Fe-N-C catalysts, as promising non-precious metal alternatives for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), still suffer from severe mass transport limitations in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to water flooding of active sites embedded in micropores. Although pore engineering through a selected template is a general strategy, the structural features of an ideal template, particularly those governing the exposure of active sites and demonstrate that low-porosity carbon templates maximize the ratio of active sites distributed at or near the surface, thereby enhancing their exposure and accessibility while reducing mass transport resistance during the ORR process. The Clp-1@PPy and Clp-2@PPy (PPy = polypyrrole) catalysts, derived from low-porosity carbon templates, achieve peak power densities of 0.96 and 1.03 Wcm-2 under H2/O2 and 0.50 and 0.52 Wcm-2 under H2/air, demonstrating excellent performance in PEMFC tests. Structural and electrochemical characterizations reveal that the enhanced surface exposure of active sites effectively mitigates mass transport resistance during the ORR, thereby offering a general design principle for overcoming mass transport limitations in Fe-N-C catalysts for PEMFC applications.

Solid-state sodium metal batteries hold promise for next-generation energy storage but face interfacial challenges at the anode/solid electrolyte, including poor contact, polarization fluctuations, and dendrite formation. Herein, we demonstrate a ferroelectric interlayer strategy by coating Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte with Bi4Ti3O12 nanoplates rendering ferroelectric features to homogenize interfacial charge distribution and suppress dendrite-like Na propagation. Homogeneous Na+ flux distribution induced by the ferroelectric interlayer is confirmed by finite element analysis, and flat sodium plating around the Bi4Ti3O12 nanoplates is observed by focus-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. Besides, distribution of relaxation time analysis on the electrochemical impedance reveals a small interfacial resistance of 6.5 Ω·cm2 for the symmetrical Na|Bi4Ti3O12-Na3Zr2Si2PO12|Na cells at 30 °C. Long-term Na plating/stripping cycles are achieved for 8,770 h at 0.2 mA/cm2, further indicating the excellence of the ferroelectric interlayer design. Additionally, full cells using Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes with an active mass loading around 15 mg/cm2 demonstrate a reversible capacity of 1.42 mAh/cm2 with 96.49% retention after the 90th cycle at a 1 C rate and 30 °C. This work provides fundamental insights into ferroelectric-electrochemical interactions and will promote the development of high-capacity solid-state sodium metal batteries working at ambient temperature.

ABSTRACT Temperature‐adaptive thermochromic radiative devices are critical for spacecraft missions encountering large temperature fluctuations. However, traditional vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) Fabry–Perot cavities suffer from a severe intrinsic trade‐off between dynamic infrared emittance modulation and solar reflection, imposing a significant performance ceiling. To break this bottleneck, we develop a novel metasurface intelligent radiator device (MIRD) featuring a 2D continuous VO 2 network via magnetron sputtering and photolithography to realize complete optical decoupling. The MIRD yields an exceptional ultra‐low solar absorptance of 0.26, enabled by reduced VO 2 coverage and wide super‐wavelength channels that facilitate the escape of incident photons. Concurrently, the connected VO 2 network achieves robust sub‐wavelength infrared trapping, automatically switching its thermal emittance from 0.28 to 0.92 (Δ ε = 0.64) via a mechanism cooperatively driven by multiple localized surface polariton resonances and the photonically amplified metal‐insulator transition. Transient orbital thermodynamic modeling for a one‐unit CubeSat nanosatellite in a 600 km low Earth orbit and terrestrial outdoor experiments demonstrate outstanding thermal‐regulation efficacy under complex environmental conditions. Featuring relaxed micron‐scale feature sizes (2 µm) that favor high‐throughput scalable manufacturing, this continuous‐network paradigm offers a highly viable solution for intelligent aerospace thermal management.

