Security concerns are rampant in our world today. No location is immune to crime, whether it be public spaces, commercial areas, offices, or private property. While law enforcement agencies work to address crimes after they have taken place, there is no guarantee that they can prevent them from occurring. Communities and businesses often turn to security personnel and surveillance cameras to keep watch, but this only provides passive protection. Criminals may act while security is absent and cameras only record events, they do not prevent them. Although, there are few systems with face recognition and alerting mechanisms are existing, they are too expensive and not affordable to a common man. In response to this challenge, this work proposes a most economic, hassle free proactive home security system which can be used as a plug and play device for the already installed surveillance system employing CCTV cameras. This system features facial recognition technology, enabling it to identify authorized individuals by storing their images in a database, thus swiftly distinguishing between intruders and residents. In cases of unauthorized intrusions, the system promptly activates alerts and alarms. Additionally, it incorporates supplementary security measures utilizing sensors and actuators for heightened protection. Moreover, the system utilizes an IP camera, permitting remote monitoring via live streaming. An array of machine learning algorithms is assessed to ascertain the most effective method for facial recognition, integrated into a monitoring dashboard using RTSP streaming.

Present railway stations provide escalators, elevators and staircase for passengers to move from one platform to another. It is very difficult for the elderly people or handicapped persons to use such facilities. This work proposes a mobile platform which automatically closes or opens using gear and pinion arrangement in between the two platforms. The mobile platform will help the passengers to reduce the effort in going from one platform to another. The mobile platform uses motors which require ample amount of electrical energy which can be supplied through Renewable Energy (RE) sources. Wind and solar energy attract much attention because of no pollution and durative. In the work proposed, powering up the battery and DC motor is done using hybrid wind-solar PV system. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to model and simulate the hybrid system with the MPPT controller for solar PV. The outputs are verified for constant wind speeds and varied irradiation levels. It is observed that the proposed hybrid system will provide continuous supply as the energy sources depend on the climate. Circuit breakers are used to overcome the battery issues like over charging which will affect the battery life and efficiency in this model. Hardware prototype of the model is implemented and tested.

Agriculture is the most important factor in ensuring livelihood. Crop disease growth has recently increased due to catastrophic weather patterns and a dearth of immunogenicity in crops. Machine learningMachine Learning (ML) could be a critical perspective for achieving a realistic and true solution to the crop yield issue. It will assist Indian farmers in predicting crop yield and recommending crops based on environmental conditions. Machine learningMachine Learning and IoT are used in this work to implement crop recommendations, crop yield predictionCrop Yield Prediction, and disease detection using deep learningDeep Learning. The hardware system is intended to collect soil and environmental data from the surrounding environment for crop recommendation and yield. A web applicationWeb/App is developed for all these three applications.

Smart home products are means of comfort for many, but they are still of dire need for a few. Dysdiadochokinesia (DDK) is a type of disease which results in difficulty in performing fast, consecutive action, most probably because of a prevailed issue. Matter is constructed with an aim of making smart home products interoperable, easy to use and smooth without compromising on security. By stacking the same on top of Internet Protocol (IP) layer, Matter will make communication possible across smart home products, mobile-based applications, and cloud-based services, and demonstrate a specific set of IP networking technologies for the certification of smart products. Development of an independent smart home solution for people suffering from Dysdiadochokinesia is proposed in this work. The system proposed enables them to travel indoors using a vision-controlled wheelchair and establish control over home appliances via vision commands by leveraging Matter Smart Home Protocol. Eye gaze movements and eye blinks are used as controlling parameters which are fed to machine learning models such as SVM and KNN which produces a classification label. Controller designed is tested for the movements of wheelchair in either of the four directions and also for controlling Matter enabled light and door lock producing promising results.

