As agricultural land expansion is the primary driver of deforestation, agroforestry could be an optimal land use strategy for climate change mitigation and reducing pressure on forests. Agroforestry is a promising method for carbon sequestration. With recent advancements in geospatial and data science technology, the ability to predict aboveground biomass (AGB) and assess ecosystem services in agroforestry is rapidly expanding. This study was conducted in the Belpada Block of Balangir, Odisha, a forest-dominated region of eastern India. We recorded species occurrence and measured plant parameters, including Circumference at Breast Height (CBH), height, and geolocation, in 196 plots (0.09 ha) in agroforestry intervention sites and noted the tree species. This study used Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 multi sensor data to achieve data synergy in AGB estimation. Three machine learning models were used: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The RF model exhibited the highest level of prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.69 and RMSE = 17.07 Mg/ha), followed by the ANN model (R2 = 0.63 and RMSE = 19.35 Mg/ha), SVM model (R2 = 0.54, RMSE = 21.97 Mg/ha. The spectral vegetation indices that are (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Simple Ratio (MSR), Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), Difference Vegetation Index (DVI), and SAR backscatter values, were found important variables for AGB prediction. The findings revealed that agroforestry interventions and plantations resulted in an average carbon stock increase of 15 Mg/ha over five years in the study area. The Plant Value Index (PVI), which indicates the importance of species in the local economy and biomass carbon storage, showed that Tectona grandis was the dominant species with the highest PVI value (88.35), followed by Eucalyptus globulus (56.87), Mangifera indica (53.75), and Azadirachta indica (15.45). This approach enables the expansion of monitoring efforts to assess carbon stock in agroforestry systems, thereby promoting effective management strategies.

In the present study, agroforestry was mapped in nine districts from Western Himalayan Region. The agroforestry area in these nine selected districts was estimated to be 332127.55 ha (12.4%). Salix alba, an important agroforestry species, accounted for about 12% of total agroforestry area in three districts of Kashmir valley.

Recent reports suggest that the bridge donor renege is rare (1.5%) as part of nonsimultaneous kidney exchange chains. In developing countries, surgical space and resources limit the number of simultaneous kidney exchange transplant surgeries.

Background:Because access to transplantation with HLA-desensitization protocols and ABO incompatible transplantation is very limited due to high costs and increased risk of infections from more intense immunosuppression, kidney paired donation (KPD)promises hope to a growing number of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. KPD is feasible for any center performing living donor renal transplantation (LDRT). Materials and methods: We present a government and Institutional Ethical Review Board approved study of 56 end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients [25 two-way and 2 three-way pairs] who consented to participate in KPD transplantation at our center in 2013. They were performed to avoid blood group incompatibility (n=52) or positive cross-match (n=4). All patients had anatomic, functional and immunologically comparable donors. Patient ABO type was A (n=24), B (n=22), AB (n=2) and O (n=8). Donor ABO blood group type was A (n=23), B (n=20), AB (n=2) and O (n=11). Results: Commonest original disease leading to ESRD was hypertension (n=23), chronic glomerulonephritis (n=12) and diabetic nephropathy (n=4). Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy was performed in 54 donors. The waiting time in KPD is short(less than 3 months) as compared to deceased donor transplantation (30 months). Median warm ischemia time, cold ischemia time and anastomosis time were 165 seconds, 66 minutes and 33 minutes respectively. Donor relationships were spousal (n= 40), parental (n=13) or others (n=3), with median HLA match of 1. Graft survival was 100 %. Three patients died with functioning graft due to sepsis and cardiac disease, and 16% had biopsy proven acute rejection. Mean serum creatinine at last follow-up was 1.2 mg/dl. Conclusion KPD is viable, legal and rapidly growing modality for facilitating LDRT for patients who are incompatible with their healthy, willing living donor. To our knowledge, it is largest single-center report from developing country.

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has the advantages of less pain, early ambulation and shorter hospitalization compared to open donor nephrectomy. Kidney recipient surgery is, however, traditionally performed by open surgery. Our aim was to study feasibility and safety of laparoscopic kidney transplantation (LKT). After permission from Internal Review Board, LKT was performed in four patients. All kidneys were procured from deceased donors. Left kidney was used for LKT and transplanted in left iliac fossa while right kidney was used for standard open kidney transplantation (OKT). All transplantation procedures were performed successfully. Cold ischemia time varied between 4 h and 14 h. For LKT, mean time for anastomosis was 65 (range 62-72) min, mean operative time was 3.97 (range 3.5-5) h, mean blood loss was 131.25 mL (range 45-350) mL. Mean wound length was 7 cm in LKT group and 18.4 cm in OKT group. Delayed graft function was observed in one patient in each group. One patient was lost in OKT group due to posttransplant bacterial meningitis. At 6 months, both groups have comparable value of serum creatinine. In conclusion, LKT is technically feasible and safe. Long term outcome needs to be evaluated in a larger study.