Achieving high selectivity and high conversion in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to a single fuel remains a significant challenge, primarily due to the multitude of potential products and their similar reduction potentials. Herein, we design a photocatalyst composed of g-C3N4-supported BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles coated with an oxygen vacancy (VO)-rich amorphous layer, denoted as VO-BTO/CN. This catalyst achieves a CH4 yield of 26.8 mu mol g-1 h-1 and nearly 100% exclusive selectivity for CH4 over CO in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, without the need for any sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. Both experimental and theoretical calculation results demonstrate that surface VO and adjacent low-valence Ti3+ ions in BTO can efficiently adsorb and activate CO2 molecules via the formation of a-C-O & ctdot; 3 vertical dots 3 vertical dots-Ti-VO-adsorption intermediate. This configuration plays a pivotal role in achieving high selectivity: it not only lowers the overall activation energy barrier but also steers the reaction pathway toward CH4 formation rather than CO. As a result, VO-BTO/CN achieves nearly 100% selectivity for visible-light-driven CO2 reduction to CH4. This work highlights the great potential of dual-active-site design through vacancy engineering for developing advanced photocatalysts toward efficient and selective CO2 reduction.

Developing dynamic multispectral camouflage remains a grand challenge due to the structural complexity and contradictory thermal-optical requirements of cross-band signature management. Herein, a simplified VO2-based multispectral dynamic modulation device (MSDM), featuring a four-layer HfO2/VO2/HfO2/Ag planar microcavity, is proposed. Underpinned by critical coupling and optical coherent amplification, the device exploits the insulator-to-metal transition of VO2 to trigger a prominent dynamic color difference (ΔE = 33) in the visible spectrum without requiring sophisticated micro/nanopatterning. Crucially, MSDM inherently maintains ultralow static infrared emittance (ε < 0.1) within atmospheric windows and low solar absorptance (αsol < 0.45), fundamentally circumventing stealth failure caused by solar-induced thermal runaway. Furthermore, the integration of an in situ ceramic microheater enables highly energy-efficient active modulation under a low power budget, facilitating a conceptually proposed cross-scenario environment-adaptive digital camouflage through an optimized pixelated matrix design. By exploiting the optical potential of structural simplicity, this work achieves the effective decoupling of visible and infrared signatures, providing a scalable and robust engineering paradigm for next-generation smart military survivability enhancement and intelligent adaptive camouflage platforms.

Solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSBs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation energy storage owing to their intrinsic safety and cost advantages. However, their development is limited by the poor stability and sluggish kinetics of commonly used polyanionic cathodes. To overcome these challenges, a dual-modification strategy is proposed by simultaneously introducing Fe3+ substitution into Na3V2(PO4)3 and applying a carbon coating, where Fe3+ partially substitutes V3+ to enhance structural stability (denoted as Na3Fe x V2-x (PO4)3@C, x = 0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2), and the conductive carbon layer improves electronic conductivity. Structural characterization confirms that Fe substitution retains the rhombohedral framework while inducing lattice contraction resulting from Fe2+ incorporation, Na+ vacancies, and simultaneously improves the graphitization of the carbon coating. Electrochemical evaluations show that optimized Na3Fe0.8V1.2(PO4)3@C enables multi-redox activity, enhances pseudocapacitive behavior, and improves rate capability and cycling stability. The Na3Fe0.8V1.2(PO4)3@C achieves a capacity retention of 92.2% after 400 cycles at 1 C in quasi-solid-state sodium metal batteries. Moderate Fe substitution enables uniform Na deposition and stabilizes electrode-electrolyte interfaces, as evidenced by structural and surface analyses. These results confirm the effectiveness of Fe substitution in enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathodes for SSBs.

MTA involves acid-catalyzed olefin conversion and metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation in relay. Contrary to the conventional view that maximizing ZnOH+ is key to BTX selectivity, our Ni gradient study reveals a volcano-shaped dependence of BTX on ZnOH+ fraction. Systematic characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that Ni introduction exerts a systematic influence on acid amount, acid strength, ZnOH+/ZnO ratio, and framework integrity, thereby differentially regulating the various stages of carbon chain growth, including C-C bond formation, olefin oligomerization, cyclization/aromatization, deep methylation, and ring condensation. At a Ni loading of 1.5wt%, the acid sites and metal centers achieve optimal kinetic matching, yielding a peak BTX selectivity of 61.0% and prolonged catalyst lifetime; excessive Ni leads to structural deterioration and performance collapse. DFT and MD simulations corroborate the differentiated requirements for active sites at each stage and the spatial synergistic mechanism. Accordingly, we propose that the design of bimetallic MTA catalysts should focus on the synergistic matching of reaction rates across the four stages of carbon chain growth, rather than maximizing the number of active sites, offering a new perspective for constructing efficient relay catalysts.