In this paper, an area-efficient multi-transform architecture supporting transforms used in most popular video codecs like High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Advance Video Coding (AVC) is proposed. An eight-point integer DCT is implemented using two four-point integer DCTs. A three-stage pipelined and parallel multiplier-less architecture is designed using shift and add method. Proposed 1D DCT architecture uses 50% less resources as compared to other approach in literature and is capable of producing eight outputs for every clock cycles after the initial latency. Architecture is scalable to 2D DCT, and higher order DCTs can be computed either by reusing 1D structure or by duplicating the 1D structure. Proposed 1D and 2D DCT structures are simulated using Xilinx ISE and MATLAB tools and validated for the results. Further, the design is synthesized on Virtex-6 FPGA board and consumes 38% less area when compared with the standalone architectures. Proposed structure is found to be efficient in terms of resource utilization while comparing with architectures reported in literature.

Increasing efficiency in the power sector does not occur only by improving the technical losses. Although many thoughtful improvisations like power line communication, advanced metering infrastructure have been done to decrease non-technical losses, but not at large scale. The idea of this work is to attain accurate detection of power theft without installing expensive meters. Proposed system combines and improvises conventional consumer meter and smart meter features to design and construct a small-scaled advanced metering infrastructure and enhancing it to detect and mitigate different methods of power theft with reliable communication using a cloud platform rather than GSM network. Proposed system is capable of locating the theft area and controls the illegal load usage, by placing a separate energy meter. The observer meter energy reading is compared with the value at the main energy meter situated at the individual subscriber’s premises. If any difference occurs between both meter readings, an error signal is sent to concerned authority stating power theft at particular location. ThingSpeak is handed down as a platform for cloud services and data transfer and IFTTT (if this then that), and an interface for sending an alert message without a GSM module is used. The proposed system is simulated on a Proteus platform for apartment models and household models and tested successfully.

Applications such as multimedia and system on chip require multiple transforms for processing various types of signals such as text, audio, image and video. Hybrid architectures supporting multiple transforms improve the overall performance of the system. In this work, reduced form of discrete Fourier transform (DFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete sine transform (DST) and opitimized form of discrete Hartley transform (DHT) and Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) are proposed to design a hybrid architecture that supports multiple discrete transforms of order-8. An architecture is designed by considering the computational needs across transforms with a blend of concurrent and sequential computations through mode control. In existing literature limited work is reported on hybrid architectures for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal transforms DFT, DCT, DST, DHT and HWT. In this paper authors propose a pipelined and parallel architecture for multiple 8-point transforms which is capable of producing the outputs in two modes, namely, sequential and concurrent. Novelty of the approach is to have a provision to select an appropriate transform for an application and also choose multiple transforms as per requirement. Since, these transforms are used in various applications, the proposed approach is useful in heterogeneous systems requiring output from multiple transforms either in parallel or sequential mode. A prototype of the proposed architecture is implemented using Xilinx ISE tools with the target FPGA as Virtex 6 xc6vlx760ff1760-2. The results are verified using Matlab implementation with mean square error of 2.2497 × 10–9. Compared to the standalone architectures and other similar architectures, the proposed hybrid architecture has shown improvement in area-time complexity with a throughput of at least 4 × due to increased level of parallelism and pipelining.

Rain water harvesting is used to store the rainwater for any future purposes. By incorporating a smart water management system, Rainwater harvesting will gain the ability to store the excess water in a smarter way by utilizing new technology, which deals with the modules like sensors, Arduino processors etc. In this project, the water gets stored in the top of the roof or catchment and later it is brought down through pipes by guttering and stent down process to store in a container. The collected unfiltered water can be used for irrigation and different applications besides of our daily needs like drinking water and livestock. Instead of getting the water dirtied by overflowing of rainwater, it can be stored and used for irrigation and many other purposes like underground rock storage [3]–[6]. By using the different sensors for different applications like water level, distance management, pumping water, filters etc. The proposed model utilizes the rain water in proper way.

There has been increasing number of motor bike accidents reported during last few years, and rider’s negligence happens to be one major reason for the same. In this work, a smart helmet with features for the safety of the rider is proposed. Three major features are embedded in the present work such as avoidance of driving without helmet, avoidance of drunk and drive, and accident detection and intimation. A force-sensing resistor (FSR) is used for detecting the presence of helmet which controls the access to the vehicle. This feature is useful even to prevent motorcycles from being stolen. An alcohol detector placed within the helmet senses the limit of alcohol consumption by the rider and restricts the vehicle access in case limit exceeds. Accident intimation to the rescue department and to the family of the rider is the third feature in the proposed work. The hardware is built having all these features and is tested in a laboratory environment.

