the year. Several factors may be responsible for this change in breeding potential. Season is one of the major influential factors. To assess the relationship of Total protein, P, Cl, Ca, K, Na and Testosterone level of seminal plasma with physical characteristics of semen of Damani bucks during breeding and non-breeding seasons. The same mature, 10 Damani bucks of about Nine months age were used in 04 weeks of breeding and 04 weeks of non-breeding seasons. Physical characteristics of fresh semen, gross motility and live/ dead ratio of spermatozoa were recorded. The seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at 20 degrees C for further processing of Hormone and Biochemical constituents. The results indicated that the semen quality and quantity were significantly improved in breeding seasons compared to non-breeding season. There was positive correlation (r(2)=) among Physical parameters, biochemical constituents and testosterone level. Sodium has significant positive correlation with ejaculatory volume while phosphorous has significant positive co-relation with sperm concentration. However, phosphorous concentration significantly decreased with increased in dead/abnormal spermatozoa concentration. The overall semen quality was found highly dependent upon the seminal plasma biochemical constituents and proteins.

Granulosa cells (GCs) are essential for follicular growth, development, and atresia. The orexin-A (OXA) neuropeptide is widely involved in the regulation of various biological functions. OXA selectively binds to orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and mediates all its biological actions via OX1R. This study aimed to explore the expression of OXA and OX1R and their regulatory role in GCs proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, oocyte maturation, and underlying molecular mechanisms of these processes and elucidate its novel signaling pathway. Western blotting and RT-qPCR showed that OXA and OX1R were expressed during different developmental stages of GCs, and siRNA transfection successfully inhibited the expression of OX1R at the translational and transcriptional levels. Flow cytometry revealed that OX1R knockdown upregulated GCs apoptosis and triggered S-phase arrest in cell cycle progression. RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed significantly reduced expression of Bcl-2 and elevated expression of Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, and P21 in OX1R-silenced GCs. Furthermore, the CCK-8 assay showed that knockdown of OX1R suppressed GCs proliferation by downregulating the expression of PCNA, a proliferation marker gene, at the translational and transcriptional levels. Western blotting revealed that knockdown of OX1R resulted in a considerable decrease of the phosphorylation level of the AKT and ERK1/2 proteins, indicating that the AKT/ERK1/2 pathway is involved in regulating GCs proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, OX1R silencing enhanced the mRNA expression of GDF9 and suppressed the mRNA expression of BMP15 in mouse GCs. Collectively, these results reveal a novel regulatory role of OXA in the development of GCs and folliculogenesis by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Therefore, OXA can be a promising therapeutic agent for female infertility.

The current study probed methicillin resistant S. aureus from milk of different dairy farms along with its response to multiple antibiotics, assessment of risk factors, and response to antibiotic coupled nanoparticle. XRD of Np was confirmed as miller indices (hkl) values i.e. (101), (100), (002), (110), (012) and (013) while STEM finally revealed 40-60 nm nanorods in aggregated form. Total of 6 preparations viz a viz gentamicin (G), chloramphenicol (C), zinc oxide nanoparticle (Np), gentamicin coupled Np (GNp), chloramphenicol coupled Np (CNp), and simultaneously coupling of gentamicin and chloramphenicol on Np (GCNp) were formulated for their potential to bring resistance modulation. Data analysis of this study revealed 24.59% MRSA from dairy milk appearing potentially associated (OR 1, p < 0.05) with most of assumed risk factors. MRSA in response to various antibiotics showed highest resistance against amoxicillin (100%), penicillin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and linezolid (90%). Zone of inhibitions were increased by 249.76% (GNp), 184.86% (CNp), and 279.76% (GCNp) in case of coupled preparations. Significant reduced minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in case of GCNp (7.8125 +/- 0.00 mu g/mL) followed by GNp (15.00 +/- 0.00 mu g/mL) and CNp (41.67 +/- 18.042 mu g/mL) as compared to Np alone (125.00 +/- 0.00 mu g/mL). Minimum bactericidal concentrations for GCNp, GNp, and CNp, and Np were 31.125, 62.5, 125, and 500 mu g/mL, respectively. The study thus concluded increased prevalence of MRSA while coupling of ZnO nanoparticles with antibiotics significantly brought resistance modulation to MRSA.