In this study, the mechanism of b-oriented ZSM-5 unit cell pre-seeding on various crystal phases/planes of coal gangue was investigated through experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, with detailed analysis of the physicochemical properties of the resulting b-oriented ZSM-5 films. The results show that the b-oriented ZSM-5 seed is most suitable for pre-planting on the quartz (1 0 0) crystal plane, which is mainly due to the hydrogen bond formed between the ZSM-5 cell and the quartz crystal phase. The calculated LF factor also confirms this. The smooth surface can increase the proportion of b-oriented ZSM-5. In addition, through precise pH regulation of the secondary synthesis solution (11.2–11.4), we achieved continuous ZSM-5 films with smooth surface. DFT calculations and UV–vis-DRS studies show that unlike conventional ZSM-5 zeolites, Si in the straight channel (T7/T8/T11) of b-oriented ZSM-5 unit cell is preferentially replaced by Al, so that the acidic sites are mainly distributed in the b-axis straight channel. The straight channel of b axis and the acidic sites in it synergistically promote the rapid conversion of methanol to aromatic hydrocarbons (MTA). Compared with the traditional ZSM-5, the catalytic lifetime of b-oriented ZSM-5 increased from 6 h to 8.5 h, and the highest selectivity of aromatics increased from 53 % to 76 %. Theoretical calculations indicate that catalyst deactivation predominantly arises from carbonaceous deposits obstructing acid sites within the b-oriented straight channels. These findings provide key insights for the controlled synthesis of oriented zeolites and the fabrication of b-oriented ZSM-5 films.

Passive radiative cooling effectively reduces energy consumption but often suffers from winter overcooling. To address this challenge, we report a bioinspired rhombic-patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface intelligent thermal radiative device (RITD) for self-adaptive all-weather building thermal regulation. Through tailoring of the synergistic coupling between the metal-insulator transition (MIT) of VO2 and the multiple resonances of a Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavity and subwavelength periodic VO2 arrays, the RITD achieves a dynamic emittance modulation (Δε) of 0.65 (from 0.27 to 0.92) within the atmospheric transparency window (8-14 μm). Crucially, the bioinspired architecture maintains a stable, low solar absorptance (αsol = 0.23), effectively suppressing excessive solar heating and thus maximizing the net cooling power during intense sunlight exposure. With a tungsten-doped tunable phase-transition threshold (25-68 °C), the RITD demonstrates a daytime subambient cooling of ∼14 °C and a nighttime heat retention of ∼3 °C above the ambient temperature. Building energy simulations across multiple Chinese cities reveal that RITD-integrated roofs deliver substantial annual energy savings by simultaneously addressing cooling demands in summer and insulation needs in winter. This mechanism-driven design provides a scalable and robust strategy for advancing zero-energy buildings and sustainable thermal management technologies.

Solid-state sodium batteries are a key direction for energy storage due to their cost-effectiveness and high safety. NASICON-based ceramic electrolytes, particularly Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP), hold great promise because of their high ionic conductivity. However, severe dendrite growth and interfacial instability hinder the application of NASICON-based electrolytes in solid-state sodium batteries. In this work, we propose an adaptive grain boundary engineering strategy by introducing a ferroelectric NaNbO3 (NN) second phase into the NZSP matrix. This approach not only densifies the microstructure but also regulates interfacial ion transport dynamics. Specifically, the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric NN phase establishes a localized space charge layer, effectively enhancing grain boundary conductivity and reducing the activation energy. Furthermore, a unique dynamic piezoelectric self-regulation mechanism modulates Na+ flux, transforming disordered deposition into a uniform coating. Consequently, the symmetric sodium cell achieves a high critical current density of 2.00 mA cm-2 and stable cycling for over 3370 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. Moreover, quasi-solid-state sodium batteries with an NVP cathode demonstrate exceptional cycling stability and rate performance, realizing 90.75% capacity retention after 848 cycles at 2 C. This research provides novel insights into electrolyte design for high-performance quasi-solid-state sodium metal batteries.