Visual impairment is one of the disabilities of a human being. To date, numerous methods have been proposed to enhance the life style of visually impaired and blind people. Still, purchasing products in the supermarket without others support is tricky one for them. In this work, a Smart Store Assistor for visually impaired people is proposed. Three major concerns such as locating the product, identifying product and buying the product are addressed in this work. The System consists of 3 modules namely Product Identifier, Smart Glove and Smart Trolley. Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) is used to identify the products. In Product Identifier module, a buzzer will ring whenever the required product is located. Smart Glove module is used to scan the product where an audio instruction will detail about the product specifications to the buyer. Further, when the product is placed in the cart, an automated billing system will provide final bill of the purchased products. Design and hardware implementation of the working prototype model has been demonstrated in the proposed work.

In this paper, design, analysis and control of single phase grid connected photovoltaic system is proposed. Basically two controllers are associated with this system. First, maximum power is extracted from photovoltaic system by using input side MPPT controller and second, grid side controller which performs DC-link voltage control and injecting harmonic free current into the grid. The main objective is to control grid current with the help of controllers for which current controller of grid must follow sinusoidal reference synchronized with grid voltage. A comparative study between Proportional Integral current controller, Hysteresis current controller and Predictive current controller is done for single phase grid integrated photovoltaic system with the help of MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of all three controllers are examined and compared with the help of their performance. Simulation results demonstrated that predictive current controller gives fast response, minimum distortion and good reference tracking when compared with other two controllers.

Eight-point transforms play an important role in data compression, signal analysis and signal enhancement applications. Most widely used transforms of size -8 are Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Sine Transform (DST), and Discrete Fourier Transform. There have been applications requiring multiple transforms for improving the performance. Unified/Hybrid architectures supporting multiple transforms is a possible solution for such demands as independent architecture for each transform requires more resources and computation power. In this work, a Distributed Arithmetic (DA) based multitransform architecture for supporting 1-D 8-point DCT, DFT, DST and DWT is proposed. A multiplier-less architecture leading to reduced hardware is implemented in 45 nm CMOS technology in Cadence RTL compiler as well as on FPGA using Xilinx ISE. Compared to the standalone transform architectures, there is 51.2% savings in number of adders, 44.34% saving in Look Up Table (LUT) utilization and 54.18% savings in register utilization in the proposed architecture.

The fundamental capacity of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is to permit electrical gadgets to be persistently charged and conquer the requirement of a power line. Remote power can be bridled and actualized in a home to such an extent that a portable PC and telephone gets charged persistently and remotely without the requirement for connecting anything to. In this paper, an inductive wireless power charging system to charge a laptop at 19.5V, 2.3A is proposed. An ac-ac resonant converter is adopted at the front end instead of a dc link. An LLC-SS is employed to reduce the power loss during transmission. The main challenge in WPT system lies in designing efficient transmitter and receiver coils and maintaining a constant voltage at the load for varied distance between the coils. A PI controller is adapted to mitigate the effects of variation in mutual coupling. Resonant coupling will improve the system efficiency and permit the power transfer at kilohertz frequency range.

In this work, a high throughput architecture for 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform is proposed. The work proposes DWT computation through convolution of a ‘M’ point input sequence with a ‘L’ tap wavelet coefficients. Computation of DWT of an N point sequence is carried out by summing the results of blocks of ‘M’ points. For illustration, an 8 tap filter and block size of 4 is considered. Through poly-phase filter structure and simple processing elements, effective computation is achieved. Architecture is 100% efficient in terms of hardware utilization and has an improved throughput of two fold. Xilinx ISE tools are used to carry out functional simulation and implementation. The proposed architecture can work at a maximum frequency of 398.25MHz while implementing on Virtex4 xc4vlx15-10sf363 target device.