Transplantation: July 27, 2008 - Volume 86 - Issue 2S - p 211-211 doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000332122.50968.0e

INTRODUCTION:We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ex vivo ureteroscopy (ExURS) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) as means of rendering a donated kidney stone-free in living related and deceased donor renal transplantation.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Three cases with calculi in donor kidneys were managed; 1 was from a living related donor and 2 were from deceased donors. Immediately after cold perfusion, ExURS was performed with iced saline solution in 2 cases. Access to the collecting system was via the ureteral stump. Calculi were fragmented with pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy and fragments were removed with forceps. Posttransplantation ESWL was given to 1 patient for migration of a small lower caliceal calculus in the upper ureter in 1 allograft of a dual-kidney transplantation.RESULTS:Access to the renal collecting system and stone fragmentation was technically successful in both cases. Indwelling ureteral stents were kept during transplantation in all cases. There were no intraoperative or postoperative ureteral complications. Following ESWL, stone was fragmented and cleared on its own within a week. At mean follow up of 2.2 years no new stone formed in any recipient or donor.CONCLUSIONS:ExURS was technically feasible to render a stone-bearing kidney stone- free without compromising ureteral integrity or renal allograft function. ESWL could be performed at a later date.

UNLABELLED:To specify diagnostic importance of fetoplacental flow parameters PI, RI during pregnancy complicated by ultrasonografically detected intrauterine growth retardation-IUGR.SETTING:Dpt. of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Safarik's University and University Hospital L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic, Obst/Gynae Dpt., Victoria Hospital, Mahé, Seychelles Republic, Indian Ocean.SUBJECT AND METHOD:The autors measured fetal circulation on the level of descending aortal bifurcation. The results were compared in the Group-A of 112 pregnancies complicated by mild, moderate and several praeeclampsia, eclampsia with detected IUGR, and comparative Group-B of 106 pregnancies.INTERVENTION:The ACUSONIC 8, ALOKA 680 SSD using transabdominal 3.5 MHz probe with color doppler facility. The parameters were measured in weekly intervals according the clinical protocol for management of high risk pregnancies.SUBJECTS:There was opened a prospective comparative study of 112 risk pregnancies (Group-A) and a comparative Group-B of 106 pregnancies with normal growth of fetuses. Group-A was devided according classification of praeeclampsia to Subgroup-A1, mild praeeclampsia, Subgroup-A2, moderate praeeclampsia, Subgroup-A3, severe praeclampsia and Subgroup-A4, eclampsia. Parameters of vascular resistance in descending aorta were calculated from 28th week of gestation to termination of pregnancy and compared average values in corresponding stage in the Group-A and the comparative Group-B. Number of IUGR fetuses or restricted with the growth were calculated in Subgroups-A.RESULTS:Descending aorta presents significantly higher average values of PI, RI during pregnancy from 28th week of gestation in Group-A. There is no evidence of diastolic decrease after 34th week of gestation in Group-A. In Group-A 52.6% fetuses were ultrasonograficaly IUGR detected or restricted. In Subgroup-A1 of mild praeeclampsia were 20.5% of the IUGR fetuses. Subgroup-A2 of moderate praeeclampsia showed 51.3% and Subgroup-A3 severe praeeclampsia 87.8% of the IUGR fetuses of restricted. Three cases of eclampsia were restricted for growth.MAIN OUTCOME:Functional assessment of the descending aorta flow is the most reliable method for differentiation of praeclamptic and eclamptic pregnancies with suspected fetal starvation and intrauterine growth retardation.

Malathion, known as a low toxic pesticide, is frequently used in the third world. Neurotoxic manifestations of malathion were evaluated on various lipids and lipid peroxidation in different brain areas following intraperitoneal injections (150 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days) to albino rats. Clinical investigations show that malathion produced hypomotor activity and hyperthermia. Lipid components were differently affected by this pesticide, where total lipids and phospholipids were diminished in the spinal cord and brain stem, respectively. Increased contents of cholesterol were found in the cerebellum and spinal cord. Also, total lipids were increased in the cerebellum. The cholesterol/phospholipids ratio was increased in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Rate of lipid peroxidation was found to be increased in all parts of the brain following malathion intoxication.