The complex trade-offs among cost, performance, and thermal stability have severely hindered the commercialization of direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cells (DA-SOFCs). To quantify these trade-offs, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of 11 structural parameters on power density, stack cost per unit power, and maximum temperature gradient. The analysis revealed strong parameter cross-coupling, making synergistic optimization difficult through simple adjustments. Consequently, we developed a data-driven multi-objective optimization framework integrating multi-physics simulation (MPS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and genetic algorithms (GA). The ANN surrogate model, trained on 2000 MPS data points, reduced the evaluation time from 210 h to 0.16 s while maintaining exceptional predictive accuracy. We then coupled this surrogate model with a GA to perform multi-objective optimization under maximum temperature gradient constraints. Under a strict thermal-gradient constraint of 10 Kcm−1, the optimized design achieved a 16.6% increase in power density and a 15.7% reduction in cost. When the constraint was relaxed to 20 Kcm−1, the design produced a further 38.5% increase in power density and a 29.9% reduction in cost. Finally, a comprehensive robustness analysis confirmed that the optimized solutions maintained high performance reliability across varying operating conditions.

Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LRMOs) have emerged as promising high-capacity cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their ability to leverage both transition-metal cationic and lattice oxygen anionic redox reactions. This dual redox mechanism, facilitated by Li-excess-induced local coordination environments such as Li–O–Li and Li–O–Mn motifs, enables enhanced reversible specific capacity beyond conventional cathode materials. Despite their high energy density and resource advantages, LRMOs face significant challenges including initial-cycle irreversible capacity loss, voltage decay, structural degradation, gas evolution, and interfacial instability during cycling. In this review, we systematically examine the mechanistic origins of oxygen redox activity, the multiscale structural degradation processes, and the coupled cationic–anionic charge compensation. We further discuss defect engineering strategies for stabilizing lattice oxygen, optimizing Li diffusion pathways, and improving electronic/ionic kinetics, alongside surface/interface engineering approaches including inorganic coatings, ion-conductive layers, and electrolyte modifications to mitigate interfacial side reactions. By integrating insights from electronic structure, crystallography, and electrochemical characterization, this review highlights rational design principles to enhance the reversibility, cycling stability, and rate capability of LRMOs, providing guidance for the development of high-energy, sustainable, and long-lasting lithium-ion battery cathodes.

Electric-field-induced phase switching in vanadium dioxide (VO2) is central to its integration into adaptive electronic systems. However, the role of oxygen defects in governing structural stability and switching behavior remains insufficiently understood. Here, we engineer oxygen-deficient VO2 (VO2-delta) films to investigate the structure of VO2-delta and the electrical switching behavior systematically. The preferential occupation of oxygen vacancies was identified, which induces a 3-fold superstructure of (011)R and stacking faults with a certain degree of long-range ordering along (110)R and (020)R. Even so, the VO2-delta maintains the rutile-like coordination structure as VO2. Notably, the VO2-delta films exhibit high conductivity at room temperature. An irreversible metal-insulator transition can be triggered at 20 V for the VO2-delta film, enabled by localized Joule-heating-assisted reorganization of the oxygen-vacancy defect structure. The resulting abrupt resistance jump highlights the potential of VO2-delta as an ultrathin active medium for fast electronic overload protection. This work establishes vacancy ordering as a powerful lever for tailoring phase behavior in VO2, offering a defect-engineering pathway toward reconfigurable oxide electronic devices.