In this paper, wireless transmission of electric power using inductive resonating principle is proposed. Power from solar PV is considered as the source of supply. Comparison of the inductive resonance principle and inductive coupling principle of wireless power transmission is carried out. It is observed that efficient transmission of power at lower frequencies can be achieved using resonance principle with high Q factor transceiver coils. The complete system is designed and implemented on the hardware developed. Input to the circuit is 30V, 0.12A from solar PV and a load of 5V,500mA cell phone is charged by the circuit developed. Overall power efficiency of 69.4% is achieved practically for the wireless power transmission using the proposed design at a transmission frequency of 241kHz and at a distance of 8cm. The transmission efficiency was found to be approximately 100% at the above mentioned frequency and distance.

A current fed push pull converters cascaded with a buck pre-regulator is proposed. Voltage stress of the push pull switches is reduced by buck pre regulation. Pulse width modulation is done only to the switch in buck stage. Output voltage and the buck inductor current is controlled using average current mode control. The closed loop simulation of a 20W, 100V, 0.2A cascaded buck push pull converter with analog control circuit is done using PSIM. Closed loop simulation using digital control circuit is done by using a SIMCOUPLER module which couples power electronic circuit in PSIM and digital control circuit in MATLAB. Further, hardware implementation of digital controllers on two platforms is explained. Switching pulses are generated using digital circuit are fed to the converter switches and the converter is tested for the open loop operation.

A Convolution based parallel and pipelined architecture using MAC Loop Based Filter (MLBF) is proposed in this work. The proposed modification to the MLBF structure produces one output sample for every clock cycle as compared to the MLBF structure which produces two outputs for every four clock cycles. This results in a speed up of 2× which is significant for processing real time signals of long length. Compared to the existing MLBF based 1-D DWT architecture, proposed design uses additional 8 multipliers and 8 adders. The proposed structure is independent of the input size and filter length and performs better than other architectures with same or less area utilization. Generality, scalability, high efficiency of hardware utilization are the other merits of the proposed structure. The architecture is synthesized on Virtex 6 xc6vcx240t-2ff784 FPGA board and can operate at a maximum frequency of 633.43 MHz. The frequency of operation is twice as that of the existing approach.

Transforms are used in many signal processing applications. The VLSI implementation of a hybrid architecture to compute 8-point discrete cosine transform and Haar wavelet transform is proposed. The architecture is developed using NEw Distributed Arithmetic (NEDA) which is an efficient method for implementing inner products without using multipliers and ROM. The architecture developed is coded using Verilog HDL, simulated in ModelSim 6.4 and implemented using Xilinx ISE 14.7. Further, the hybrid architecture is implemented in 0.18μm CMOS technology using Cadence RTL compiler. Compared to standalone architectures, proposed architecture has 77.92% saving in register utilization, 41.80% savings in LUT utilization and 27.55% savings in number of adders used. The results show that the architecture is better in terms of power, hardware resources and complexity compared to earlier architectures.

Current fed push pull converters are widely used in electronic ballast circuits, telecommunication industries and satellite applications. In this work, a current fed push pull converter which can be powered by solar PV or conventional single phase ac supply is proposed. A current fed push pull acts as an isolated boost converter and needs only a single input inductor. To enhance the significance of a buck stage prior to push pull stage, comparison of a current fed push pull converter with that of a buck current fed push pull is carried out. Buck pre-regulator reduces the voltage stress of the push pull switches. In addition, it is sufficient to modulate the width of the pulse fed to buck stage while maintaining the pulse width of the switches of push pull stage constant. In the proposed design, average current mode control is preferred as it has noise immunity and do not require slope compensation. Based on the input ac supply and readings from a 20W solar panel, a 20W, 100V, 0.2A cascaded buck push pull converter is designed and simulated using PSIM. The control circuit for closed loop simulation is obtained using PSIM smart control.

This work proposes an architecture for fast computation of 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Existing MAC loop based filter (MLBF) is modified and a poly-phase structure for 1-D DWT is proposed. Proposed structure improves the throughput by 1.5x while using almost double the hardware as that of the existing structure. 1-D DWT using existing MLBF structure and proposed structure are simulated using ModelSim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE 14.2 on Virtex-6 XC6VCX240T-2FF784 target device. It is observed that the proposed architecture can be operated at a maximum frequency of 163.59MHz. The simulation results obtained from ModelSim is compared with MatLab R2010a output and found to be accurate.