The effects of GnRH on serum concentrations of progesterone, estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), mineral profile (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, calcium and manganese) and pregnancy rate were evaluated in female dromedary camels. Forty female camels were randomly assigned to one of four equal groups: A (GnRH treated) and B (control) during breeding season, and C (GnRH treated) and D (control) during non-breeding season. GnRH analogue Dalmarelin (20 mu g) was given intramuscularly to the treated animals one day prior to mating, while the controls received 1 ml normal saline intramuscularly. Pregnancy was diagnosed 50 days after mating through trans-rectal palpation. Blood from all the groups was collected at the time of GnRH/normal saline administration (day -1), then daily at days 1, 4, 7 and 10 during breeding and non-breeding seasons and analyzed for serum progesterone, estrogen, FSH and mineral profile. LH was determined by blood sampling from all the groups at -1, 1, 2, 3 and 5 hours with reference to one day after GnRH/normal saline administration (this time corresponded to time of mating in mated females). Results revealed that serum progesterone and LH concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in animals of treated than control group during each season. Differences in serum estrogen between treated and control groups in each season were nonsignificant. However, estrogen levels in both treated and control groups in breeding season were higher (P<0.05) than both groups in non-breeding season. Differences in serum FSH, P, Mg, Zn, Ca and Mn levels among all four groups were non-significant. Pregnancy rate was highest in group A and lowest in group D (P<0.05); the difference between groups B and C was non-significant. In conclusion, use of GnRH shows positive prospects to manipulate reproductive cycle in camels. (C) 2020 PVJ. All rights reserved

Aim of the present study was to investigate the status of different antioxidant systems in semen and peripheral blood of bulls of two age groups. For this purpose, different physiological biomarkers in the peripheral blood and seminal plasma of 3-5 years old and 8-10 years old Sahiwal bulls, kept at the Semen Production Unit (SPU), Qadirabad, Sahiwal were monitored. Six bulls with clinically normal reproductive tract were included in each group. Semen samples were collected from each bull weekly for four weeks, as per routine practice at the SPU, and examined for semen quality parameters. Then seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at -20 degrees C. On the day of semen collection, blood was also collected from each bull, serum was separated and stored at -20 degrees C. Serum and seminal plasma samples were thawed and analyzed for physiological biomarkers including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), paraoxonase, arylesterase, malondialdehyde (MDA), ceruloplasmin and catalase. Results showed that mass activity, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration were significantly higher (P<0.05) in 3-5 years old bulls than those in 8-10 years old bulls. However, dead sperm percentage did not differ between 3-5 year (12.54 +/- 0.25%) and 8-10 year (12.75 +/- 0.33%) old bulls. Serum activities of paraoxonase, TAS and TOS were significantly higher (P<0.05) in 3-5 years old than 8-10 years old bulls, while reverse was true for serum ceruloplasmin activity. However, serum MDA, catalase and arylesterase activities did not differ significantly between bulls of two age groups. Seminal plasma showed higher activities of paraoxonase, arylesterase and ceruloplasmin in 8-10 years old bulls compared to bulls aged 3-5 years (P<0.05), while an opposite trend was seen for TAS and TOS. Moreover, bulls aged 3-5 years had higher activities of paraoxonse and arylesterase in the serum, while older bulls showed higher activities of paraoxonse, arylesterase, TAS, and ceruloplasmin in the seminal plasma. Activities of catalase and MDA were higher in the serum than in seminal plasma in bulls of both age groups (P<0.05). However, activities of TAS in bulls aged 3-5 years and TOS in older bulls did not differ between the two body fluids. In conclusion, semen quality in terms of mass activity, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration was better in 3-5 years old compared to 8-10 years old Sahiwal bulls. However, no specific trend for levels of various physiological biomarkers in relation to semen quality of these bulls could be demonstrated.

Brucellosis is reportedly endemic in ruminants in Pakistan. BothBrucella abortusandB. melitensisinfections have been decumented in domestic animals and humans in the country. This study aimed to identify the burden of anti-Brucellaantibodies in small ruminants as well as associated potential risk factors with its occurrence at nine institutional livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The sera collected from equal number of sheep and goats (500 from each species) were screened by indirect-ELISA for anti-smooth-Brucellaantibodies followed by a serial detection by real-time PCR. Overall, 5.1% (51/1000) seropositivity was registered corresponding to 5% (25/500) prevalence in goats and 5.2% (26/500) in sheep.Brucella-DNA could not be detected in any of the tested sera by real-time PCR. Multiple logistic regression model indicated that farm location (OR 34.05), >4 years of age (OR 2.88), with history of reproductive disorders (OR 2.69), and with BCS of <= 3 (OR 12.37) were more likely to test positive for brucellosis at these farms. A routine screening, stringent biosecurity, and quarantine measures are warranted for monitoring and eradication of the infection. Similarly, isolation and molecular investigation of the etiologic agent(s) are needed to understand the relationship of epidemiology and out-breaks of brucellosis in the country.