Passive radiative cooling effectively reduces energy consumption but often suffers from winter overcooling. To address this challenge, we report a bioinspired rhombic-patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface intelligent thermal radiative device (RITD) for self-adaptive all-weather building thermal regulation. Through tailoring of the synergistic coupling between the metal-insulator transition (MIT) of VO2 and the multiple resonances of a Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity and subwavelength periodic VO2 arrays, the RITD achieves a dynamic emittance modulation (Delta epsilon) of 0.65 (from 0.27 to 0.92) within the atmospheric transparency window (8-14 mu m). Crucially, the bioinspired architecture maintains a stable, low solar absorptance (alpha sol = 0.23), effectively suppressing excessive solar heating and thus maximizing the net cooling power during intense sunlight exposure. With a tungsten-doped tunable phase-transition threshold (25-68 degrees C), the RITD demonstrates a daytime subambient cooling of similar to 14 degrees C and a nighttime heat retention of similar to 3 degrees C above the ambient temperature. Building energy simulations across multiple Chinese cities reveal that RITD-integrated roofs deliver substantial annual energy savings by simultaneously addressing cooling demands in summer and insulation needs in winter. This mechanism-driven design provides a scalable and robust strategy for advancing zero-energy buildings and sustainable thermal management technologies.

Solid-state lithium metal batteries employing garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) electrolytes offer promising energy density and safety characteristics, yet their practical implementation suffers from high interfacial resistance and uncontrolled dendrite propagation. Herein, we construct an in situ Li2S/LixSn mixed conductive layer (MCL) on the LLZTO surface through a conversion reaction between a SnS coating layer and molten lithium at 250°C. This approach transforms the initial point contact between lithium metal and LLZTO into continuous planar contact, reducing the interfacial resistance to an ultralow value of 3.6 Ω cm2. Crucially, the MCL forms a mechanical modulus gradient that buffers stress at the rigid ceramic/soft metal interface and enables intimate interfacial contact and homogeneous Li+ flux distribution. Consequently, the symmetric cell achieves a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm-2 and demonstrates superior cycling stability for 9500 h at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 4000 h at 0.4 mA cm-2. When integrated with commercial cathodes, the LiFePO4-based cells retain 91.2% of their initial capacity after 450 cycles at 1 C, while the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells maintain 82.8% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. This work provides fundamental insights into chemo-mechanical interfacial engineering design principles for high-performance solid-state batteries.

Cesium tungsten bronze (CsxWO3) is of significant interest due to its unique spectral selectivity, which is utilized in transparent thermal insulation coatings. However, the low-cost batch preparation of CsxWO3 nanopowders remains a challenge. In this study, we performed an Sb doping modification of CsxWO3. It was observed that Sb doping makes CsxWO3 more prone to breakage, facilitating the preparation of nanoparticle CsxWO3 through a simple solid-state reaction followed by mechanical milling. A 7 % Sb doping results in a small average particle size of 108 nm using moderate ball milling. Meanwhile, appropriate Sb doping enhances the transparent thermal insulation properties of CsxWO3. A 3 % Sb doping raises the integrated visible light transmittance (Tlum, 380-780 nm) of CsxWO3 from 61.7 % to 65.40 %, and improves the near-infrared shielding efficiency (Psi NIR, 780-2500 nm) from 61.20 % to 65.92 %, increasing by approximately 4 % and 5 %, respectively. The reasons for these property improvements are discussed based on experiments concerning bandgap (Eg) and oxygen vacancy concentrations induced by Sb doping. This study indicates that Sb doping of 1-3 at% can produce CsxWO3 nanopowders with better performance in a low-cost method, which is of great significance for advancing the production and practical application of nano-sized tungsten bronze powder in energy-saving coatings.

Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP) represents a promising solid electrolyte for solid-state sodium metal batteries owing to its wide electrochemical stability window and excellent thermal stability. However, its practical implementation is constrained by insufficient ionic conductivity and poor interfacial compatibility with sodium metal. Herein, we investigate a microstructure regulation strategy to simultaneously achieve high conductivity and superior interfacial performance through comparative analysis of submicron-grained NZSP (0.36 μm) prepared by dry ball-milling and micron-grained NZSP (5.72 μm) prepared by wet ball-milling with ethanol. The submicron NZSP delivers an ionic conductivity of 1.77 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C, representing a 3.2-fold enhancement over its micron-grained counterpart. It simultaneously demonstrates substantially improved sodium metal compatibility with a reduced interfacial resistance from 272.25 to 38.13 Ω cm2 and achieves a high critical current density of 1.2 mA cm−2 at 30 °C. Stable sodium plating/stripping is sustained for 9000 h at 0.20 mA cm−2. When assembled in Na3V2(PO4)3-based quasi-solid-state full cells (comprising a porous NVP cathode wetted only with a small amount of liquid electrolyte, an NZSP ceramic electrolyte, and a Na metal anode), the submicron NZSP enables a high-rate capacity of 100.8 mAh g−1 with 95.8% retention after 3000 cycles at 5C and 30 °C. Remarkably, even at −10 °C, the cells maintain stable operation for 650 cycles at 1C with an initial capacity of 80.1 mAh g−1 and 95.0% retention. These findings highlight the importance of a submicron-grained and dense microstructure in improving the ionic transport, Na-metal compatibility, and low-temperature electrochemical performance of NZSP electrolytes.

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) represent a pivotal advancement in energy storage, merging high energy density with enhanced safety. Among various solid-state electrolytes, oxide solid-state electrolytes (OSSEs) are particularly promising due to their superior thermal and electrochemical stability. However, their practical viability is constrained by low ionic conductivity, poor interfacial contact, and complexities in fabrication. Rational doping has emerged as a critical strategy to overcome these barriers. Rather than simple compositional adjustment, doping acts as a multiscale regulator, simultaneously optimizing bulk transport, grain boundary resistance, and interfacial compatibility. Despite its potential, doping efficacy is highly system-dependent, often presenting trade-offs between conductivity and stability, necessitating mechanism-guided design over empirical screening. This review synthesizes recent advances in rational doping, emphasizing the correlation between dopant chemistry, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance. Additionally, we emphasize the integration of computational and data-driven approaches as transformative tools for accelerating material discovery and multi-objective optimization. By bridging mechanistic understanding with computational design, this work outlines a paradigm shift from trial-and-error experimentation to predictive, application-oriented development of oxide electrolytes for practical ASSLMBs.

The issue of high thermal decomposition temperature and low combustion efficiency of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has long been a concern for the development of high-rate solid propellants. In this work, nano-cobalt metal/ carbon (NCM/C) composites, derived from ZIF-67 polyhedrons, are synthesized via a simple carbon thermal reduction method in argon atmosphere. The NCM/C composites are examined as the combustion catalysts for the AP-based solid propellants, particularly on their catalytic effect on AP decomposition. The NCM/C composites notably accelerate AP's thermal decomposition and reduce the primary decomposition temperature of AP from 451.5 to 287.8 degrees C along with increased heat release from 147 to 955 J g- 1. Such excellent performance is attributed to the unique cobalt nano particles encapsulated in N-doped carbon matrix which offers stable and highly active catalysis sites for the oxidation of nitrogen products. In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicates that NCM/C catalysts expedite the oxidation of NOx products into NO2 at lower temperatures, thereby enhancing AP's efficacy as a potent oxidant for high-power solid propellants. These findings underscore the promising potential of NCM/C composites as crucial elements in the development of high-burning-rate solid propellants.

Manganese-based oxides, with various oxidation states and crystal structures, are treated as one of the most brilliant zinc storage cathode materials in aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). However, the practical application of manganese-based oxide cathode materials is still limited by poor structural stability, slow diffusion kinetics, and inherently low conductivity. In this paper, anionic and cationic Mo, P co-doped MnO2 (Mo, P-MnO2) nanoflowers are constructed as cathode materials for AZIBs. Theoretical calculations imply that Mo, P co-doping enlarges the layer spacing to accelerate ion transport, as well as reducing the insertion energy of H+ to increase the intercalation contribution of H+. These synergistic effects enhance the structural stabilization and reaction kinetics of the Mo, P-MnO2 electrode during cycling. As a result, the Mo, P-MnO2 electrode showed excellent rate capacity (146.6 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1), and cycling stability (retaining a capacity of 216 mA h g-1 after 1100 cycles at 1 A g-1). The concepts introduced in this study promise a fantastic guarantee for the development of elevated-performance oxide-based energy repository materials.