The current study was performed to evaluate the potential effects of essential oil (MIX OIL (R)) on growth and histomorphometry of intestine in Japanese quail. The Mix Oil (R) is available as commercial product (Animal Wellness Product, Italy) which is a blend of different essential oils. This product contains eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, savory oil, lemon oil, garlic oil, citric acid and oregano oil. A total of one hundred day-old quail chicks were purchased from a local hatchery. Birds were placed at temperature-controlled sheds at quail farm. The birds were separated randomly into four groups (A, B, C and D) containing 25 birds each. Birds were offered commercial basal corn-based diet and offered three different graded concentrations of Mix Oil (R). Group-A was control while group B, C and D contain 0 33ml/2 liter of water 0.15%, 0.5ml/2 liter of water 0.25%, 1ml/2 liter of water 0.5%, respectively. On day 35, all birds were slaughtered and the samples of intestines were excised and prepared for histological studies. The significant differences (P<0.05) in body weight of birds, weight gain of quails and feed conversion ratio was recorded. Among the histomorphometric parameters of intestine, there was an increase observed in villus height and significant change in number of goblet cells among all treated groups. In conclusion, essential oil (MIX OIL (R)) was proved to be a potent growth promoter. The intestinal health was also improved by giving essential oil (MIX OIL (R)) that resulted in better growth in Japanese quails. (C) 2020 PVJ. All rights reserved

Coxiellosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, acts as a major trade barricade and adversely affects the productive and reproductive capabilities of animals. This study was planned to investigate the sero-prevalence of Coxiellosis and its relationship with some important risk factors in small ruminants kept at nine government livestock farms of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 1000 blood samples (500 each from goats and sheep) were collected from animals kept at the respective livestock farms. An indirect-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) was used to detect anti-C. burnetii antibodies in the serum. Serological analysis revealed overall flock-level sero-prevalence of 92.3% which varied from 88.88% in sheep and 100% in goat, while individual level sero-prevalence was 15.6% in sheep and 15.0% in goats, the difference being non-significant. A significant (P<0.05) association was found between seropositivity against C. burnetii and variables like livestock farm, type of farming, region (locality of farm), presence of ticks, animal health status and season of sampling. In conclusion, the study indicates the occurrence of antibodies to C. burnetii at the government livestock farms included in the study.

Brucellosis is worldwide zoonotic infection. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from cross bred dairy cattle at three different private farms located in Gujranwala, Pakistan. The samples were analysed by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and by indirect-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). The overall seroprevalence was found to be 28.90 and 27.86% by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. Previous history of animal reproductive disorders was found to be significantly associated (P=0.0056) with seropositivity of the infection. Age, sex, parity, lactation and pregnancy status of the animal were not found significantly associated. Routine herd screening, consumtion of pasteurized milk and public awareness programmes would be helpful for control and prevention of zoonotic transmission.

Teddy is highly proliferative goat breed, as female of this breed are famous for high twining rates. Feed supplementation of olive oil has been shown to improve semen quality of goat bucks. In this study, the effect of feed supplementation with olive oil on serum testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and some biochemical metabolites in teddy goat bucks were investigated. For this purpose, 9 adult male goats, with clinically normal reproductive tract, were randomly separated into by three equal assemblies A, B and C. Animals in Cluster A were fed control ration (control group), whereas goats in group B and C were nourished with complemented 15 and 30 ml Olive oil, respectively, in morning daily for 8 weeks. Blood was collected weekly from each experimental animal and analyzed for serum testosterone, T3 and T4 concentration through ELISA. Similarly, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were determined using commercially available kits. Results revealed that serum concentrations of testosterone, T3 and T4 were higher (P<0.05) in bucks of groups B and C compared to those of control group. However, differences in concentration of these hormones between bucks of the former two groups were non-significant. Among biochemical metabolites, serum ALT, total cholesterol and triglycerides differed significantly (P<0.05) among three groups, with highest in control group and lowest in group C. Serum AST activity was also lower in bucks of assembly B and C than control, but, changes between groups B and C were non-significant. Similarly, the treatment had no effect on serum glucose concentrations. Based on results of the present studies, it was concluded that feed supplementation of olive oil improves semen quality and libido of Teddy goat bucks. However, its effects on health biomarkers and fertility rates of buck may be investigated before making any recommendation.